메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 57-63

Models of trace decay, eligibility for reinforcement, and delay of reinforcement gradients, from exponential to hyperboloid

Author keywords

Delay of reinforcement gradients; Discounting; Forced choice paradigms; Magnitude effect; Matching paradigms; Reinforcement learning; Trace decay gradients

Indexed keywords

DATA SET; LINEARITY; MAGNITUDE; NUMERICAL MODEL; PARADIGM SHIFT; PERCEPTION; PROVENANCE;

EID: 79954735886     PISSN: 03766357     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.12.016     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 0242659184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spontaneously hypertensive-rat as an animal model of ADHD: evidence for impulsive and non-impulsive subpopulations
    • Adriani W., Caprioli A., Granstrem O., Carli M., Laviola G. The spontaneously hypertensive-rat as an animal model of ADHD: evidence for impulsive and non-impulsive subpopulations. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2003, 27:639-651.
    • (2003) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. , vol.27 , pp. 639-651
    • Adriani, W.1    Caprioli, A.2    Granstrem, O.3    Carli, M.4    Laviola, G.5
  • 2
    • 0018674147 scopus 로고
    • Matching, undermatching, and overmatching in studies of choice
    • Baum W.M. Matching, undermatching, and overmatching in studies of choice. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1979, 32:269-281.
    • (1979) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.32 , pp. 269-281
    • Baum, W.M.1
  • 5
    • 77951975735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time versus response indices affect conclusions about preference pulses
    • Boutros N., Elliffe D., Davison M. Time versus response indices affect conclusions about preference pulses. Behav. Processes 2009, 84:450-454.
    • (2009) Behav. Processes , vol.84 , pp. 450-454
    • Boutros, N.1    Elliffe, D.2    Davison, M.3
  • 6
    • 0028414430 scopus 로고
    • A turning point in mathematical learning theory
    • Bower G.H. A turning point in mathematical learning theory. Psychol. Rev. 1994, 101:290-300.
    • (1994) Psychol. Rev. , vol.101 , pp. 290-300
    • Bower, G.H.1
  • 7
    • 0035347915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical subtraction in the pigeon: evidence for a linear subjective number scale
    • Brannon E.M., Wusthoff C.J., Gallistel C.R., Gibbon J. Numerical subtraction in the pigeon: evidence for a linear subjective number scale. Psychol. Sci. 2001, 12:238-243.
    • (2001) Psychol. Sci. , vol.12 , pp. 238-243
    • Brannon, E.M.1    Wusthoff, C.J.2    Gallistel, C.R.3    Gibbon, J.4
  • 8
    • 78049265959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A decision model for steady-state choice in concurrent chains
    • Christensen D.R., Grace R.G. A decision model for steady-state choice in concurrent chains. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2010, 94:227-240.
    • (2010) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.94 , pp. 227-240
    • Christensen, D.R.1    Grace, R.G.2
  • 9
    • 8644282976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matching: its acquisition and generalization
    • Crowley M.A., Donahoe J.W. Matching: its acquisition and generalization. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2004, 82:143-159.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.82 , pp. 143-159
    • Crowley, M.A.1    Donahoe, J.W.2
  • 11
    • 79954755569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavior-centric versus reinforcer-centric descriptions of behavior
    • November.
    • Davison M. Behavior-centric versus reinforcer-centric descriptions of behavior. PsyCrit 2006, 12(November):1-3.
    • (2006) PsyCrit , vol.12 , pp. 1-3
    • Davison, M.1
  • 12
    • 1542576241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Every reinforcer counts: reinforcer magnitude and local preference
    • Davison M., Baum W.M. Every reinforcer counts: reinforcer magnitude and local preference. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2003, 80:95-129.
    • (2003) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.80 , pp. 95-129
    • Davison, M.1    Baum, W.M.2
  • 13
    • 55449127265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative reinforcer rates and magnitudes do not control concurrent choice independently
    • Elliffe D., Davison M., Landon J. Relative reinforcer rates and magnitudes do not control concurrent choice independently. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2008, 90:169-185.
    • (2008) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.90 , pp. 169-185
    • Elliffe, D.1    Davison, M.2    Landon, J.3
  • 14
    • 34547524640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response induction during the acquisition and maintenance of lever pressing with delayed reinforcement
    • Escobar R., Bruner C.A. Response induction during the acquisition and maintenance of lever pressing with delayed reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2007, 88:29-49.
    • (2007) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.88 , pp. 29-49
    • Escobar, R.1    Bruner, C.A.2
  • 15
    • 0002200810 scopus 로고
    • Toward a statistical theory of learning
    • Estes W.K. Toward a statistical theory of learning. Psychol. Rev. 1950, 57:94-107.
    • (1950) Psychol. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 94-107
    • Estes, W.K.1
  • 17
    • 0006328047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychophysical methods, or how to measure a threshold and why
    • Oxford Univ. Press, New York, R.H.S. Carpenter, J.G. Robson (Eds.).
    • Farell B., Pelli D.G. Psychophysical methods, or how to measure a threshold and why. Vision Research: A Practical Guide to Laboratory Methods 1999, Oxford Univ. Press, New York. R.H.S. Carpenter, J.G. Robson (Eds.).
    • (1999) Vision Research: A Practical Guide to Laboratory Methods
    • Farell, B.1    Pelli, D.G.2
  • 18
    • 36749053990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impulsive choice in a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    • Fox A.T., Hand D.J., Reilly M.P. Impulsive choice in a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav. Brain Res. 2008, 187:146-152.
    • (2008) Behav. Brain Res. , vol.187 , pp. 146-152
    • Fox, A.T.1    Hand, D.J.2    Reilly, M.P.3
  • 19
    • 31544447180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choice and timing in concurrent chains: effects of initial-link duration
    • Grace R.C., Berg M.E., Kyonka E.G.E. Choice and timing in concurrent chains: effects of initial-link duration. Behav. Processes 2006, 71:188-200.
    • (2006) Behav. Processes , vol.71 , pp. 188-200
    • Grace, R.C.1    Berg, M.E.2    Kyonka, E.G.E.3
  • 20
    • 4544335609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards
    • Green L., Myerson J. A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychol. Bull. 2004, 130:769-792.
    • (2004) Psychol. Bull. , vol.130 , pp. 769-792
    • Green, L.1    Myerson, J.2
  • 21
    • 2642526759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discounting of delayed food rewards in pigeons and rats: is there a magnitude effect?
    • Green L., Myerson J., Holt D.D., Slevin J.R., Estle S.J. Discounting of delayed food rewards in pigeons and rats: is there a magnitude effect?. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2004, 81:39-50.
    • (2004) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.81 , pp. 39-50
    • Green, L.1    Myerson, J.2    Holt, D.D.3    Slevin, J.R.4    Estle, S.J.5
  • 22
  • 23
    • 77952833714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of real versus hypothetical reward on delay and probability discounting
    • Hinvest N.S., Anderson I.M. The effects of real versus hypothetical reward on delay and probability discounting. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 2010, 63:1072-1084.
    • (2010) Q. J. Exp. Psychol. , vol.63 , pp. 1072-1084
    • Hinvest, N.S.1    Anderson, I.M.2
  • 24
    • 0032693651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theory and method in the quantitative analysis of "impulsive choice" behaviour: implications for psychopharmacology
    • Ho M.Y., Mobini S., Chiang T.J., Bradshaw C.M., Szabadi E. Theory and method in the quantitative analysis of "impulsive choice" behaviour: implications for psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology 1999, 146:362-372.
    • (1999) Psychopharmacology , vol.146 , pp. 362-372
    • Ho, M.Y.1    Mobini, S.2    Chiang, T.J.3    Bradshaw, C.M.4    Szabadi, E.5
  • 25
    • 19344362554 scopus 로고
    • Choice for conditioned reinforcers in the signaled absence of primary reinforcement
    • Horney J., Fantino E. Choice for conditioned reinforcers in the signaled absence of primary reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1984, 41:193-201.
    • (1984) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.41 , pp. 193-201
    • Horney, J.1    Fantino, E.2
  • 26
    • 84980284363 scopus 로고
    • Choice behavior of rats in a concurrent-chains schedule: amount and delay of reinforcement
    • Ito M., Asaki K. Choice behavior of rats in a concurrent-chains schedule: amount and delay of reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1982, 37:383-392.
    • (1982) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.37 , pp. 383-392
    • Ito, M.1    Asaki, K.2
  • 27
    • 0015840670 scopus 로고
    • Observing stimulus sources that signal food or no food
    • Jenkins H.M., Boakes R.A. Observing stimulus sources that signal food or no food. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1973, 20:197-207.
    • (1973) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.20 , pp. 197-207
    • Jenkins, H.M.1    Boakes, R.A.2
  • 30
    • 0011890978 scopus 로고
    • Incentive theory
    • Response Structure and Organization, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
    • Killeen P.R. Incentive theory. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1982, vol. 1981. Response Structure and Organization, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
    • (1982) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation , vol.1981
    • Killeen, P.R.1
  • 31
    • 84980280978 scopus 로고
    • Incentive theory II: models for choice
    • Killeen P.R. Incentive theory II: models for choice. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1982, 38:217-232.
    • (1982) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.38 , pp. 217-232
    • Killeen, P.R.1
  • 32
    • 84985083748 scopus 로고
    • Incentive theory IV: magnitude of reward
    • Killeen P.R. Incentive theory IV: magnitude of reward. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1985, 43:407-417.
    • (1985) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.43 , pp. 407-417
    • Killeen, P.R.1
  • 33
    • 0001672170 scopus 로고
    • Mathematical principles of reinforcement
    • Killeen P.R. Mathematical principles of reinforcement. Behav. Brain Sci. 1994, 17:105-172.
    • (1994) Behav. Brain Sci. , vol.17 , pp. 105-172
    • Killeen, P.R.1
  • 34
    • 0035799672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling games from the 20th century
    • Killeen P.R. Modeling games from the 20th century. Behav. Processes 2001, 54:33-52.
    • (2001) Behav. Processes , vol.54 , pp. 33-52
    • Killeen, P.R.1
  • 35
    • 0035290154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Writing and overwriting short-term memory
    • Killeen P.R. Writing and overwriting short-term memory. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2001, 8:18-43.
    • (2001) Psychon. Bull. Rev. , vol.8 , pp. 18-43
    • Killeen, P.R.1
  • 36
    • 26644454151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gradus ad parnassum: ascending strength gradients or descending memory traces?
    • Killeen P.R. Gradus ad parnassum: ascending strength gradients or descending memory traces?. Behav. Brain Sci. 2005, 28:432-434.
    • (2005) Behav. Brain Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 432-434
    • Killeen, P.R.1
  • 37
    • 67651055354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An additive-utility model of delay discounting
    • Killeen P.R. An additive-utility model of delay discounting. Psychol. Rev. 2009, 116:602-619.
    • (2009) Psychol. Rev. , vol.116 , pp. 602-619
    • Killeen, P.R.1
  • 40
    • 84980250980 scopus 로고
    • Signal functions in delayed reinforcement
    • Lattal K.A. Signal functions in delayed reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1984, 42:239-253.
    • (1984) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.42 , pp. 239-253
    • Lattal, K.A.1
  • 41
    • 77952692953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed reinforcement of operant behavior
    • Lattal K.A. Delayed reinforcement of operant behavior. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2010, 93:129-139.
    • (2010) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.93 , pp. 129-139
    • Lattal, K.A.1
  • 42
    • 79954876339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the applicability of a multiplicative hyperbolic model of inter-temporal and risky choice in human volunteers
    • Liang C.H., Ho M.Y., Yang Y.Y., Tsai C.T. Testing the applicability of a multiplicative hyperbolic model of inter-temporal and risky choice in human volunteers. Chin. J. Psychol. 2010, 52:189-204.
    • (2010) Chin. J. Psychol. , vol.52 , pp. 189-204
    • Liang, C.H.1    Ho, M.Y.2    Yang, Y.Y.3    Tsai, C.T.4
  • 44
    • 0034279490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesizing concurrent interval performances
    • MacDonall J.S. Synthesizing concurrent interval performances. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2000, 74:189-206.
    • (2000) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.74 , pp. 189-206
    • MacDonall, J.S.1
  • 45
    • 26844435183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earning and obtaining reinforcers under concurrent interval scheduling
    • MacDonall J.S. Earning and obtaining reinforcers under concurrent interval scheduling. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2005, 84:167-183.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.84 , pp. 167-183
    • MacDonall, J.S.1
  • 46
    • 64949112751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid acquisition of preference in concurrent schedules: effects of D-amphetamine on sensitivity to reinforcement amount
    • Maguire D.R., Rodewald A.M., Hughes C.E., Pitts R.C. Rapid acquisition of preference in concurrent schedules: effects of D-amphetamine on sensitivity to reinforcement amount. Behav. Processes 2009, 81:238-243.
    • (2009) Behav. Processes , vol.81 , pp. 238-243
    • Maguire, D.R.1    Rodewald, A.M.2    Hughes, C.E.3    Pitts, R.C.4
  • 47
    • 84980222422 scopus 로고
    • Preference for signaled versus unsignaled reinforcement delay in concurrent-chain schedules
    • Marcattilio A.J.M., Richards R.W. Preference for signaled versus unsignaled reinforcement delay in concurrent-chain schedules. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1981, 36:221-229.
    • (1981) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.36 , pp. 221-229
    • Marcattilio, A.J.M.1    Richards, R.W.2
  • 48
    • 0035229091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperbolic value addition and general models of animal choice
    • Mazur J.E. Hyperbolic value addition and general models of animal choice. Psychol. Rev. 2001, 108:96-112.
    • (2001) Psychol. Rev. , vol.108 , pp. 96-112
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 49
    • 77955338945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distributed versus exclusive preference in discrete-trial choice
    • Mazur J.E. Distributed versus exclusive preference in discrete-trial choice. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process 2010, 36:321-333.
    • (2010) J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process , vol.36 , pp. 321-333
    • Mazur, J.E.1
  • 50
    • 84986432016 scopus 로고
    • Positive conditioned suppression: effects of CS duration
    • Miczek K.A., Grossman S.P. Positive conditioned suppression: effects of CS duration. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1971, 15:243-247.
    • (1971) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.15 , pp. 243-247
    • Miczek, K.A.1    Grossman, S.P.2
  • 51
    • 0016822356 scopus 로고
    • Choice and response contingencies
    • Moore J., Fantino E. Choice and response contingencies. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1975, 23:339-347.
    • (1975) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.23 , pp. 339-347
    • Moore, J.1    Fantino, E.2
  • 53
    • 79955764478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns, Problems, Conjectures, and Proofs. Psychology Press, London.
    • Nickerson R.S. Mathematical Reasoning 2009, Patterns, Problems, Conjectures, and Proofs. Psychology Press, London.
    • (2009) Mathematical Reasoning
    • Nickerson, R.S.1
  • 54
    • 0036972336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of reinforcement learning in uncertain environments: a simple explanation for complex foraging behaviors
    • Niv Y., Joel D., Meilijson I., Ruppin E. Evolution of reinforcement learning in uncertain environments: a simple explanation for complex foraging behaviors. Adapt. Behav. 2002, 10:5-24.
    • (2002) Adapt. Behav. , vol.10 , pp. 5-24
    • Niv, Y.1    Joel, D.2    Meilijson, I.3    Ruppin, E.4
  • 55
    • 2442549397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amount-dependent temporal discounting?
    • Ong E.L., White K.G. Amount-dependent temporal discounting?. Behav. Processes 2004, 66:201-212.
    • (2004) Behav. Processes , vol.66 , pp. 201-212
    • Ong, E.L.1    White, K.G.2
  • 56
    • 33845214163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interval bisection in spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • Orduña V., Hong E., Bouzas A. Interval bisection in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Behav. Processes 2007, 74:107-111.
    • (2007) Behav. Processes , vol.74 , pp. 107-111
    • Orduña, V.1    Hong, E.2    Bouzas, A.3
  • 57
    • 0642368201 scopus 로고
    • Overshadowing the instrumental conditioning of a lever-press response by a more valid predictor of the reinforcer
    • Pearce J.M., Hall G. Overshadowing the instrumental conditioning of a lever-press response by a more valid predictor of the reinforcer. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process 1978, 4:356-367.
    • (1978) J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process , vol.4 , pp. 356-367
    • Pearce, J.M.1    Hall, G.2
  • 58
    • 2442503246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analyses of methamphetamine's effects on self-control choices: implications for elucidating behavioral mechanisms of drug action
    • Pitts R.C., Febbo S.M. Quantitative analyses of methamphetamine's effects on self-control choices: implications for elucidating behavioral mechanisms of drug action. Behav. Processes 2004, 66:213-233.
    • (2004) Behav. Processes , vol.66 , pp. 213-233
    • Pitts, R.C.1    Febbo, S.M.2
  • 59
    • 84986520737 scopus 로고
    • On the tautology of the matching law
    • Rachlin H. On the tautology of the matching law. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1971, 15:249-251.
    • (1971) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.15 , pp. 249-251
    • Rachlin, H.1
  • 60
    • 0026861947 scopus 로고
    • Diminishing marginal value as delay discounting
    • Rachlin H. Diminishing marginal value as delay discounting. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1992, 57:407-415.
    • (1992) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.57 , pp. 407-415
    • Rachlin, H.1
  • 61
    • 33744830345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notes on discounting
    • Rachlin H. Notes on discounting. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2006, 85:425-435.
    • (2006) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.85 , pp. 425-435
    • Rachlin, H.1
  • 62
    • 14544274994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Within-subject testing of the signaled-reinforcement effect on operant responding as measured by response rate and resistance to change
    • Reed P., Doughty A.H. Within-subject testing of the signaled-reinforcement effect on operant responding as measured by response rate and resistance to change. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 2005, 83:31-45.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.83 , pp. 31-45
    • Reed, P.1    Doughty, A.H.2
  • 63
    • 79954737171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making the trip worthwhile: do rats (Rattus norvegicus) and pigeons (Columba livia) forage prospectively?
    • in review.
    • Reilly M.P., Posadas-Sanchez D., Kettle L.C., Killeen P.R. Making the trip worthwhile: do rats (Rattus norvegicus) and pigeons (Columba livia) forage prospectively?. Behav. Processes 2011, in review.
    • (2011) Behav. Processes
    • Reilly, M.P.1    Posadas-Sanchez, D.2    Kettle, L.C.3    Killeen, P.R.4
  • 64
    • 84980239794 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of signaled and unsignaled delay of reinforcement
    • Richards R.W. A comparison of signaled and unsignaled delay of reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1981, 35:145-152.
    • (1981) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.35 , pp. 145-152
    • Richards, R.W.1
  • 65
    • 66149181767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The comparative study of mental time travel
    • Roberts W.A., Feeney M.C. The comparative study of mental time travel. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2009, 13:271-277.
    • (2009) Trends Cogn. Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 271-277
    • Roberts, W.A.1    Feeney, M.C.2
  • 68
    • 33846820554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal generalization accounts for response resurgence in the peak procedure
    • Sanabria F., Killeen P.R. Temporal generalization accounts for response resurgence in the peak procedure. Behav. Processes 2007, 74:126-141.
    • (2007) Behav. Processes , vol.74 , pp. 126-141
    • Sanabria, F.1    Killeen, P.R.2
  • 69
    • 84985155512 scopus 로고
    • Responding of pigeons under variable-interval schedules of unsignaled, briefly signaled, and completely signaled delays to reinforcement
    • Schaal D.W., Branch M.N. Responding of pigeons under variable-interval schedules of unsignaled, briefly signaled, and completely signaled delays to reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1988, 50:33-54.
    • (1988) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.50 , pp. 33-54
    • Schaal, D.W.1    Branch, M.N.2
  • 70
    • 0025075523 scopus 로고
    • Responding of pigeons under variable-interval schedules of signaled-delayed reinforcement: effects of delay-signal duration
    • Schaal D.W., Branch M.N. Responding of pigeons under variable-interval schedules of signaled-delayed reinforcement: effects of delay-signal duration. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1990, 53:103-121.
    • (1990) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.53 , pp. 103-121
    • Schaal, D.W.1    Branch, M.N.2
  • 71
    • 49549127002 scopus 로고
    • Positive and negative conditioned suppression in the pigeon: effects of the locus and modality of the CS
    • Schwartz B. Positive and negative conditioned suppression in the pigeon: effects of the locus and modality of the CS. Learn. Motiv. 1976, 7:86-100.
    • (1976) Learn. Motiv. , vol.7 , pp. 86-100
    • Schwartz, B.1
  • 72
    • 38249022200 scopus 로고
    • Time horizons of pigeons on a two-armed bandit
    • Shettleworth S.J., Plowright C. Time horizons of pigeons on a two-armed bandit. Anim. Behav. 1989, 37:610-623.
    • (1989) Anim. Behav. , vol.37 , pp. 610-623
    • Shettleworth, S.J.1    Plowright, C.2
  • 73
    • 0029753630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement learning with replacing eligibility traces
    • Singh S.P., Sutton R.S. Reinforcement learning with replacing eligibility traces. Mach. Learn. 1996, 22:123-158.
    • (1996) Mach. Learn. , vol.22 , pp. 123-158
    • Singh, S.P.1    Sutton, R.S.2
  • 79
    • 84985163686 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of lever-press responding in rats with delayed reinforcement: a comparison of three procedures
    • Wilkenfield J., Nickel M., Blakely E., Poling A. Acquisition of lever-press responding in rats with delayed reinforcement: a comparison of three procedures. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1992, 58:431-443.
    • (1992) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.58 , pp. 431-443
    • Wilkenfield, J.1    Nickel, M.2    Blakely, E.3    Poling, A.4
  • 80
    • 0033256722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associative competition in operant conditioning: blocking the response-reinforcer association
    • Williams B.A. Associative competition in operant conditioning: blocking the response-reinforcer association. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1999, 6:618-623.
    • (1999) Psychon. Bull. Rev. , vol.6 , pp. 618-623
    • Williams, B.A.1
  • 81
    • 0026054018 scopus 로고
    • Preference for conditioned reinforcement
    • Williams B.A., Dunn R. Preference for conditioned reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1991, 55:37-46.
    • (1991) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.55 , pp. 37-46
    • Williams, B.A.1    Dunn, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.