Investigation of Swedish cases reveals an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis at a Norwegian hotel with possible links to in-house water systems

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 8, Issue , 2008, Pages

  Hajdu, Agnes ^a,b   Vold, Line ^a   Østmo, Torild A ^c   Helleve, Anna ^c   Helgebostad, Sigrid R ^d   Krogh, Truls ^a   Robertson, Lucy ^e   de Jong, Birgitta ^f   Nygård, Karin ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^b SWEDISH INSTITUTE FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL   (Sweden)

^c Norwegian Food Safety Authority   (Norway)

^d Municipal Health Authority   (Norway)

^e NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^f STOCKHOLM COUNTY COUNCIL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; DIARRHEA; EPIDEMIC; FLUID INTAKE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; NORWAY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SWEDEN; WATER CONTAMINATION; ANIMAL; CAUCASIAN; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; FEMALE; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MALE; PARASITOLOGY; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; WATER SUPPLY;

FRESH WATER;

ANIMALS; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; DIARRHEA; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; FRESH WATER; HUMANS; MALE; NORWAY; POLYMORPHISM, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH; QUESTIONNAIRES; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 58149090015     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-152     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Guerrant GL Cryptosporidiosis: An emerging, highly infectious threat Emerg Infect Dis 1997, 3:51-57. 9126444
2. Karanis P Kourentis C Smith H Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: A worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt J Water Health 2007, 5:1-38. 10.2166/wh.2006.002 17402277
3. Joachim A Human cryptosporidiosis: An update with special emphasis in the situation is Europe J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2004, 51:251-259. 15458486
4. Nygård K Vold L Robertson L Lassen J [Are domestic Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in Norway underdiagnosed?] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2003, 123:3406-3409. 14713982
5. Robertson LJ Forberg T Hermansen L Gjerde BK Alvsvåg JO Langeland N Cryptosporidium parvum infections in Bergen, Norway, during an extensive outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in autumn and winter 2004 Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72(3):2218-20. 16517675 10.1128/ AEM.72.3.2218-2220.2006 16517675 1393220
6. Robertson L Gjerde B Forberg T Haugejorden G Kielland K A small outbreak of human cryptosporidiosis associated with calves at a dairy farm in Norway Scand J Infect Dis 2006, 38(9):810-3. 16938738 10.1080/ 00365540600606457 16938738
7. Spano F Putignani L McLauchlin J Casemore DP Crisanti A PCR-RFLP analysis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene discriminates between C. wrairi and C. parvum, and between C. parvum isolates of human and animal origin FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997, 150:209-217. 9170264
8. Xiao L Alderisio K Limor J Royer M Lal AA Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small-subunit rRNA-based diagnostic and genotyping tool Appl Environ Microbiol 2000, 66(12):5492-8. 11097935 10.1128/AEM.66.12.5492-5498.2000 11097935 92489
9. International Organization for Standardization Water quality - isolation and identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from water ISO 15553. Geneva 2006.
10. Anonymous Method 1622: Cryptosporidium in water by filtration/IMS/FA DRAFT United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC 20460; EPA-821-R-97-023 1997
11. Robertson LJ Campbell AT Smith HV Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures Appl Environ Microbiol 1992, 58(11):3494-3500. 183134 1482175
12. Fayer R Nerad T Effects of low temperatures on viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts Appl Environ Microbiol 1996, 62(4):1431-1433. 167911 8919806
13. Fayer R Nerad T Rall W Lindsay DS Blagburn BL Studies on the cryopreservation of Cryptosporidium parvum J Parasitol 1991, 77:357-361. 10.2307/3283119 2040948
14. Fayer R Trout JM Jenkins MC Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts stored in water at environmental temperatures J Parasitol 1998, 84:1165-1169. 10.2307/3284666 9920307
15. Itano A Tormey M Reporter R Giardiasis outbreak associated with a women's gymn Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, USA. Acute Communicable Disease Control, Special Studies Report 2005:9-13. http://www.lapublichealth.org/acd/reports/spclrpts/spcrpt05/spcl05.pdf
16. Ravn P Lundgren JD Kjaeldgaard P Holten-Anderson W Højlyng N Nielsen JO Gaub J Nosocomial outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients BMJ 1991, 302:277-280. 1668931 1998796
17. Okhuysen PC Chappell CL Crabb JH Sterling CR Dupont HL Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults J Infect Dis 1999, 180:1275-1281. 10.1086/315033 10479158
18. Chappell CL Okhuysen PC Langer-Curry R Widmer G Akiyoshi DE Tanriverdi S Tzipori S Cryptosporidium hominis: Experimental challenge of healthy adults Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006, 75:851-857. 17123976
19. Bouchier I Cryptosporidium in water supplies - Third report of the group of experts to the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions and Department of Health ISBN 1 85112 131 5. London 1998.
20. Robertson LJ Gjerde B Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw waters in Norway Scand J Public Health 2001, 29:200-207. 10.1177/14034948010290030901 11680772
21. Robertson LJ Hermansen L Gjerde BK Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage in Norway Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72(8):5297-303. 10.1128/AEM.00464-06 16885279 1538719
22. Nygård K Gondrosen B Lund V [Water-borne disease outbreaks in Norway.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2003, 123:3410-3413. 14713983
23. Nygård K Schimmer B Søbstad Ø Walde A Tveit I Langeland N Hausken T Aavitsland P A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis - delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area BMC Public Health 2006, 6:141. 1524744 16725025 10.1186/1471-2458-6-141
24. Frost FJ Roberts M Kunde TR Craun G Tollestrup K Harter L Muller T How clean must our drinking water be: The importance of protective immunity J Infect Dis 2005, 191:809-814. 10.1086/427561 15688300
25. Semenza JC Nichols G Cryptosporidiosis surveillance and water-borne outbreaks in Europe Euro Surv 2007, 12:pIi 711 http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=711
26. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Annual Epidemiological Report on Communicable Diseases in Europe - Report on the Status of Communicable Diseases in the EU and EEA/EFTA Countries ISBN 978 92 9193 062 3. Stockholm 2007. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/pdf/ ECDC_epi_report_2007.pdf