Risk factors for violence among patients with schizophrenia

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 31, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 711-726

  Bo, Sune ^a   Abu Akel, Ahmad ^b   Kongerslev, Mickey ^a   Haahr, Ulrik Helt ^a   Simonsen, Erik ^a  

^a Psychiatric Research Unit   (Denmark)

^b Early Psychosis Intervention Center ^*

Author keywords

Mentalizing; Personality disorders; Psychopathy; Psychoses; Schizophrenia; Violence

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; ZIPRASIDONE;

AGGRESSION; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DELINQUENCY; DEMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DRUG EFFICACY; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; OFFENDER; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY DISORDER; POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYNDROME SCALE; POSITIVE SYNDROME; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PSYCHOPATHY; PSYCHOSIS; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIOLENCE;

HUMANS; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 79955095849     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (279)

1. Aarsland D., Cummings L., Yenner G., Miller M. Relationship of aggressive behavior to other neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 153:243-247.
2. Abu-Akel A. A neurobiological mapping of theory of mind. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 2003, 43(1):29-40.
3. Abu-Akel A., Abushua'leh K. 'Theory of mind' in violent and nonviolent patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2004, 69(1):45-53.
4. Abushua'leh K., Abu-Akel A. Association of psychopathic traits and symptomatology with violence in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 2006, 143(2-3):205-211.
5. Addy K., Shannon K., Brookfield K. Theory of mind function, motor empathy, emotional empathy and schizophrenia: A single case study. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 2007, 18(3):293-306.
6. Alexander R.T., Crouch K., Halstead S., Piachaud J. Long-term outcome from a medium secure service for people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR 2006, 50(Pt 4):305-315.
7. Alia-Klein N., O'Rourke T.M., Goldstein R.Z., Malaspina D. Insight into illness and adherence to psychotropic medications are separately associated with violence severity in a forensic sample. Aggressive Behavior 2007, 33(1):86-96.
8. Allebeck P., Adamsson C., Engström A., Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia: A longitudinal study of cases treated in Stockholm county. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993, 88(1):21-24.
9. Allen J.G., Fonagy P., Bateman A. Mentalizing in clinical practice 2008, American Psychiatric Pub., Arlington.
10. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC.
11. Amore M., Menchetti M., Tonti C., Scarlatti F., Lundgren E., Esposito W., et al. Predictors of violent behavior among acute psychiatric patients: Clinical study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2008, 62(3):247-255.
12. Andrews D.A., Bonta J. The psychology of criminal conduct 1998, Anderson Publishing, Cincinnati, OH.
13. Ang G.K., Pridmore S. Theory of mind and psychiatry: An introduction. Australasian Psychiatry: Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2009, 17(2):117-122.
14. Angermeyer C. Schizophrenia and violence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2000, 102(Supplement 407):63-67.
15. Angermeyer M.C., Matschinger H. The effect of violent attacks by schizophrenic persons on the attitude of the public towards the mentally ill. Social Science & Medicine 1996, 43(12):1721-1728.
16. Appelbaum P.S., Robbins P.C., Monahan J. Violence and delusions: Data from the MacArthur violence risk assessment study. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 157:566-572.
17. Appleby L., Shaw J. Five year report of the National Confidential Inquiry into suicide and homicide by people with mental illness 2006, http://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/suicideprevention/nci/Useful/avoidable_deaths_full_report.pdf.
18. Arango C., Bernardo M. The effect of quetiapine on aggression and hostility in patients with schizophrenia. Human Psychopharmacology 2005, 20(4):237-241.
19. Arango C., Calcedo Barba A., González-Salvador, Calcedo Ordóñez A. Violence in inpatients with schizophrenia: A prospective study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999, 25(3):493-503.
20. Arboleda-Flórez J. Mental illness and violence: an epidemiological appraisal of the evidence, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 1998, 43(10):989-996.
21. Arboleda-Flórez J., Crisanti A., Holley H.L. The effects of changes in the law concerning mentally disordered offenders: The Alberta experience with bill C-30. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie 1995, 40(5):225-233.
22. Arboleda-Flórez J., Holley H., Crisanti A. Understanding causal paths between mental illness and violence. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 1998, 33(Suppl 1):38-46.
23. Arndt S., Tyrrell G., Flaum M., Andreasen N.C. Comorbidity of substance abuse and schizophrenia: The role of pre-morbid adjustment. Psychological Medicine 1992, 22(2):379-388.
24. Arseneault L., Moffitt T.E., Caspi A., Taylor P.J., Silva P.A. Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: Results from the Dunedin study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000, 57(10):979-986.
25. Ascher-Svanum H., Zhu B., Faries D., Lacro J.P., Dolder C.R. A prospective study of risk factors for nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006, 67(7):1114-1123.
26. Bailar J.C. The promise and problems of meta-analysis. The New England Journal of Medicine 1997, 337(8):559-561.
27. Barlow K., Grenyer B., Ilkiw-Lavalle O. Prevalence and precipitants of aggression in psychiatric inpatient units. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 34(6):967-974.
28. Barnard G.W., Robbins L., Newman G., Carrera F. A study of violence within a forensic treatment facility. The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 1984, 12(4):339-348.
29. Baron-Cohen S. Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind 1997, The MIT Press.
30. Barratt E.S. Measuring and predicting aggression within the context of a personality theory. Journal of Neuropsychology 1991, 3(2):535-539.
31. Barratt E.S., Standford M.S., Felthous A.R., Kent T.A. The effects of phenytoin on impulsive and premeditated aggression: A controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997, 17(5):341-349.
32. Baum K.M., Walker E.F. Childhood behavioral precursors of adult symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1995, 16(2):111-120.
33. Baumeister R.F., Heatherton T.F. Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological Inquiry 1996, 7(1):1-15.
34. Bentall R.P., Taylor J.L. Psychological processes and paranoia: Implications for forensic behavioural science. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 2006, 24(3):277-294.
35. Bitter I., Czobor P., Dossenbach M., Volavka J. Effectiveness of clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and haloperidol monotherapy in reducing hostile and aggressive behavior in outpatients treated for schizophrenia: A prospective naturalistic study (IC-SOHO). European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 2005, 20(5-6):403-408.
36. Bjørkly S. Psychotic symptoms and violence toward others-A literature review of some preliminary findings Part 1. Delusions. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2002, 7:617-631.
37. Bjørkly S. Psychotic symptoms and violence toward others-A literature review of some preliminary findings Part 2. Hallucinations. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2002, 7:605-615.
38. Blackburn R., Coid J.W. Psychopathy and the dimensions of personality disorders in violent offenders. Personality and Individual Differences 1998, 25:129-145.
39. Blair R.J. Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition 2005, 14(4):698-718.
40. Blair R.J.R., Mitchell D.G.V., Peschardt K.S., Colledge E., Leonard R.A., Shine J.H., et al. Reduced sensitivity to others' fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals. Personality and Individual Differences 2004, 37(6):1111-1122.
41. Blair K.S., Newman C., Mitchell D.G., Richell R.A., Leonard A., Morton J., et al. Differentiating among prefrontal substrates in psychopathy: Neuropsychological test findings. Neuropsychology 2006, 20(2):153-165.
42. Blanchard J.J., Brown S.A., Horan W.P., Sherwood A.R. Substance use disorders in schizophrenia: Review, integration, and a proposed model. Clinical Psychology Review 2000, 20(2):207-234.
43. Bloom J.D. The character of danger in psychiatric practice: Are the mentally ill dangerous?. The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 1989, 17(3):241-255.
44. Bonta J., Law M., Hanson K. The prediction of criminal and violent recidivism among mentally disordered offenders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 123(2):123-142.
45. Bora E., Yücel M., Pantelis C. Theory of mind impairment in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 109(1-3):1-9.
46. Bora E., Yücel M., Pantelis C. Theory of mind impairment: A distinct trait-marker for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2009, 120(4):253-264.
47. Bradford J.M.W. The forensic psychiatric aspects of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa 1983, 8:96-103.
48. Bradford J.M.W. Violence and mental disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 53(10):635-636.
49. Brennan P.A., Mednick S.A., Hodgins S. Major mental disorders and criminal violence in a Danish birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000, 57(5):494-500.
50. Brothers L., Ring B.A. Neuroethological framework for the representation of minds. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1992, 4:107-118.
51. Brune M. "Theory of mind" in schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2005, 31(1):21-42.
52. Buckley P.F. The role of typical and atypical antipsychotic medications in the management of agitation and aggression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999, 60(Suppl. 10):52-60.
53. Buckley P., Bartell J., Donenwirth K., Lee S., Torigoe F., Schulz S.C. Violence and schizophrenia: Clozapine as a specific antiaggressive agent. The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 1995, 23(4):607-611.
54. Camisa K.M., Bockbrader M.A., Lysaker P., Rae L.L., Brenner C.A., O'Donnell B.F. Personality traits in schizophrenia and related personality disorders. Psychiatry Research 2005, 133(1):23-33.
55. Chemtob C.M., Novaco R.W., Hamada R.S., Gross D.M. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for severe anger in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1997, 65(1):184-189.
56. Chengappa K.N., Goldstein J.M., Greenwood M., John V., Levine J. A post hoc analysis of the impact on hostility and agitation of quetiapine and haloperidol among patients with schizophrenia. Clinical Therapeutics 2003, 25(2):530-541.
57. Cheung P., Schweitzer I., Crowley K., Tuckwell V. Aggressive behaviour in schizophrenia: The role of psychopathology. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 31(1):62-67.
58. Cheung P., Schweitzer I., Crowley K., Tuckwell V. Violence in schizophrenia: Role of hallucinations and delusions. Schizophrenia Research 1997, 26(2-3):181-190.
59. Citrome L., Krakowski M., Greenberg W.M., Andrade E., Volavka J. Antiaggressive effect of quetiapine in a patient with schizoaffective disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2001, 62(11):901.
60. Citrome L., Volavka J., Czobor P., Brook S., Loebel A., Mandel F.S. Efficacy of ziprasidone against hostility in schizophrenia: Post hoc analysis of randomized, open-label study data. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006, 67(4):638-642.
61. Citrome L., Volavka J., Czobor P., Sheitman B., Lindenmayer J.P., McEvoy J., et al. Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 2001, 52(11):1510-1514.
62. Cooke D.J., Michie C., Skeem J.L. Understanding the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: An exploration of methodological confusion. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 190(Suppl. 49):s39-s50.
63. Cooper S.J., Browne F.W.A., McClean K.J., King D.J. Aggressive behaviour in a psychiatric observation ward. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1983, 68:386-393.
64. Corcoran R., Mercer G., Frith C.D. Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: Investigating "theory of mind" in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1995, 17(1):5-13.
65. Côté G., Hodgins S. The prevalence of major mental disorders among homicide offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1992, 15(1):89-99.
66. Covell C.N., Scalora M.J. Empathic deficits in sexual offenders: An integration of affective, social, and cognitive constructs. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2002, 7(3):251-270.
67. Crocker A.G., Mueser K.T., Drake R.E., Clark R.E., Mchugo G.J., Ackerson T.H., et al. Antisocial personality, psychopathy, and violence in persons with dual disorders: A longitudinal analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2005, 32(4):452-476.
68. Cuesta M.J., Peralta V., Caro F. Premorbid personality in psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999, 25(4):801-811.
69. De Pauw K.W., Szulecka T.K. Dangerous delusions. Violence and the misidentification syndromes. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 1988, 152:91-96.
70. Docherty, J. P. Fiester, S. J. & Shea, T. (1986). Syndrome diagnosis and personality disorder. In A. J. Frances & R. E. Hales (Eds.), Psychiatric Update: American Psychiatric Association - Annual Review (pp. 315-355). Vol. 5: Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
71. Dolan M., Davies G. Psychopathy and institutional outcome in patients with schizophrenia in forensic settings in the UK. Schizophrenia Research 2006, 81(2-3):277-281.
72. Dolan M., Doyle M. Violence risk prediction: Clinical and actuarial measures and the role of the psychopathy checklist. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2000, 177(4):303-311.
73. Donat D., Geczy B., Helmrich J. Empirically derived personality subtypes in public psychiatric patients: Effects on self-reported symptoms, coping inclinations and evaluations of expressed emotion in care givers. Journal of Personality Assessment 1992, 58:36-50.
74. Dorevitch A., Katz N., Zemishlany Z., Aizenberg D., Weizman A. Intramuscular flunitrazepam versus intramuscular haloperidol in the emergency treatment of aggressive psychotic behavior. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156(1):142-144.
75. Douglas K.S., Guy L.S., Hart S.D. Psychosis as a risk factor for violence to others: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135(5):679-706.
76. Douglas K.S., Ogloff J.R. Violence by psychiatric patients: The impact of archival measurement source on violence base rates and risk assessment accuracy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie 2003, 48(11):734-740.
77. Douglas K.S., Skeem J.L. Violence risk assessment: Getting specific about being dynamic. Psychology Public Policy and Law 2005, 11(3):347-383.
78. Eisenberg N., Fabes R.A. Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion 1990, 14(2):131-149.
79. Elbogen E.B., Johnson S.C. The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related condition. Archives of General Psychiatry 2009, 66:152-161.
80. Ellard J. The history and present status of moral insanity. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1988, 22:383-389.
81. Erb M., Hodgins S., Freese R., Müller-Isberner R., Jöckel D. Homicide and schizophrenia: Maybe treatment does have a preventive effect. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH 2001, 11(1):6-26.
82. Eronen M., Hakola P., Tiihonen J. Mental disorders and homicidal behavior in Finland. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996, 53(6):497-501.
83. Etherington, R. (1993). Diagnostic and personality differences of juvenile sex offenders, non-sex offenders and non-offenders. Thesis, Los Angeles: California School of Professional Psychology.
84. Fazel S., Gulati G., Linsell L., Geddes J.R., Grann M. Schizophrenia and violence: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine 2009, 6(8):e1000120.
85. Fazel S., Långström N., Hjern A., Grann M., Lichtenstein P. Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association 2009, 301(19):2016-2023.
86. Felthous A.R. Schizophrenia and impulsive aggression: A heuristic inquiry with forensic and clinical implications. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 2008, 26(6):735-758.
87. Fischer K.W., Ayoub C., Singh I., Noam G., Maraganore A., Raya P. Psychopathology as adaptive development along distinctive pathways. Development and Psychopathology 1997, 9(4):749-779.
88. Foley S., Browne S., Clarke M., Kinsella A., Larkin C., O'Callaghan E. Is violence at presentation by patients with first-episode psychosis associated with duration of untreated psychosis?. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2007, 42(8):606-610.
89. Fonagy P. Clinical implications of attachment and mentalization: Efforts to preserve the mind in contemporary treatment. Epilogue. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 2003, 67(3):271-280.
90. Fountoulakis K.N., Leucht S., Kaprinis G.S. Personality disorders and violence. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2008, 21(1):84-92.
91. Fraguas D. Problems with retrospective studies of the presence of schizophrenia. History of Psychiatry 2009, 20(1):61-71.
92. Freeman D., Garety P.A., Kuipers E. Persecutory delusions: Developing the understanding of belief maintenance and emotional distress. Psychological Medicine 2001, 31(7):1293-1306.
93. Fresán A., Apiquian R., De la Fuente-Sandoval C., Löyzaga C., García-Anaya M., Meyenberg N., et al. Violent behavior in schizophrenic patients: Relationship with clinical symptoms. Aggressive Behavior 2005, 31(6):511-520.
94. Frith C.D. Schizophrenia and theory of mind. Psychological Medicine 2004, 34(3):385-389.
95. Fullam R., Dolan M. Emotional information processing in violent patients with schizophrenia: Association with psychopathy and symptomatology. Psychiatry Research 2006, 141(1):29-37.
96. Fullam R.S., Dolan M.C. Executive function and in-patient violence in forensic patients with schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 2008, 193(3):247-253.
97. Furr K.D. Prediction of sexual or violent recidivism among sexual offenders: A comparison of prediction instruments. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 1993, 6(4):271-286.
98. Garmendia L., Sánchez J.R., Azpiroz A., Brain P.F., Simón V.M. Clozapine: Strong antiaggressive effects with minimal motor impairment. Physiology & Behavior 1992, 51(1):51-54.
99. Gendreau P., Goggin C., Smith P. Is the PCL-R really the " unparalleled" measure of offender risk?: A lesson in knowledge accumulation. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2002, 29(4):397-426.
100. George C.A. Problems and issues in meta-analysis. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association (New Orleans, LA, February 1-3, 2001) 2001.
101. Glover A.J.J., Nicholson D.E., Hemmati T., Bernfeld G.A., Quinsey V.L. A comparison of predictors of general and violent recidivism among high-risk federal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2002, 29(3):235-249.
102. Grann M., Danesh J., Fazel S. The association between psychiatric diagnosis and violent re-offending in adult offenders in the community. BMC Psychiatry 2008, 8:92-99.
103. Grann M., Fazel S. Substance misuse and violent crime: Swedish population study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2004, 328(7450):1233-1234.
104. Grant B.F., Hasin D.S., Stinson F.S., Dawson D.A., Chou S.P., Ruan W.J., et al. Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the united states: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2004, 65(7):948-958.
105. Grassi L., Peron L., Marangoni C., Zanchi P., Vanni A. Characteristics of violent behaviour in acute psychiatric in-patients: A 5-year Italian study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2001, 104(4):273-279.
106. Haddock G., Barrowclough C., Shaw J., Dunn G., Novaco R.W., Tarrier N. Cognitive-behavioural therapy v. social activity therapy for people with psychosis and a history of violence: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 194(2):152-157.
107. Haddock G., Lowens I., Brosnan N., Barrowclough C., Novaco R.W. Cognitive-behaviour therapy for inpatients with psychosis and anger problems within a low secure environment. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2004, 32(1):77-98.
108. Hare R.D. Manual for the revised psychopathy checklist 1991, Multi-Health Systems, Toronto.
109. Hare R.D. Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior 1996, 23(1):25-54.
110. Hare R.D. Psychopathy: A clinical and forensic overview. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2006, 29(3):709-724.
111. Hare R.D., Clark D., Grann M., Thornton D. Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: An international perspective. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 2000, 18(5):623-645.
112. Hare R.D., Neumann C.S. Structural models of psychopathy. Current Psychiatric Reports 2005, 7:57-64.
113. Hare R.D., Neumann C.S. Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2008, 4:217-246.
114. Hare R.D., Neumann C.S. The role of antisociality in the psychopathy construct: Comment on Skeem and Cooke (2010). Psychological Assessment 2010, 22(2):446-454.
115. Harrington L., Siegert R.J., McClure J. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A critical review. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 2005, 10(4):249-286.
116. Harris G.T., Rice M.E., Cormier C.A. Length of detention in matched groups of insanity acquittees and convicted offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1991, 14(3):223-236.
117. Hart S.D., Kropp P.R., Hare R.D. Performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1988, 56(2):227-232.
118. Heilbrun K. Prediction versus management models relevant to risk assessment: The importance of legal decision-making context. Law and Human Behavior 1997, 21(4):347-359.
119. Heilbrun K., Peters L. The efficacy of community treatment programmes in preventing crime and violence. Violence, crime and mentally disordered offenders: Concepts and methods for effective treatment and prevention 2000, 193-215. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom. S. Hodgins, R. Müller-Isberner (Eds.).
120. Heilbrun K., Hart S.D., Hare R.D., Gustafson D., Nunez C., White A.J. Inpatient and post-discharge aggression in mentally disordered offenders. J. Interpers. Violence 1998, 13:514-527.
121. Hemphill J.F., Hare R.D., Wong S. Psychopathy and recidivism: A review. Legal and Criminological Psychology 1998, 3(1):139-170.
122. Hodgins S. Mental disorder, intellectual deficiency, and crime. Evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992, 49(6):476-483.
123. Hodgins S. Criminality among persons with severe mental illness. Handbook of forensic mental health 2007, Willan, UK. Soothill, Dolan, Rogers (Eds.).
124. Hodgins S. Violent behaviour among people with schizophrenia: A framework for investigations of causes, and effective treatment, and prevention. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 2008, 363(1503):2505-2518.
125. Hodgins S., Hiscoke U.L., Freese R. The antecedents of aggressive behavior among men with schizophrenia: A prospective investigation of patients in community treatment. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 2003, 21(4):523-546.
126. Hodgins S., Lapalme M., Toupin J. Criminal activities and substance use of patients with major affective disorders and schizophrenia: A 2-year follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders 1999, 55(2-3):187-202.
127. Hodgins S., Toupin J., Côté G. Schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder: A criminal combination. Explorations in criminal psychopathology: Clinical syndromes with forensic implications 1996, Thomas, Springfield, Ill. L.B. Schlesinger (Ed.).
128. Houston R.J., Standford M.S., Villemarette-Pittman N.R., Conklin S.M., Helfritz L.A. Neurological correlates and clinical implications of aggressive subtypes. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology 2003, 3:67-87.
129. Humphreys M.S., Johnstone E.C., MacMillan J.F., Taylor P.J. Dangerous behaviour preceding first admissions for schizophrenia. The British journal of psychiatry the journal of mental science 1992, 161:501-505.
130. Johnson J.G., Cohen P., Kasen S., Skodol A.E., Oldham J.M. Cumulative prevalence of personality disorders between adolescence and adulthood. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2008, 118(5):410-413.
131. Junginger J. Psychosis and violence: The case for a content analysis of psychotic experience. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1996, 22(1):91-103.
132. Karson C., Bigelow L.B. Violent behavior in schizophrenic inpatients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1987, 175(3):161-164.
133. Kentros M., Smith T.E., Hull J., McKee M., Terkelsen K., Capalbo C. Stability of personality traits in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A pilot project. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1997, 185(9):549-555.
134. Kernberg O., Caligor E. A psychoanalytic theory of personality disorders. Major theories of personality disorders 2005, Guildford Press, New York. 2 ed. M.F. Lenzenweger, J.F. Clarkin (Eds.).
135. Kockler T.R., Stanford M.S., Nelson C.E., Meloy J.R., Sanford K. Characterizing aggressive behavior in a forensic population. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2006, 76(1):80-85.
136. Krakowski M., Czobor P., Chou J.C. Course of violence in patients with schizophrenia: Relationship to clinical symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999, 25(3):505-517.
137. Krakowski M.I., Czobor P., Citrome L., Bark N., Cooper T.B. Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006, 63(6):622-629.
138. Krakowski M.I., Czobor P., Nolan K.A. Atypical antipsychotics, neurocognitive deficits, and aggression in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008, 28(5):485-493.
139. Krakowski M., Jaeger J., Volavka J. Violence and psychopathology: A longitudinal study. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1988, 29(2):174-181.
140. Krakowski M., Volavka J., Brizer D. Psychopathology and violence: A review of literature. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1986, 27(2):131-148.
141. Kroner D.G., Mills J.F. The accuracy of five risk appraisal instruments in predicting institutional misconduct and new convictions. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2001, 28(4):471-489.
142. Large M., Nielssen O. Evidence for a relationship between the duration of untreated psychosis and the proportion of psychotic homicides prior to treatment. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2008, 43(1):37-44.
143. Large M., Nielssen O. Violence in first-episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 2011, 125(2-3):209-220.
144. Large M., Ryan C., Singh S.P., Paton M.B., Nielssen O. The predictive value of risk categorization in schizophrenia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2011, 19(1):25-33.
145. Larger M., Babidge N., Andrews D., Storey P., Nielssen O. Major self-mutilation in the first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009, 35(5):1012-1021.
146. Levinson A., Fonagy P. Offending and attachment: The relationship between interpersonal awareness and offending in a prison population with psychiatric. Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis 2004, 12(2):225-251.
147. Lindqvist P., Allebeck P. Schizophrenia and assaultive behaviour: The role of alcohol and drug abuse. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1990, 82(3):191-195.
148. Lindqvist P., Allebeck P. Schizophrenia and crime. A longitudinal follow-up of 644 schizophrenics in Stockholm. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 1990, 157:345-350.
149. Link B.G., Phelan J.C., Bresnahan M., Stueve A., Pescosolido B.A. Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health 1999, 89(9):1328-1333.
150. Livesley J. Integrated therapy for complex cases of personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2008, 64(2):207-221.
151. Lysaker P.H., Bell M.D., Kaplan E., Greig T.C., Bryson G.J. Personality and psychopathology in schizophrenia: The association between personality traits and symptoms. Psychiatry 1999, 62(1):36-48.
152. Lysaker P.H., Warman D.M., Dimaggio G., Procacci M., Larocco V.A., Clark L.K., et al. Metacognition in schizophrenia: Associations with multiple assessments of executive function. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2008, 196(5):384-389.
153. Lysaker P.H., Wilt M.A., Plascak-Hallberg C.D., Brenner C.A., Clements C.A. Personality dimensions in schizophrenia: Associations with symptoms and coping. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2003, 191(2):80-86.
154. Magnavita J.J. Systems theory foundations of personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. Handbook of personology and psychopathology 2005, 140-163.
155. Majorek K., Wolfkühler W., Küper C., Saimeh N., Juckel G., Brüne M. "Theory of mind" and executive functioning in forensic patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Forensic Sciences 2009, 54(2):469-473.
156. McNiel D.E. Hallucinations and violence. Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment 1994, 183-202. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. J. Monahan, H.J. Steadman (Eds.).
157. McNiel D.E., Eisner J.P., Binder R.L. The relationship between command hallucinations and violence. Psychiatric Services 2000, 51:1288-1292.
158. McNiel D.E., Eisner J.P., Binder R.L. The relationship between aggressive attributional style and violence by psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003, 71(2):399-403.
159. Meehan J., Flynn S., Hunt I.M., Robinson J., Bickely H., Parsons R., Amos T., Kapur N., Appleby L., Shaw J. Perpetrators of homicide with schizophrenia: A national clinical survey in England and Wales. Psychiatry Service 2006, 57(11):1648-1651.
160. Meloy J.R. Empirical basis and forensic application of affective and predatory violence. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 40(6-7):539-547.
161. Miller P.A., Eisenberg N. The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin 1988, 103(3):324-344.
162. Milton J., Amin S., Singh S.P., Harrison G., Jones P., Croudace T., Medley I., Brewin J. Aggressive incidents in first-episode psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 178:433-440.
163. Mischel W., Shoda Y. Reconciling processing dynamics and personality dispositions. Annual Review of Psychology 1998, 49:229-258.
164. Mitchell P. Introduction to theory of mind: Children, autism and apes 1998, New York, NY, Arnold.
165. Modestin J. Criminal and violent behavior in schizophrenic patients: An overview. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1998, 52(6):547-554.
166. Modestin J., Ammann R. Mental disorders and criminal behaviour. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 166(5):667-675.
167. Modestin J., Ammann R. Mental disorder and criminality: Male schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1996, 22(1):69-82.
168. Mojtabai R. Psychotic-like experiences and interpersonal violence in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2006, 41(3):183-190.
169. Monahan J. Mental disorder and violent behavior. Perceptions and evidence. New Reference 1992, 47(4):511-521.
170. Monahan J. Mental disorder and violence: Another look. Mental Disorder and Crime 1993, 287-302.
171. Monahan J.M. Predicting violent behavior: An assessment of clinical techniques 1995, SAGE Publications, Beverly Hills.
172. Monahan J. Clinical and actuarial predictions of violence. Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony 1997, 1:300-318.
173. Monahan J. Risk assessment of violence among the mentally disordered: generating useful knowledge. International journal of law and psychiatry 1988, 11(3):249-257.
174. Monahan J., Robbins P.C. Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur study of mental disorder and violence 2001, Oxford University Press, USA.
175. Monahan J., Steadman H.J. Toward a rejuvenation of risk assessment research. Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment 1994, 1-17. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
176. Monahan J., Steadman H.J., Appelbaum P.S., Robbins P.C., Mulvey E.P., Silver E., et al. Developing a clinically useful actuarial tool for assessing violence risk. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 2000, 176:312-319.
177. Mueser K.T., Yarnold P.R., Levinson D.F., Singh H., Bellack A.S., Kee K., et al. Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: Demographic and clinical correlates. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990, 16(1):31-56.
178. Mullen P.E. A reassessment of the link between mental disorder and violent behaviour, and its implications for clinical practice. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 31(1):3-11.
179. Mullen P.E., Burgess P., Wallace C., Palmer S., Ruschena D. Community care and criminal offending in schizophrenia. Lancet 2000, 355(9204):614-617.
180. Muller-Isberner J.R. Forensic psychiatric aftercare following hospital order treatment. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1996, 19(1):81-86.
181. Mulvey E.P. Assessing the evidence of a link between mental illness and violence. Hospital & Community Psychiatry 1994, 45:663-668.
182. Mulvey E.P., Shaw E., Lidz C.W. Why use multiple sources in research on patient violence in the community?. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 1994, 4:252.
183. Mulvey E.P., Odgers C., Skeem J., Gardner W., Schubert C., Lidz C. Substance use and community violence: A test of the relation at the daily level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 74(4):743-754.
184. Munkner R., Haastrup S., Joergensen T., Kramp P. The temporal relationship between schizophrenia and crime. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epedemiology 2003, 38(7):347-353.
185. Murphy D. Theory of mind in a schizophrenia sample of men with schizophrenia detained in a special hospital: Its relationship to symptom profiles and neuropsychological tests. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 1998, 8:13-26.
186. Murphy D. Theory of mind in Asperger's syndrome, schizophrenia and personality disordered forensic patients. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 2006, 11(2):99-111.
187. Nestor P.G. Mental disorder and violence: Personality dimensions and clinical features. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2002, 159(12):1973-1978.
188. Nestor P.G., Haycock J., Doiron S., Kelly J., Kelly D. Lethal violence and psychosis: A clinical profile. The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 1995, 23(3):331-341.
189. Newton-Howes G., Tyrer P., North B., Yang M. The prevalence of personality disorder in schizophrenia and psychotic disorders: Systematic review of rates and explanatory modelling. Psychological Medicine 2008, 38(8):1075-1082.
190. Nielssen O. Untreated psychotic illness in the survivors of violent suicide attempts. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 2009, 3(2):116-122.
191. Nielssen O., Bourget D., Laajasalo T., Liem M., Labelle A., Häkkänen-Nyholm H., Koenradt F., Large M. Homicide of strangers by people with a psychotic illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009, 1-8.
192. Nielssen O., Large M. Rates of homicide during the first episode of psychosis and after treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2010, 36(4):702-712.
193. Nielssen O., Westmore B.D., Large M., Hayes R.A. Homicide during psychotic illness in New South Wales between 1993 and 2002. The Medical Journal of Australia 2007, 186(6):301-304.
194. Nolan K.A., Czobor P., Roy B.B., Platt M.M., Shope C.B., Citrome L.L., et al. Characteristics of assaultive behavior among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatric Services 2003, 54(7):1012-1016.
195. Nolan K.A., Volavka J., Mohr P., Czobor P. Psychopathy and violent behavior among patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatric Services 1999, 50(6):787-792.
196. Peralta V., Cuesta M.J., Leon J. Premorbid personality and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1991, 84(4):336-339.
197. Pernanen K., Heath D.B. Alcohol in human violence 1991, The Guilford Press, New York.
198. Pham T., Rémy S., Dailliet A., Lienard L. Psychopathy and evaluation of violent behavior in a psychiatric security milieu. L'Encéphale 1998, 24(3):173-179.
199. Pickup G.J., Frith C.D. Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: Symptomatology, severity and specificity. Psychological Medicine 2001, 31(2):207-220.
200. Porter S., Birt A.R., Boer D.P. Investigation of the criminal and conditional release profiles of Canadian federal offenders as a function of psychopathy and age. Law and Human Behavior 2001, 25(6):647-661.
201. Quinsey V.L., Harris G.T., Rice M.E., Cormier C.A. In violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk 2006, American Psychological Association, Washington DC.
202. Rabkin J.G. Criminal behavior of discharged mental patients: A critical appraisal of the research. Psychological Bulletin 1979, 86:1-27.
203. Räsänen P., Tiihonen J., Isohanni M., Rantakallio P., Lehtonen J., Moring J. Schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and violent behavior: A 26-year followup study of an unselected birth cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1998, 24(3):437-441.
204. Rasmussen K., Levander S., Sletvold H. Aggressive and non-aggressive schizophrenics: Symptom profile and neuropsychological differences. Psychology, Crime & Law 1995, 2(2):119-129.
205. Regier D.A., Farmer M.E., Rae D.S., Locke B.Z., Keith S.J., Judd L.L., et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study. JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association 1990, 264(19):2511-2518.
206. Reid W.H., Thorne S.A. Personality disorders and violence potential. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2007, 13(4):261-268.
207. Renwick S.J., Black L., Ramm M., Novaco R.W. Anger treatment with forensic hospital patients. Legal and Criminological Psychology 1997, 2:103-116.
208. Rice M.E. Violent offender research and implication for the criminal justice system. Am. Psychol. 1997, 52:414-423.
209. Rice M.E., Harris G.T. A comparison of criminal recidivism among schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1992, 15(4):397-408.
210. Rice M.E., Harris G.T. Psychopathy, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and violent recidivism. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1995, 18(3):333-342.
211. Rossi A.M., Jacobs M., Monteleone M., Olsen R., Surber R.W., Winkler E.L., et al. Characteristics of psychiatric patients who engage in assaultive or other fear-inducing behaviors. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1986, 174(3):154-160.
212. Salekin R., Rogers R., Sewell K.W. A review and meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist-revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 1996, 3:203-215.
213. Samuels J., Eaton W.W., Bienvenu O.J., Brown C.H., Costa P.T., Nestadt G. Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. The British journal of psychiatry the journal of mental science 2002, 180:536-542.
214. Schanda H., Knecht G., Schreinzer D., Stompe T., Ortwein-Swoboda G., Waldhoer T. Homicide and major mental disorders: A 25-year study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004, 110(2):98-107.
215. Scott H., Johnson S., Menezes P., Thornicroft G., Marshall J., Bindman J., et al. Substance misuse and risk of aggression and offending among the severely mentally ill. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 1998, 172:345-350.
216. Serin R.C. Violent recidivism in criminal psychopaths. Law and Human Behavior 1996, 20(2):207-217.
217. Serin R.C., Amos N.L. The role of psychopathy in the assessment of dangerousness. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1995, 18(2):231-238.
218. Shamay-Tsoory S.G., Harari H., Aharon-Peretz J., Levkovitz Y. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in affective theory of mind deficits in criminal offenders with psychopathic tendencies. Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior 2010, 46(5):668-677.
219. Sheridan E.P., Teplin L.A. Recidivism in different patients: Differences between community mental health center and state hospital admissions. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1981, 138(5):688-690.
220. Shine J., Hobson J. Institutional behaviour and time in treatment among psychopaths admitted to a prison-based therapeutic community. Medicine, Science and the Law 2000, 40(4):327-335.
221. Shoda Y., Mischel W. Applying meta-theory to achieve generalisability and precision in personality science. Applied Psychology 2006, 55(3):439-452.
222. Simonsen E., Ronningstam E., Millon T. A synopsis of the WPA educational program on personality disorders. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) 2008, 7(2):119-125.
223. Skeem J.L., Mulvey E.P. Psychopathy and community violence among civil psychiatric patients: Results from the MacArthur violence risk assessment study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001, 69(3):358-374.
224. Skeem J.L., Schubert C., Odgers C., Mulvey E.P., Gardner W., Lidz C. Psychiatric symptoms and community violence among high-risk patients: A test of the relationship at the weekly level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 74(5):967-979.
225. Smith J., Hucker S. Schizophrenia and substance abuse. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1994, 165(1):13-21.
226. Soyka M. Substance abuse and dependency as a risk factor for delinquency and violent behaviour in schizophrenic patients-How strong is the evidence?. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 1994, 1(1):3-7.
227. Soyka M., Albus M., Kathmann N., Finelli A., Hofstetter S., Holzbach R., et al. Prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in schizophrenic inpatients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1993, 242(6):362-372.
228. Soyka M., Graz C., Bottlender R., Dirschedl P., Schoech H. Clinical correlates of later violence and criminal offences in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 94(1-3):89-98.
229. Sprong M., Schothorst P., Vos E., Hox J., van Engeland H. Theory of mind in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 2007, 191:5-13.
230. Steadman H.J., Mulvey E.P., Monahan J., Robbins P.C., Appelbaum P.S., Grisso T., et al. Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998, 55(5):393-401.
231. Steadman H.J., Silver E., Monahan J., Appelbaum P.S., Robbins P.C., Mulvey E.P., et al. A classification tree approach to the development of actuarial violence risk assessment tools. Law and Human Behavior 2000, 24(1):83-100.
232. Steinert T., Sippach T., Gebhardt R.P. How common is violence in schizophrenia despite neuroleptic treatment?. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000, 33(3):98-102.
233. Steinert T., Wiebe C., Gebhardt R.P. Aggressive behavior against self and others among first-admission patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 1999, 50(1):85-90.
234. Steinert T., Wölfle M., Gebhardt R.P. Measurement of violence during in-patient treatment and association with psychopathology. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2000, 102(2):107-112.
235. Stompe T., Ortwein-Swoboda Q., Schanda H. Schizophrenia, delusional symptoms, and violence: The threat/control-override concept reexamined. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2004, 30(1):31-44.
236. Strack S., Millon T. Contributions to the dimensional assessment of personality disorders using Millon's model and the Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI9-III). Journal of Personality Assessment 2007, 89(1):56-69.
237. Strand S., Belfrage H., Fransson G., Levander S. Clinical and risk management factors in risk prediction of mentally disordered offenders-More important than historical data?. Legal and Criminological Psychology 1999, 4:67-78.
238. Swanson J.W., Holzer C.E., Ganju V.K., Jono R.T. Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: Evidence from the epidemiologic catchment area surveys. Hospital & Community Psychiatry 1990, 41(7):761-770.
239. Swanson J.W., Swartz M.S., Borum R., Hiday V.A., Wagner H.R., Burns B.J. Involuntary out-patient commitment and reduction of violent behaviour in persons with severe mental illness. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 2000, 176:324-331.
240. Swanson J.W., Swartz M.S., Elbogen E.B., Van Dorn R.A. Reducing violence risk in persons with schizophrenia: Olanzapine versus risperidone. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2004, 65(12):1666-1673.
241. Swanson J.W., Swartz M.S., Van Dorn R.A., Elbogen E.B., Wagner H.R., Rosenheck R.A., et al. A national study of violent behavior in persons with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2006, 63(5):490-499.
242. Swanson J.W., Swartz M.S., Van Dorn R.A., Volavka J., Monahan J., Stroup T.S., et al. Comparison of antipsychotic medication effects on reducing violence in people with schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 2008, 193(1):37-43.
243. Swanson J.W., Van Dorn R.A., Swartz M.S., Smith A., Elbogen E.B., Monahan J. Alternative pathways to violence in persons with schizophrenia: The role of childhood antisocial behavior problems. Law and Human Behavior 2008, 32(3):228-240.
244. Swartz J.A., Lurigio A.A. Psychiatric diagnosis, substance use and dependence, and arrests among former recipients of supplemental security income for drug abuse and alcoholism. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 2004, 39:19-38.
245. Swartz M.S., Swanson J.W., Hiday V.A., Borum R., Wagner H.R., Burns B.J. Violence and severe mental illness: The effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1998, 155(2):226-231.
246. Swartz M.S., Swanson J.W., Hiday V.A., Borum R., Wagner R., Burns B.J. Taking the wrong drugs: The role of substance abuse and medication noncompliance in violence among severely mentally ill individuals. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1998, 33(Suppl. 1):S75-S80.
247. Tangney J.P. Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991, 61(4):598-607.
248. Tardiff K. Characteristics of assaultive patients in private hospitals. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1984, 141(10):1232-1235.
249. Tardiff K., Koenigsberg H.W. Assaultive behavior among psychiatric outpatients. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1985, 142(8):960-963.
250. Taylor P.J. Delusional disorder and delusions: Is there a risk of violence in social interactions about the core symptom?. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 2006, 24(3):313-331.
251. Taylor P.J. Psychosis and violence: Stories, fears, and reality. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie 2008, 53(10):647-659.
252. Taylor P.J., Butwell M., Gray C., Daly R., Dalal B., Ferraro D., et al. Schizophrenia, violence, Clozapine and Resperidone: a review. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1996, 169(Suppl. 31):21-30.
253. Taylor P.J., Leese M., Williams D., Butwell M., Daly R., Larkin E. Mental disorder and violence. A special (high security) hospital study. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1998, 172(3):218-226.
254. Tengström A. Long-term predictive validity of historical factors in two risk assessment instruments in a group of violent offenders with schizophrenia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 55(4):243-249.
255. Tengström A., Grann M., Långström N., Kullgren G. Psychopathy (PCL-R) as a predictor of violent recidivism among criminal offenders with schizophrenia. Law and Human Behavior 2000, 24(1):45-58.
256. Tengström A., Hodgins S. Criminal behavior of forensic and general psychiatric patients with schizophrenia: Are they different?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002, (412):62-66. (Supplementum).
257. Tengström A., Hodgins S., Grann M., Langström N., Kullgren G. Schizophrenia and criminal offending: The role of psychopathy and substance use disorders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2004, 31(4):367-391.
258. Teplin L. The criminality of the mentally ill: A dangerous misconception. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985, 142:593-599.
259. Tiihonen J., Isohanni M., Räsänen P., Koiranen M., Moring J. Specific major mental disorders and criminality: A 26-year prospective study of the 1966 northern Finland birth cohort. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 154(6):840-845.
260. Torgersen S., Kringlen E., Cramer V. The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of general psychiatry 2001, 58(6):590-596.
261. Troisi A., Kustermann S., Di Genio M., Siracusano A. Hostility during admission interview as a short-term predictor of aggression in acute psychiatric male inpatients. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2003, 64(12):1460-1464.
262. Van Dorn R.A., Swanson J.W., Elbogen E.B., Swartz M.S. A comparison of stigmatizing attitudes toward persons with schizophrenia in four stakeholder groups: Perceived likelihood of violence and desire for social distance. Psychiatry 2005, 68(2):152-163.
263. Volavka J. The effects of clozapine on aggression and substance abuse in schizophrenic patients. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999, 60(Suppl. 12):43-46.
264. Volavka J., Citrome L. Heterogeneity of violence in schizophrenia and implications for long-term treatment. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2008, 62(8):1237-1245.
265. Volavka J., Czobor P., Sheitman B., Lindenmayer J.P., Citrome L., McEvoy J.P., et al. Clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2002, 159(2):255-262.
266. Volavka J., Laska E., Baker S., Meisner M., Czobor P., Krivelevich I. History of violent behaviour and schizophrenia in different cultures. Analyses based on the WHO study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders. The British journal of psychiatry the journal of mental science 1997, 171:9-14.
267. Walker Z., Seifert R. Violent incidents in a psychiatric intensive care unit. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 1994, 164(6):826-828.
268. Wallace C., Mullen P.E., Burgees P. Criminal offending in schizophrenia over a 25-year period marked by deinstitutionalization and increasing prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2004, 161(4):716-727.
269. Walsh E., Buchanan A., Fahy T. Violence and schizophrenia: Examining the evidence. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 2002, 180:490-495.
270. Walters G.D. Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the psychopathy checklist factor scores: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior 2003, 27(5):541-558.
271. Ward T., Keenan T., Hudson S.M. Understanding cognitive, affective, and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders: A developmental perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2000, 5(1):41-62.
272. Weiss E.M., Kohler C.G., Nolan K.A., Czobor P., Volavka J., Platt M.M., et al. The relationship between history of violent and criminal behavior and recognition of facial expression of emotions in men with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Aggressive Behavior 2006, 32(3):187-194.
273. Wessely S. The epidemiology of crime, violence and schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1997, (32):8-11. (Supplement).
274. Wessely S.C., Castle D., Douglas A.J., Taylor P.J. The criminal careers of incident cases of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 1994, 24(2):483-502.
275. Wiederanders M.R. Recidivism of disordered offenders who were conditionally vs. unconditionally released. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 1992, 10(1):141-148.
276. Wiederanders M.R., Bromley D.L., Choate P.A. Forensic conditional release programs and outcomes in three states. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1997, 20(2):249-257.
277. Wiederanders M., Choate P.A. Beyond recidivism: Measuring community adjustments of conditionally released insanity acquittees. Psychological Assessment 1994, 6(1):61-66.
278. Wilson W.H., Claussen A.M. 18-Month outcome of clozapine treatment for 100 patients in a state psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.) 1995, 46(4):386-389.
279. Wilson D., Tien G., Eaves D. Increasing the community tenure of mentally disordered offenders: An assertive case management program. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 1995, 18(1):61-69.