Towards an implicit association test (IAT) for measuring doping attitudes in sports. Data-based recommendations developed from two recently published tests

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 250-256

  Brand, Ralf ^a   Melzer, Marcus ^a   Hagemann, Norbert ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KASSEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Attitude; Doping; Implicit association test (IAT)

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955047644     PISSN: 14690292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.01.002     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Backhouse S., McKenna J., Atkin A. Reviewing research into attitudes towards doping in sport: time to take stock. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2009, 12:80-81.
2. Backhouse S., McKenna J., Robinson S., Atkin A. Attitudes, behaviours, knowledge and education - Drugs in sport: Past, present and future 2007, Retrieved October 14, 2009, from. http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Backhouse_et_al_Full_Report.pdf.
3. Banse R., Seise J., Zerbes N. Implicit attitudes toward homosexuality: reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie 2001, 48:1145-1160.
4. Berry D.A. The science of doping. Nature 2008, 454:692-693.
5. Brendl C.M., Markman A.B., Messner C. How do indirect measures of evaluation work? Evaluating the inference of prejudice in the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:760-773.
6. De Houwer J. A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2001, 37:443-451.
7. Dovidio J.F., Kawakami K., Gaertner S.L. Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:62-68.
8. Egloff B., Schmukle S.C. Predictive validity of an Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:1441-1455.
9. Fazio R.H., Olson M.A. Implicit measures in social cognition: their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology 2003, 54:297-327.
10. Fiedler K., Bluemke M. Faking the IAT: aided and unaided response control on the Implicit Association Tests. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2005, 27:307-316.
11. Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R., Rudman L.A., Farnham S.D., Nosek B.A., Mellot D.S. A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review 2002, 109:3-25.
12. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1464-1480.
13. Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A. Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift fuer Experimentelle Psychologie 2001, 48:85-93.
14. Greenwald A.G., Nosek B., Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. an improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 85:197-216.
15. Greenwald A.G., Poehlman T.A., Uhlmann E., Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 97:17-41.
16. Hofmann W., Gawronski B., Gschwendner T., Le H., Schmitt M. A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit self-report measure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005, 31:1369-1385.
17. Hofmann W., Gschwendner T., Nosek B.A., Schmitt M. What moderates implicit-explicit consistency?. European Review of Social Psychology 2005, 16:335-390.
18. Houben K., Wiers R.W. Assessing implicit alcohol associations with the implicit association test: fact or artifact?. Addictive Behaviors 2006, 31:1346-1362.
19. Karpinski A., Steinman R.B., Hilton J.L. Attitude importance as a moderator of the relationship between implicit and explicit attitude measures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005, 31:949-962.
20. Lane K.A., Banaji M.R., Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we know (so far) about the method. Implicit measures of attitudes: Progress and controversies 2007, 59-102. Guilford, New York. B. Wittenbrink, N. Schwarz (Eds.).
21. Lazuras L., Barkoukis V., Rodafinos A., Tzorbatzoudis H. Predictors of doping intentions in elite-level athletes: a social cognition approach. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2010, 32:694-710.
22. Lorente F.O., Peretti-Watel P., Grelot L. Cannabis use to enhance sportive and non-sportive performances among French sport students. Addictive Behavior 2005, 30:1382-1391.
23. Lotz S., Hagemann N. Using the Implicit Association Test to measure athlete's attitude toward doping. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2007, 29(Suppl. 3):183-184.
24. Maison D., Greenwald A.G., Bruin R. Predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in studies of brands, consumer attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2004, 14:405-415.
25. Nosek B.A., Banaji M.R., Greenwald A.G. Math = Male, Me = Female, therefore Math ^= Me. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:44-59.
26. Nosek B.A., Greenwald A.G., Banaji M.R. The Implicit Association Test at age 7: a methodological and conceptual review. Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior 2006, Psychology Press, Hove, UK. J.A. Bargh (Ed.).
27. Nosek B.A., Smyth F.L., Hansen J.J., Devos T., Lindner N.M., Ranganath K.A., et al. Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology 2007, 18:36-88.
28. Olson J.M., Zanna M.P. Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology 1993, 44:117-154.
29. Ostafin B.D., Marlatt G.A., Greenwald A.G. Drinking without thinking: an implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use. Behavior Research and Therapy 2008, 46:1210-1219.
30. Petróczi A. Exploring the doping dilemma in elite sport: Can athletes' attitudes be responsible for doping? 2002, Published doctor of philosophy dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO.
31. Petróczi A., Aidman E. Measuring explicit attitude toward doping: review of the psychometric properties of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2009, 10:390-396.
32. Petróczi A., Aidman E.V., Nepusz T. Capturing doping attitudes by self-report declarations and implicit assessment: a methodology study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy 2008, 3:9-22.
33. Petróczi, A., & Nepusz, T. (2006, April). The effect of self-impression management in social science doping research. Paper presented at the WADA International Conference on " Ethics and Social Science Research in Anti-doping" Larnaca, Cyprus.
34. Pinter B., Greenwald A.G. Clarifying the role of the " other" category in the self-esteem IAT. Experimental Psychology 2005, 52:74-79.
35. Roese N.J., Olson J.M. Attitude importance as a function of repeated attitude expression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1994, 30:39-51.
36. Rothermund K., Wentura D. Figure-ground asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie 2001, 48:94-106.
37. Schneider W., Eschman A., Zuccolotto A. E-Prime user's guide 2002, Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburgh, PA.
38. Sherman S.J., Rose J.S., Koch K., Presson C.C., Chassin L. Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking: the effects of context and motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2003, 22:13-39.
39. Sottas P.E., Saudan C., Saugy M. Doping: a paradigm shift has taken place in testing. Nature 2008, 455:166.
40. Steffens M.C. Implicit and explicit attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. Journal of Homosexuality 2005, 49:39-66.
41. Steffens M.C., Plewe I. Items' cross-category associations as a confounding factor in the Implicit Association Test. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie 2001, 48:123-134.
42. Wentura D., Rothermund K. Paradigms we live by: a plea for more basic research on the IAT. Implicit measures of attitudes 2007, 195-215. Guilford Press, New York. B. Wittenbrink, N. Schwarz (Eds.).
43. Wiers R.W., Van Woerden N., Smulders F.T.Y., de Jong P.J. Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:648-658.
44. Wiers R.W., Van de Luitgaarden J., Van den Wildenberg E., Smulders F.T.Y. Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in young heavy drinkers. Addiction 2005, 100:806-819.