메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 45, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 638-649

Unpaired extinction: Implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder

Author keywords

Classical conditioning; Fear; Heart rate; Nictitating membrane response; Rabbit; Relapse

Indexed keywords

AIR; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CONDITIONED REFLEX; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROSTIMULATION; FEAR; MALE; NICTITATING MEMBRANE; NONHUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STIMULUS;

EID: 79955008151     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.010     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 33846846105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms after a road accident: an uncontrolled case series
    • Beck J.G., Palyo S.A., Winer E.H., Schwagler B.E., Ang E.J. Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms after a road accident: an uncontrolled case series. Behavior Therapy 2007, 38:39-48.
    • (2007) Behavior Therapy , vol.38 , pp. 39-48
    • Beck, J.G.1    Palyo, S.A.2    Winer, E.H.3    Schwagler, B.E.4    Ang, E.J.5
  • 2
    • 33644945041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. army veterans 30 years after military service
    • Boscarino J.A. Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. army veterans 30 years after military service. Annals of Epidemiology 2005, 16:248-256.
    • (2005) Annals of Epidemiology , vol.16 , pp. 248-256
    • Boscarino, J.A.1
  • 3
    • 33747066395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contextual and temporal modulation of extinction: behavioral and biological mechanisms
    • Bouton M.E., Westbrook R.F., Corcoran K.A., Maren S. Contextual and temporal modulation of extinction: behavioral and biological mechanisms. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 60:352-360.
    • (2006) Biological Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 352-360
    • Bouton, M.E.1    Westbrook, R.F.2    Corcoran, K.A.3    Maren, S.4
  • 4
    • 0034983228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term sensitization of cardiovascular stress responses after a single stressful experience
    • Brunijnzeel A.W., Stam R., Croiset G., Wiegant V.M. Long-term sensitization of cardiovascular stress responses after a single stressful experience. Physiology & Behavior 2001, 73:81-86.
    • (2001) Physiology & Behavior , vol.73 , pp. 81-86
    • Brunijnzeel, A.W.1    Stam, R.2    Croiset, G.3    Wiegant, V.M.4
  • 5
    • 0034807074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response: generality and nature of the phenomenon
    • Buck D.L., Seager M.A., Schreurs B.G. Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response: generality and nature of the phenomenon. Behavioral Neuroscience 2001, 115:1039-1047.
    • (2001) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.115 , pp. 1039-1047
    • Buck, D.L.1    Seager, M.A.2    Schreurs, B.G.3
  • 6
    • 57049099218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response and heart rate: behavioral rules, neural substrates, and potential applications to post-traumatic stress disorder
    • Burhans L.B., Smith-Bell C.A., Schreurs B.G. Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response and heart rate: behavioral rules, neural substrates, and potential applications to post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavioral Neuroscience 2008, 122:1191-1206.
    • (2008) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.122 , pp. 1191-1206
    • Burhans, L.B.1    Smith-Bell, C.A.2    Schreurs, B.G.3
  • 7
    • 70350200852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of extinction on classical conditioning and conditioning-specific reflex modification of rabbit heart rate
    • Burhans L.B., Smith-Bell C.A., Schreurs B.G. Effects of extinction on classical conditioning and conditioning-specific reflex modification of rabbit heart rate. Behavioural Brain Research 2009, 206:127-134.
    • (2009) Behavioural Brain Research , vol.206 , pp. 127-134
    • Burhans, L.B.1    Smith-Bell, C.A.2    Schreurs, B.G.3
  • 9
    • 0015177919 scopus 로고
    • Classical conditioning of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response under symmetrical CS-US interval shifts
    • Coleman S.R., Gormezano I. Classical conditioning of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response under symmetrical CS-US interval shifts. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1971, 77:447-455.
    • (1971) Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 447-455
    • Coleman, S.R.1    Gormezano, I.2
  • 10
    • 33845202664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of US identity on elimination and recovery of autoshaped responding with explicitly unpaired and degraded contingency extinction procedures
    • Colwill R.M. Effects of US identity on elimination and recovery of autoshaped responding with explicitly unpaired and degraded contingency extinction procedures. Behavioural Processes 2007, 74:1-12.
    • (2007) Behavioural Processes , vol.74 , pp. 1-12
    • Colwill, R.M.1
  • 12
    • 17444398183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder among three Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers
    • Dierperink M., Erbes C., Leskela J., Kaloupek D., Farrer M.K., Fisher L., et al. Comparison of treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder among three Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers. Military Medicine 2005, 170:305-308.
    • (2005) Military Medicine , vol.170 , pp. 305-308
    • Dierperink, M.1    Erbes, C.2    Leskela, J.3    Kaloupek, D.4    Farrer, M.K.5    Fisher, L.6
  • 15
    • 2142820813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention, heart rate, and startle response during exposure to trauma-related pictures: a comparison of recent trauma victims and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Elsesser K., Sartory G., Tackenberg A. Attention, heart rate, and startle response during exposure to trauma-related pictures: a comparison of recent trauma victims and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2004, 113:289-301.
    • (2004) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.113 , pp. 289-301
    • Elsesser, K.1    Sartory, G.2    Tackenberg, A.3
  • 17
    • 0032147478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parametric study of the separate contributions of the tactile and acoustic components of airpuffs to the blink reflex
    • Flaten M.A., Blumenthal T.D. A parametric study of the separate contributions of the tactile and acoustic components of airpuffs to the blink reflex. Biological Psychology 1998, 48:227-234.
    • (1998) Biological Psychology , vol.48 , pp. 227-234
    • Flaten, M.A.1    Blumenthal, T.D.2
  • 18
    • 0001997497 scopus 로고
    • Extinction after aversive conditioning: an associative or nonassociative process?
    • Frey P.W., Butler C.S. Extinction after aversive conditioning: an associative or nonassociative process?. Learning and Motivation 1977, 8:1-17.
    • (1977) Learning and Motivation , vol.8 , pp. 1-17
    • Frey, P.W.1    Butler, C.S.2
  • 19
    • 77957739203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual reality exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders
    • Gerardi M., Cukor J., Difede J., Rizzo A., Rothbaum B.O. Virtual reality exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports 2010, 12:298-305.
    • (2010) Current Psychiatry Reports , vol.12 , pp. 298-305
    • Gerardi, M.1    Cukor, J.2    Difede, J.3    Rizzo, A.4    Rothbaum, B.O.5
  • 22
    • 0037381575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Covariation of alternative measures of responding in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) eyeblink conditioning during acquisition training and tone generalization
    • Gracia K.S., Mauk M.D., Weidemann G., Kehoe E.J. Covariation of alternative measures of responding in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) eyeblink conditioning during acquisition training and tone generalization. Behavioral Neuroscience 2003, 117:292-303.
    • (2003) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.117 , pp. 292-303
    • Gracia, K.S.1    Mauk, M.D.2    Weidemann, G.3    Kehoe, E.J.4
  • 23
    • 0013909346 scopus 로고
    • Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response
    • Graham F.K., Clifton R.K. Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychological Bulletin 1966, 65:305-320.
    • (1966) Psychological Bulletin , vol.65 , pp. 305-320
    • Graham, F.K.1    Clifton, R.K.2
  • 24
    • 0034222536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired escape performance and enhanced conditioned fear in rats following exposure to an uncontrolled stressor are mediated by glutamate and nitric oxide in the dorsal raphe nucleus
    • Grahn R.E., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Impaired escape performance and enhanced conditioned fear in rats following exposure to an uncontrolled stressor are mediated by glutamate and nitric oxide in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Behavioural Brain Research 2000, 112:33-41.
    • (2000) Behavioural Brain Research , vol.112 , pp. 33-41
    • Grahn, R.E.1    Watkins, L.R.2    Maier, S.F.3
  • 25
    • 0029067147 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar cortex and eyeblink conditioning: bilateral regulation of conditioned responses
    • Gruart A., Yeo C.H. Cerebellar cortex and eyeblink conditioning: bilateral regulation of conditioned responses. Experimental Brain Research 1995, 104:431-448.
    • (1995) Experimental Brain Research , vol.104 , pp. 431-448
    • Gruart, A.1    Yeo, C.H.2
  • 27
    • 38649137312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive processes during fear conditioning and extinction in animals and humans: implications for exposure therapy for anxiety disorders
    • Hofmann S.G. Cognitive processes during fear conditioning and extinction in animals and humans: implications for exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review 2008, 28:199-210.
    • (2008) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.28 , pp. 199-210
    • Hofmann, S.G.1
  • 28
    • 33644605043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan
    • Hoge C.W., Auchterloine J.L., Milliken C.S. Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA 2006, 295:1023-1032.
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.295 , pp. 1023-1032
    • Hoge, C.W.1    Auchterloine, J.L.2    Milliken, C.S.3
  • 29
    • 7444242165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apparatus exposure produces profound declines in conditioned nictitating-membrane responses to discrete conditioned stimuli by the rabbit
    • Kehoe E.J., Weidemann G., Dartnall S. Apparatus exposure produces profound declines in conditioned nictitating-membrane responses to discrete conditioned stimuli by the rabbit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2004, 30:259-270.
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , vol.30 , pp. 259-270
    • Kehoe, E.J.1    Weidemann, G.2    Dartnall, S.3
  • 30
    • 0016663542 scopus 로고
    • Partial reinforcement effects in classical conditioning in rabbits and human beings
    • Leonard D.W. Partial reinforcement effects in classical conditioning in rabbits and human beings. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1975, 88:596-608.
    • (1975) Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 596-608
    • Leonard, D.W.1
  • 32
    • 34250194633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of exposure therapy: how neuroscience can improve psychological treatments for anxiety disorders
    • McNally R.J. Mechanisms of exposure therapy: how neuroscience can improve psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review 2007, 27:750-759.
    • (2007) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.27 , pp. 750-759
    • McNally, R.J.1
  • 33
    • 62249087840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explicit dissociation of a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus during extinction training reduces both time to asymptotic extinction and spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion
    • Mickley G.A., DiSorbo A., Wilson G.N., Huffman J., Bacik S., Hoxha Z., et al. Explicit dissociation of a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus during extinction training reduces both time to asymptotic extinction and spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion. Learning and Motivation 2009, 40:209-220.
    • (2009) Learning and Motivation , vol.40 , pp. 209-220
    • Mickley, G.A.1    DiSorbo, A.2    Wilson, G.N.3    Huffman, J.4    Bacik, S.5    Hoxha, Z.6
  • 34
    • 33646189918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fear extinction in rats: implications for human brain imaging and anxiety disorders
    • Milad M.R., Rauch S.L., Pitman R.K., Quirk G.J. Fear extinction in rats: implications for human brain imaging and anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 73:61-71.
    • (2006) Biological Psychiatry , vol.73 , pp. 61-71
    • Milad, M.R.1    Rauch, S.L.2    Pitman, R.K.3    Quirk, G.J.4
  • 38
    • 33750069152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prefrontal control of trace versus delay eyeblink conditioning: role of the unconditioned stimulus in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
    • Oswald B.B., Knuckley B., Mahan K., Sanders C., Powell D.A. Prefrontal control of trace versus delay eyeblink conditioning: role of the unconditioned stimulus in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Behavioral Neuroscience 2006, 120:1033-1042.
    • (2006) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.120 , pp. 1033-1042
    • Oswald, B.B.1    Knuckley, B.2    Mahan, K.3    Sanders, C.4    Powell, D.A.5
  • 39
    • 0001027840 scopus 로고
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder, conditioning, and network theory
    • Pitman R.K. Post-traumatic stress disorder, conditioning, and network theory. Psychiatric Annals 1988, 18:182-189.
    • (1988) Psychiatric Annals , vol.18 , pp. 182-189
    • Pitman, R.K.1
  • 40
    • 33746441924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clarifying the origin of biological abnormalities in PTSD through the study of identical twins discordant for combat exposure
    • Pitman R.K., Gilbertson M.W., Gurvits T.V., May F.S., Lasko N.B., Metzger L.J., et al. Clarifying the origin of biological abnormalities in PTSD through the study of identical twins discordant for combat exposure. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 2006, 1071:242-254.
    • (2006) Annals New York Academy of Sciences , vol.1071 , pp. 242-254
    • Pitman, R.K.1    Gilbertson, M.W.2    Gurvits, T.V.3    May, F.S.4    Lasko, N.B.5    Metzger, L.J.6
  • 41
    • 0027535425 scopus 로고
    • Once bitten, twice shy: beyond the conditioning model of PTSD
    • Pitman R.K., Orr S.P., Shalev A.Y. Once bitten, twice shy: beyond the conditioning model of PTSD. Biological Psychiatry 1993, 33:145-146.
    • (1993) Biological Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 145-146
    • Pitman, R.K.1    Orr, S.P.2    Shalev, A.Y.3
  • 42
    • 58149291332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using fear potentiated auditory startle responses
    • Pole N., Neylan T.C., Otte C., Henn-Hasse C., Metzler T.J., Marmar C.R. Prospective prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using fear potentiated auditory startle responses. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:235-240.
    • (2009) Biological Psychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 235-240
    • Pole, N.1    Neylan, T.C.2    Otte, C.3    Henn-Hasse, C.4    Metzler, T.J.5    Marmar, C.R.6
  • 43
    • 0027369260 scopus 로고
    • On the generality of the conditioned bradycardia in rabbits: assessment of CS and US modality
    • Powell D.A., Gibbs C.M., Maxwell B., Levine-Bryce D. On the generality of the conditioned bradycardia in rabbits: assessment of CS and US modality. Animal Learning & Behavior 1993, 21:303-313.
    • (1993) Animal Learning & Behavior , vol.21 , pp. 303-313
    • Powell, D.A.1    Gibbs, C.M.2    Maxwell, B.3    Levine-Bryce, D.4
  • 44
    • 0029814740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during Pavlovian eyeblink and nictitating membrane conditioning
    • Powell D.A., Maxwell B., Penney J. Neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex during Pavlovian eyeblink and nictitating membrane conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience 1996, 16:6296-6306.
    • (1996) Journal of Neuroscience , vol.16 , pp. 6296-6306
    • Powell, D.A.1    Maxwell, B.2    Penney, J.3
  • 45
    • 31344446364 scopus 로고
    • Orienting and defensive reflexes and conditioning
    • Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, A.H. Black, W.F. Prokasy (Eds.)
    • Raskin D.C. Orienting and defensive reflexes and conditioning. Classical conditioning II: current research and theory 1972, 269-289. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. A.H. Black, W.F. Prokasy (Eds.).
    • (1972) Classical conditioning II: current research and theory , pp. 269-289
    • Raskin, D.C.1
  • 47
    • 0035318450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatments that weaken Pavlovian conditioned fear and thwart its renewal in rats: implications for treating human phobias
    • Rauhut A.S., Thomas B.L., Ayres J.J.B. Treatments that weaken Pavlovian conditioned fear and thwart its renewal in rats: implications for treating human phobias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2001, 27:99-114.
    • (2001) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , vol.27 , pp. 99-114
    • Rauhut, A.S.1    Thomas, B.L.2    Ayres, J.J.B.3
  • 48
    • 33749354303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsolidation: a brief history, a retrieval view, and some recent issues
    • Riccio D.C., Millin P.M., Bogart A.R. Reconsolidation: a brief history, a retrieval view, and some recent issues. Learning & Memory 2006, 13:536-544.
    • (2006) Learning & Memory , vol.13 , pp. 536-544
    • Riccio, D.C.1    Millin, P.M.2    Bogart, A.R.3
  • 49
    • 0025064426 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of heart rate fluctuations and respiratory movements during orienting, passive avoidance and flight-fight behavior in rabbits
    • Richter A., Schumann N.P., Zweiner U. Characteristics of heart rate fluctuations and respiratory movements during orienting, passive avoidance and flight-fight behavior in rabbits. International Journal of Psychophysiology 1990, 10:75-83.
    • (1990) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.10 , pp. 75-83
    • Richter, A.1    Schumann, N.P.2    Zweiner, U.3
  • 52
    • 0142120397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classical conditioning and modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response
    • Schreurs B.G. Classical conditioning and modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2003, 2:83-96.
    • (2003) Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews , vol.2 , pp. 83-96
    • Schreurs, B.G.1
  • 53
    • 0025122616 scopus 로고
    • US-US conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response: emergence of a conditioned response without alpha conditioning
    • Schreurs B.G., Alkon D.L. US-US conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response: emergence of a conditioned response without alpha conditioning. Psychobiology 1990, 18:312-320.
    • (1990) Psychobiology , vol.18 , pp. 312-320
    • Schreurs, B.G.1    Alkon, D.L.2
  • 54
    • 31344438337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioning-specific reflex modification of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) heart rate
    • Schreurs B.G., Crum J.M., Wang D., Smith-Bell C.A. Conditioning-specific reflex modification of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) heart rate. Behavioral Neuroscience 2005, 119:1484-1495.
    • (2005) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.119 , pp. 1484-1495
    • Schreurs, B.G.1    Crum, J.M.2    Wang, D.3    Smith-Bell, C.A.4
  • 55
    • 33750329304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response is sensitive to context
    • Schreurs B.G., Gonzales-Joekes J., Smith-Bell C.A. Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response is sensitive to context. Learning & Behavior 2006, 34:315-324.
    • (2006) Learning & Behavior , vol.34 , pp. 315-324
    • Schreurs, B.G.1    Gonzales-Joekes, J.2    Smith-Bell, C.A.3
  • 56
    • 0028854153 scopus 로고
    • Conditioning-specific modification of the rabbit's unconditioned nictitating membrane response
    • Schreurs B.G., Oh M.M., Hirashima C., Alkon D.L. Conditioning-specific modification of the rabbit's unconditioned nictitating membrane response. Behavioral Neuroscience 1995, 109:24-33.
    • (1995) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.109 , pp. 24-33
    • Schreurs, B.G.1    Oh, M.M.2    Hirashima, C.3    Alkon, D.L.4
  • 57
    • 0034169226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioning the unconditioned response: modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response
    • Schreurs B.G., Shi T., Pineda S.I., Buck D.L. Conditioning the unconditioned response: modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2000, 26:144-156.
    • (2000) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , vol.26 , pp. 144-156
    • Schreurs, B.G.1    Shi, T.2    Pineda, S.I.3    Buck, D.L.4
  • 58
    • 23744492617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate changes during conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response
    • Schreurs B.G., Smith-Bell C.A. Heart rate changes during conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response. Neurobiol.Learn.Mem 2005, 84:148-158.
    • (2005) Neurobiol.Learn.Mem , vol.84 , pp. 148-158
    • Schreurs, B.G.1    Smith-Bell, C.A.2
  • 60
    • 0141781253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response: US intensity effects
    • Seager M.A., Smith-Bell C.A., Schreurs B.G. Conditioning-specific reflex modification of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) nictitating membrane response: US intensity effects. Learning & Behavior 2003, 31:292-298.
    • (2003) Learning & Behavior , vol.31 , pp. 292-298
    • Seager, M.A.1    Smith-Bell, C.A.2    Schreurs, B.G.3
  • 62
    • 0013908247 scopus 로고
    • Extinction of the human eyelid CR as a function of presence or absence of the UCS during extinction
    • Spence K.W. Extinction of the human eyelid CR as a function of presence or absence of the UCS during extinction. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1966, 71:642-648.
    • (1966) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.71 , pp. 642-648
    • Spence, K.W.1
  • 63
    • 27844543229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thwarting the renewal (relapse) of conditioned fear with the explicitly unpaired procedure: possible interpretations and implications for treating human fears and phobias
    • Thomas B.L., Longo C.L., Ayres J.J.B. Thwarting the renewal (relapse) of conditioned fear with the explicitly unpaired procedure: possible interpretations and implications for treating human fears and phobias. Learning and Motivation 2005, 36:374-407.
    • (2005) Learning and Motivation , vol.36 , pp. 374-407
    • Thomas, B.L.1    Longo, C.L.2    Ayres, J.J.B.3
  • 64
    • 70449532028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unpaired shocks during extinction weaken the contextual renewal of a conditioned discrimination
    • Vervleit B., Vansteenwegen D., Hermans D. Unpaired shocks during extinction weaken the contextual renewal of a conditioned discrimination. Learning and Motivation 2010, 41:22-31.
    • (2010) Learning and Motivation , vol.41 , pp. 22-31
    • Vervleit, B.1    Vansteenwegen, D.2    Hermans, D.3
  • 65
    • 0036894583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflex facilitation during eyeblink conditioning and subsequent interpositus nucleus inactivation in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
    • Wikgren J., Ruusuvirta T., Korhonen T. Reflex facilitation during eyeblink conditioning and subsequent interpositus nucleus inactivation in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Behavioral Neuroscience 2002, 116:1052-1058.
    • (2002) Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.116 , pp. 1052-1058
    • Wikgren, J.1    Ruusuvirta, T.2    Korhonen, T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.