An outbreak of gastroenteritis among schoolchildren staying in a wildlife reserve: Thorough investigation reveals Norway’s largest cryptosporidiosis outbreak

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 287-295

  Rimšelienė, Gražina ^a   Vold, Line ^b   Nygård, Karin ^b   Robertson, Lucy ^c   Nelke, Christian ^d   Søli, Kjersti ^e   Johansen, Øystein Haarklau ^f   Thrana, Frank S ^g  

^a EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL ECDC   (Sweden)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^d Nore og Uvdal municipality ^*  (Norway)

^e Kongsberg Food Safety Authority   (Norway)

^f VESTFOLD HOSPITAL TRUST   (Norway)

^g Tønsberg Municipal Public Health Department   (Norway)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium parvum; disease outbreak; gastroenteritis; Norway

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FECES; FEMALE; FOOD CONTROL; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMAN; INTERNET; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MALE; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; NORWAY; OOCYST; PARASITOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; WILD ANIMAL;

ADULT; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; CHILD; COHORT STUDIES; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; FECES; FEMALE; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FOOD PARASITOLOGY; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMANS; INTERNET; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NORWAY; OOCYSTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; WATER MICROBIOLOGY;

EID: 79955150421     PISSN: 14034948     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1403494810396557     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Nygard K., Vold L., Robertson L., Lassen J. [Are domestic Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in Norway under-diagnosed?, in Norwegian]. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 2003;123:3406-9.
2. Nygard K., Schimmer B., Sobstad O., Walde A., Tveit I., Langeland N., et al. A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis-delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area. BMC Public Health 2006;6:141.
3. Horman A., Korpela H., Sutinen J., Wedel H., Hanninen M.L. Meta-analysis in assessment of the prevalence and annual incidence of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in humans in the Nordic countries. International Journal for Parasitology 2004; 34:1337-1346.
4. Hamnes I.S., Gjerde B., Robertson L. Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in dairy calves in three areas of Norway. Vet Parasitol 2006;140:204-216.
5. Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol 2010;124:80-89.
6. Chalmers R.M., Davies A.P. Minireview: clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol 2010;124:138-146.
7. Smith H.V., Robertson L.J., Ongerth J.E. Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis: the impact of waterborne transmission. J Wat Suppl Res Technol Aqua 1995;4:258-274.
8. Karanis P., Kourenti C., Smith H. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J Water Health 2007;5:1-38.
9. Ethelberg S., Lisby M., Vestergaard L.S., Enemark H.L., Molbak K. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with eating in a canteen, Denmark, August 2005. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles. European Communicable Disease Bulletin 2005;10:E051027.
10. Ponka A., Kotilainen P., Rimhanen-Finne R., Hokkanen P., Hanninen M.L., Kaarna A., et al. A foodborne outbreak due to Cryptosporidium parvum in Helsinki, November 2008. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles. European Communicable Disease Bulletin 2009; 14:28, 377-379. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/eq/v14n03/v14n03.pdf (accessed 27 July 2009).
11. Insulander M., de Jong B., Svenungsson B. A food-borne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among guests and staff at a hotel restaurant in Stockholm county, Sweden, September 2008. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles. European Communicable Disease Bulletin 2008; 13:51. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=19071 (accessed 10 April 2009).
12. Robertson L.J., Gjerde B. Occurrence of parasites on fruits and vegetables in Norway. J Food Protect 2001; 64:1793-8.
13. Robertson L.J., Forberg T., Hermansen L., Gjerde B.K., Alvsvag J.O., Langeland N. Cryptosporidium parvum infections in Bergen, Norway, during an extensive outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in autumn and winter 2004. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:2218-2220.
14. International Organization for Standardization. Water quality - isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2009.
15. United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Method1622: Cryptosporidium (and Giardia) in water by filtration/IMS/FA. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2001.
16. Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. Forskrift om vannforsyning og drikkevann (Drikkevannsforskriften): FOR 2001- 12-04 no. 1372 [Lovdata]. Available from: http://www.lovdata.no/cgi-wift/ldles?doc=/sf/sf/sf-20011204-1372.html [2001, accessed December 2009].
17. Robertson L., Gjerde B., Forberg T., Haugejorden G., Kielland C. A small outbreak of human cryptosporidiosis associated with calves at a dairy farm in Norway. Scand J Infect Dis 2006;38:810-3.
18. Hajdu A., Vold L., Ostmo T.A., Helleve A., Helgebostad S.R., Krogh T., et al. Investigation of Swedish cases reveals an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis at a Norwegian hotel with possible links to in-house water systems. BMC Infect Dis 2008;8:152.
19. Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie N.J., Proctor M.E., Gradus M.S., Blair K.A., Peterson D.E., et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Eng J Med 1994;331:161-7.
20. Nygard K., Vold L., Halvorsen E., Bringeland E., Rottingen J.A., Aavitsland P. Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis in a religious summer camp in Norway, 2002. Epidemiol Infect 2004;132:223-9.
21. Ethelberg S., Lisby M., Vestergaard L.S., Enemark H.L., Olsen K.E., Stensvold C.R., et al. A foodborne outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis infection. Epidemiol Infect 2009;137:348-356.
22. Petry F. Epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium parvum antibodies [corrected] in sera of persons from Germany. [Erratum appears in Infection 1998;26(2):115]. Infection 1998; 26:7-10.
23. Di Benedetto MA, Di Piazza F., Maida C.M., Romano N. Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts in the Oreto River, Sicily, Southern Italy. Ital J Public Health 2010;7:62-68.
24. Wolyniak E.A., Hargreaves B.R., Jellison K.L. Seasonal retention and release of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts by environmental biofilms in the laboratory. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1021-7.
25. Gaut S., Robertson L., Gjerde B., Dagestad A., Brattli B. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock. J Water Health 2008;6:383-8.
26. Bridgman S.A., Robertson R.M., Syed Q., Speed N., Andrews N., Hunter P.R. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a disinfected groundwater supply. Epidemiol Infect 1995;115:555-566.
27. Davies A.P., Chalmers R.M. Cryptosporidiosis. BMJ 2009;339:b4168.