Internalized racism's association with African American male youth's propensity for violence

Journal of Black Studies

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 690-707

  Bryant, Wesley W ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

African American male youth; Aggressive Behavior; Internalized Racism; Youth Violence

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CHILD BEHAVIOR; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; HISTORY; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIAL STIGMA; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; AFRICAN AMERICANS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL CONDITIONS; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY; SOCIAL STIGMA; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE;

EID: 79955080611     PISSN: 00219347     EISSN: 15524566     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0021934710393243     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Achenbach, T.M., & Rescorla, L.A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles: Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6-18. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.
2. Akbar, N. (1996). African metapsychology of human personality. In D. Azibo (Ed.), African psychology in historical perspective (pp. 29-45). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
3. Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. New York, NY: Norton.
4. Aspy, C.B., Oman, R.F., Vesely, S.K., McLeroy, K., Rodine, S., & Marshall, L. (2004). Adolescent violence: The protective effects of youth assets. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82(3), 268-276.
5. Azibo, D.A., (1996). African psychology in historical perspective. In D. Azibo (Ed.), African psychology in historical perspective (pp. 1-28). Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
6. Baldwin, J.A. (1980). The psychology of oppression. In M. Asante & A. Vandi (Eds.), Contemporary Black thought (pp. 95-110). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
7. Barrett, R.K. (1976). A study of attribution of responsibility as a function of internal-External locus of control and interracial person perception. Unpublished Master's Thesis. University of Pittsburgh.
8. Borduin, C.M., & Schaeffer, C.M. (1998). Violent offending in adolescence: Epidemiology, correlates, outcomes, and treatment. In T. P. Gullotta, G. R. Adams, & R. Montemayor (Eds.), Delinquent violent youth: Theory and intervention (pp. 144-174). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
9. Braithwaite, H.O., Coles, C.J., & Greene, A.F. (2002). The relationship between personality, anger expression, and perceived family control among incarcerated male juveniles. Adolescence, 37(146), 395-409.
10. Brener, N.D., Kann, L., McManus, T., Kinchen, S.A., Sundberg, E.C., &. Ross, J.D. (2002). Reliability of the 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 336-342.
11. Brown, T. (2003). Critical race theory speaks to the sociology of mental health: Mental health problems produced by racial stratification. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 292-301.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2000). Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 49(SS05), 1-96.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Youth violence fact sheet. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pub-res/YVFactSheet.pdf.
14. Chapple, C.L., Tyler, K.A., & Bersani, B.E. (2005). Child neglect and adolescent violence: Examining the effects of self-control and peer rejection. Violence and Victims, 20(1), 39-54.
15. Collins, L.M., Schafer, J.L., & Kam, C.M. (2001). A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing-data procedures. Psychological Methods, 6, 330 -351.
16. Cokley, K. (2002). Testing Cross's revised racial identity model: An examination of the relationship between racial identity and internalized racialism. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(4), 476-483.
17. Cross, W.E., Jr. (1978). The Thomas and Cross models of psychological nigrescence: A review. Journal of Black Psychology, 5(1), 13-31.
18. Delgado, R., & Stefancac, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.
19. Denton, S.E. (1985). A methodological refinement and validation analysis of the developmental inventory of Black consciousness (Doctoral dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, PA.
20. Fitzpatrick, K.M., & Wright, D. (2006). Violence and minority youth: The effect of risk and asset factors on fighting among African American children and adolescents. Adolescence, 41(162), 251-262.
21. Franklin, A. (1986). Influence of economic, social, religious, and cultural factors on depression in single Black women with male friends (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, PA.
22. Fox, J.A., & Swatt, M.L. (2008). The recent surge in homicides involving young Black males and guns: Time to reinvest in prevention and crime control. Retrieved fromhttp://www.jfox.neu.edu/Documents/Fox%20Swatt%20Homicide%20Report%20Dec%2029%202008.pdf.
23. García-Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H.P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B.H., & Garcia, H.V. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891-1914.
24. Harer, M.D., & Steffensmeier, D. (1992). The differing effects of economic inequality on Black and White rates of violence. Social Forces, 70, 1035-1054.
25. Jones, C.P. (2000). Levels of racism: A theoretical framework and a gardener's tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90(8), 1212-1215.
26. Milliones, J. (1973). Construction of the development of Black consciousness. Dissertation Abstracts International, 35(02), 1241-A.
27. Moffitt, T.E. (1997). Adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent offending: A complementary pair of developmental theories. In T. Thornberry (Ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency (pp. 11-55). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
28. National Center for Health Statistics. (2004). Vital statistics system for numbers of deaths. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/.
29. National Center for Health Statistics. (2008). Vital statistics system for numbers of deaths. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/.
30. Nobles, W. (1972). African philosophy: Foundations for Black psychology. In R. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology (pp. 18-32). New York, NY: Harper and Row.
31. Program for Research on Black Americans (2002). The discrimination sub-scale from the National Survey of American Life- Adolescent Questionnaire. Retrieved on August 7, 2007 from http://rcgd.isr.umich.edu/prba/questionnaires/nsaladolqn.pdf.
32. Puzzanchera, C., & Adams, B. (2008). National disproportionate minority contact databook. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved fromhttp://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/dmcdb/.
33. Resnick, M.D., Bearman, P.S., Blum, R.W., Bauman, K.E., Harris, K.M., & Jones, J., (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 823-832.
34. Sellers, R., Rowley, S., Chavous, T., Shelton, J.N., & Smith, M. (1997). Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A preliminary investigation of reliability and construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(4), 805-815.
35. Shapiro, J.P. (2000). Attitudes towards guns and violence. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
36. Stewart, E.A., & Simons, R.L. (2006). Structure and culture in African American adolescent violence: A partial test of the "code of the street" thesis. Justice Quarterly, 23(1), 1-33.
37. Taylor, J., & Grundy, C. (1996). Measuring Black internalization of White stereotypes about African Americans: The Nadanolitization Scale. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations (Vol. 2, pp. 217-226). Hampton, VA: Cobb and Henry.
38. Thomas, C. (2005). Serious delinquency and gang membership. Psychiatric Times, 2005, 18-24.
39. Tomes, E., & Brown, A. (1986). Psychological factors and depression among Black women of low socioeconomic status. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
40. Watts-Jones, D. (2002). Healing internalized racism: The role of a within-group sanctuary among people of African descent. Family Process, 41(4), 591-602.
41. Williams, E. (1944). Capitalism and slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
42. Woodson, C.G. (1999). The mis-education of the Negro. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.