Evidence for a relationship between the duration of untreated psychosis and the proportion of psychotic homicides prior to treatment

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 37-44

  Large, Matthew ^a   Nielssen, Olav ^b  

^a UNSW ^*  (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

First episode psychosis; Homicide; Treatment delay

Indexed keywords

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; CANADA; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FINLAND; GERMANY; HOMICIDE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; NETHERLANDS; PAKISTAN; PSYCHOSIS; SAMPLE SIZE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; THERAPY DELAY; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; HOMICIDE; HUMANS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; TREATMENT REFUSAL;

EID: 37549040212     PISSN: 09337954     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-007-0274-0     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Addington J, Van Mastrigt S, Addington D (2004) Duration of untreated psychosis: Impact on 2-year outcome. Psychol Med 34:277-284
2. Anfang SA, Appelbaum PS (2006) Civil commitment-the American experience. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 43:209-218
3. Appelbaum PS (1997) Almost a revolution: An international perspective on the law of involuntary commitment. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 25:135-147
4. Appleby L, Shaw J (2006) Five year report of the national confidential inquiry into suicide and homicide by people with mental illness. http://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/suicideprevention/nci/Useful/ avoidable_deaths_full_report.pdf. Accessed December 16, 2006
5. Atlas project in mental health (2005) Mental Health: Evidence and Research Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/atlas/ en/. Accessed May 10, 2007
6. Baldwin P, Browne D, Scully PJ, et al. (2005) Epidemiology of first-episode psychosis: Illustrating the challenges across diagnostic boundaries through the Cavan-Monaghan study at 8 years. Schiz Bull 31:624-38
7. Ballageer T, Malla A, Manchanda R, Takhar J, Haricharan R (2005) Is adolescent-onset first-episode psychosis different from adult onset? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:782-789
8. Barnes TR, Hutton SB, Chapman MJ, Mutsatsa S, Puri BK, Joyce EM (2000) West London first-episode study of schizophrenia. Clinical correlates of duration of untreated psychosis Br J Psychiatry 177:207-211
9. Beiser M, Erickson D, Fleming JA, Iacono WG (1993) Establishing the onset of psychotic illness. Am J Psychiatry 150:1349-1354
10. Benezech M, Yesavage JA, Addad M, et al. (1984) Homicide by psychotics in France: A five-year study. J Clin Psychiatry 45:85-86
11. Birchwood M, Cochrane R, Macmillan F, Copestake S, Kucharska J Carriss M (1992) The influence of ethnicity and family structure on relapse in first-episode schizophrenia. A comparison of Asian, Afro-Caribbean, and white patients. Br J Psychiatry 161:783-790
12. Black K, Peters L, Rui Q, Milliken H, Whitehorn D, Kopala LC (2001) Duration of untreated psychosis predicts treatment outcome in an early psychosis program. Schizophr Res 47:215-222
13. Bourget D, Labelle A, Gagne P, et al. (2004) First episode psychosis and Homicide: A diagnostic challenge. Can Psych Assoc Bull 36:6-9
14. Burgess P, Pirkis J, Jolley D, Whiteford H, Saxena S (2004) Do nations' mental health policies, programs and legislation influence their suicide rates? An ecological study of 100 countries. Aust N Z J Psych 38:933-939
15. Caton CL, Hasin DS, Shrout PE, et al. (2006) Predictors of psychosis remission in psychotic disorders that co-occur with substance use. Schizophr Bull 32:618-625
16. Cohen RZ, Gotowiec A, Seeman MV (2000) Duration of pretreatment phases in schizophrenia: Women and men. Can J Psychiatry 45:544-547
17. Compton MT, Esterberg ML, Druss BG, Walker EF, Kaslow NJ (2006) A descriptive study of pathways to care among hospitalized urban African American first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum patients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 41:566-573
18. Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Fennig S, Tanenberg-Karant M, Lavelle J, Galambos N (2000) Is there an association between duration of untreated psychosis and 24-month clinical outcome in a first-admission series? Am J Psychiatry 157:60-66
19. Craig TK, Garety P, Power P, et al. (2004) The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. BMJ 329(7474):1067-72
20. Dauvergne M Li G (2005) Homicide in Canada, Statistics Canada No. 26. http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/85-002-XIE/85-002-XIE2006006.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2007
21. Dolan M, Parry J (1996) A survey of male homicide cases resident in an English special hospital. Med Sci Law 36:249-258
22. Drake RJ, Haley CJ, Akhtar S, Lewis SW (2000) Causes and consequences of duration of untreated psychosis in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 177:511-515
23. Dressing H, Salize HJ (2004) Compulsory admission of mentally ill patients in European Union Member States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39:797-803
24. Erb M, Hodgins S, Freese R, Müller-Isberner R, Jöckel D (2001) Homicide and schizophrenia: Maybe treatment does have a preventive effect. Crim Behav Ment Health. 11:6-26
25. Eronen M, Tiihonen J, Hakola P (1996) Schizophrenia and homicidal behavior. Schizophr Bull. 22:83-89
26. Fannon D, Chitnis X, Doku V, et al. (2000) Features of structural brain abnormality detected in first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 157:1829-1834
27. Farooq S, Deeba F, Ashfaque M, Iqbal M (2003) Mentally-ill patients charged with homicide. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 13:223-225
28. Fazel S, Grann M (2004) Psychiatric morbidity among homicide offenders: a Swedish population study. Am J Psychiatry 161:2129-2131
29. Foley SR, Browne S, Clarke M, Kinsella A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E (2007) Is violence at presentation by patients with first-episode psychosis associated with duration of untreated psychosis? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42:606-10
30. Fuchs J, Steinert T (2004) Patients with a first episode of schizophrenia spectrum psychosis and their pathways to psychiatric hospital care in South Germany. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39:375-380
31. Gray JE, O'Reilly RL (2001) Clinically significant differences among Canadian mental health acts. Can J Psychiatry 46:315-321
32. Gray JE, O'Reilly RL (2005) Canadian compulsory community treatment laws: Recent reforms. Int J Law Psychiatry 28:13-22
33. Grunberg F, Klinger BI, Grumet BR (1978) Homicide and community-based psychiatry. J Nerv Ment Dis 166:868-874
34. Gunduz-Bruce H, McMeniman M, Robinson DG, et al. (2005) Duration of untreated psychosis and time to treatment response for delusions and hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry 162:1966-1969
35. Haas GL, Sweeney JA (1992) Premorbid and onset features of first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 18:373-386
36. Hafner H, Boker W (1982) Crimes of violence by mentally abnormal offenders: Psychiatric epidemiological study in the German Federal Republic. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1982
37. Hafner H, Boker W (1973) Mentally Disordered Violent Offenders. Soc Psychiatry 8:220-229
38. Hafner H, Maurer K, Loffler W, Riecher-Rossler A (1993) The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 162:80-86
39. Harris A, Brennan J, Anderson J, et al. (2005) Clinical profiles, scope and general findings of the western Sydney first episode psychosis project. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 39:36-43
40. Ho BC, Alicata D, Ward J, et al. (2003) Untreated initial psychosis: relation to cognitive deficits and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160:142-148
41. Humphreys MS, Johnstone EC, MacMillan JF, Taylor PJ (1992) Dangerous behaviour preceding first admissions for schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 161:501-505
42. Jablensky A (2000) Prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Implications for prevention. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 34:S26-34
43. Kalla O, Aaltonen J, Wahlström J, et al. (2002) Duration of untreated psychosis and its correlates in first-episode psychosis in Finland and Spain. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106:265-275
44. Laajasalo T, Häkkänen H (2006) Excessive violence and psychotic symptomatology among homicide offenders with schizophrenia. Crim Behav Ment Health 16:242-253
45. Large M, Nielssen O (2007) Treating the first episode of schizophrenia earlier will save lives. Schizophr Res 92:276-7
46. Leong GB, Silva JA (1995) A psychiatric-legal analysis of psychotic criminal defendants charged with murder. J Forensic Sci 40:445-448
47. Link BG, Stueve A, Phelan J (1998) Psychotic symptoms and violent behaviors: Probing the components of "threat/control-override" symptoms. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 33(Suppl 1):S55-S60
48. Linszen D, Dingemans P, Lenior M (2001) Early intervention and a five year follow up in young adults with a short duration of untreated psychosis: Ethical implications. Schizophr Res 51:55-61
49. Loebel AD, Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, et al. (1992) Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 149:1183-1188
50. Loranger AW (1984) Sex difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:157-161
51. Meehan J, Flynn S, Hunt IM, et al. (2006) Perpetrators of homicide with schizophrenia: A national clinical survey in England and Wales. Psychiatr Serv 57:1648-1651
52. Mental Health Ordinance For Pakistan (2001) http://www.Emro.Who.Int/Mnh/ Whd/Pakistan-Ordinance.Pdf. Accessed May 10, 2007
53. Millaud F (1989) [Homicide in the psychotic patient: A study of 24 cases with reference to prediction of short-term outcome]. Can J Psychiatry 34:340-346
54. Milton J, Shazad A, Singh SP, et al. (2001) Aggressive incidents in first-episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 178:433-440
55. Most serious crime rates are far higher in the United States than in Germany. US department of justice 1998 http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ press/gap.pr. Accessed May 7, 2007)
56. Mouzos J (2001) Homicide in Australia, Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice 1999-2000. Australian Institute of Criminology (http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/ti187.pdf. Accessed May 7. 2007)
57. Mojtabai R (2006) Psychotic-like experiences and interpersonal violence in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41:183-90
58. Naqvi H, Khan MM, Faizi A (2005) Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 15:345-348
59. Nielssen OB, Westmore BD, Large MM, Hayes RA (2007) Homicide during psychotic illness in New South Wales between 1993 and 2002. Med J Aust 186:301-304
60. Nijman H, Cima M, Merckelbach H (2003) Nature and antecedents of psychotic patients' crimes. J Forensic Psych Psychol 14:542-553
61. Norman RM, Malla AK (2001) Duration of untreated psychosis: A critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med 31:381-400
62. Perkins D, Lieberman J, Gu H, et al. (2004) Predictors of antipsychotic treatment response in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders. Br J Psychiatry 185:18-24
63. Reilly JL, Harris MS, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA (2006) Adverse effects of risperidone on spatial working memory in first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:1189-1197
64. Ropcke B, Eggers C (2005) Early-onset schizophrenia: A 15-year follow-up. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14:341-350
65. Rosen K, Garety P (2005) Predicting recovery from schizophrenia: A retrospective comparison of characteristics at onset of people with single and multiple episodes. Schizophr Bull 31:735-750
66. Salize HJ, Dressing H (2004) Epidemiology of involuntary placement of mentally ill people across the European Union. Br J Psychiatry 184:163-168
67. Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Korten A, et al. (1986) Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders. Psychol Med 16:909-928
68. Schanda H, Knecht G, Schreinzer D, et al. (2004) Homicide and major mental disorders: A 25-year study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 110:98-107
69. Seikkula J, Aaltonen J, Alakare B (2006) Five-year experience of first-episode non-affective psychosis in open-dialogue approach: Treatment principles, follow-up outcomes, and two case studies. Psychother Res 16:214-228
70. Simpson AI, Skipworth J, McKenna B, et al. (2006) Mentally abnormal homicide in New Zealand as defined by legal and clinical criteria: A national study. Aust N Z J Psych 40:804-9
71. Singh SP, Cooper JE, Fisher HL, et al. (2005) Determining the chronology and components of psychosis onset: The Nottingham Onset Schedule (NOS). Schizophr Res 80:117-130
72. Sipos A, Harrison G, Gunnell D, Amin S, Singh SP (2001) Patterns and predictors of hospitalisation in first-episode psychosis. Prospect Cohort Study. Br J Psychiatry 178:518-523
73. Skeate A, Jackson C, Birchwood M, Jones C (2002) Duration of untreated psychosis and pathways to care in first-episode psychosis. Investigation of help-seeking behaviour in primary care. Br J Psychiatry 43:s73-s77
74. Smit PR, Bijleveld CCJH (2001) Homicide in the Netherlands; An Exploratory Study of the 1998 Cases. Homicide Studies 5:293-310
75. Szymanski SR, Cannon TD, Gallacher F, Erwin RJ, Gur RE (1996) Course of treatment response in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 53:519-525
76. Valevski A, Averbuch I, Radwan M, et al. (1999) Homicide by schizophrenic patients in Israel. Eur Psychiatry 14:89-92
77. Verma S, Poon LY, Subramaniam M, Chong SA (2005) Aggression in asian patients with first-episode psychosis. Int J Soc Psych 51:365-371
78. Wade D, Harrigan S, Harris MG, Edwards J, McGorry PD (2006) Pattern and correlates of inpatient admission during the initial acute phase of first-episode psychosis. Aust N Z J Psych 40:429-436
79. Wellford C, Cronin J (2000) Analysis of variables affecting the clearance of Homicides: A multisite study. Department of Justice (http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/181356.pdf. Accessed May 7, 2007)
80. Wunderink A, Nienhuis FJ, Sytema S, Wiersma D (2006) Treatment delay and response rate in first episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 113:332-329