Leucine-protein supplemented recovery feeding enhances subsequent cycling performance in welltrained men

Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 242-253

  Thomson, Jasmine S ^a   Ali, Ajmol ^a   Rowlands, David S ^a  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Creatine kinase; Mood state; Muscle damage; Nitrogen balance

Indexed keywords

CREATINE KINASE; LEUCINE; NITROGEN;

ADULT; AFFECT; ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BICYCLE; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; EXERCISE; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; MALE; METABOLISM; PROTEIN INTAKE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ADULT; AFFECT; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BICYCLING; CREATINE KINASE; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY PROTEINS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; HUMANS; LEUCINE; MALE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NITROGEN; PHYSICAL EXERTION;

EID: 79954575986     PISSN: 17155312     EISSN: 17155320     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/h10-104     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Achten, J., Halson, S.L., Moseley, L., Rayson, M.P., Casey, A., and Jeukendrup, A.E. 2004. Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state. J. Appl. Physiol. 96(4): 1331-1340. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003. PMID:14660506.
2. Anthony, J.C., Anthony, T.G., and Layman, D.K. 1999. Leucine supplementation enhances skeletal muscle recovery in rats following exercise. J. Nutr. 129(6): 1102-1106. PMID:10356072.
3. Berardi, J.M., Noreen, E.E., and Lemon, P.W.R. 2008. Recovery from a cycling time trial is enhanced with carbohydrate-protein supplementation versus isoenergetic carbohydrate supplementation. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 5(1): 24. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-24. PMID:19108717.
4. Betts, J.A., Stevenson, E., Williams, C., Sheppard, C., Grey, E., and Griffin, J. 2005. Recovery of endurance running capacity: effect of carbohydrate-protein mixtures. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 15 (6): 590-609. PMID:16521845.
5. Biolo, G., Williams, B.D., Fleming, R.Y., and Wolfe, R.R. 1999. Insulin action on muscle protein kinetics and amino acid transport during recovery after resistance exercise. Diabetes, 48(5): 949-957. doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.5.949. PMID:10331397.
6. Bolster, D.R., Pikosky, M.A., Gaine, P.C., Martin, W., Wolfe, R.R., Tipton, K.D., et al. 2005. Dietary protein intake impacts human skeletal muscle protein fractional synthetic rates after endurance exercise. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 289(4): E678-E683. PMID:15914508.
7. Børsheim, E., Tipton, K.D., Wolf, S.E., and Wolfe, R.R. 2002. Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283(4): E648-E657. PMID:12217881.
8. Botwell, J.L., Leese, G.P., Smith, K., Watt, P.W., Nevill, A., Rooyackers, O., et al. 1998. Modulation of whole body protein metabolism, during and after exercise, by variation of dietary protein. J. Appl. Physiol. 85(5): 1744-1752. PMID:9804577.
9. Buse, M.G., and Reid, S.S. 1975. Leucine. A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 56(5): 1250-1261. doi:10.1172/JCI108201. PMID:1237498.
10. Colombani, P., Spati, S., Spleiss, C., Frey-Rindova, P., and Wenk, C. 1997. Exercise-induced sweat nitrogen excretion: evaluation of a regional collection method using gauze pads. Z. Ernahrungswiss. 36(3): 237-243. doi:10.1007/BF01623370. PMID:9399426.
11. Crozier, S.J., Kimball, S.R., Emmert, S.W., Anthony, J.C., and Jefferson, L.S. 2005. Oral leucine administration stimulates protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. J. Nutr. 135(3): 376-382. PMID: 15735066.
12. Hawley, J.A., Gibala, M.J., and Bermon, S.; International Association of Athletics Federations. 2007. Innovations in athletic preparation: role of substrate availability to modify training adaptation and performance. J. Sports Sci. 25(Suppl. 1): S115-S124. doi:10.1080/02640410701607411. PMID:18049989.
13. Hood, D.A., Irrcher, I., Ljubicic, V., and Joseph, A.M. 2006. Coordination of metabolic plasticity in skeletal muscle. J. Exp. Biol. 209(12): 2265-2275. doi:10.1242/jeb.02182. PMID: 16731803.
14. Hopkins, W.G., Hawley, J.A., and Burke, L.M. 1999. Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31(3): 472-485. doi:10.1097/00005768-199903000-00018. PMID:10188754.
15. Hopkins, W.G., Marshall, S.W., Batterham, A.M., and Hain, J. 2009. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41(1): 3-13. doi:10.1249/MSS. 0b013e31818cb278. PMID:19092709.
16. Howarth, K.R., Moreau, N.A., Phillips, S.M., and Gibala, M.J. 2009. Coingestion of protein with carbohydrate during recovery from endurance exercise stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 106(4): 1394-1402. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90333.2008. PMID:19036894.
17. Ingalls, C.P., Warren, G.L., and Armstrong, R.B. 1998. Dissociation of force production from MHC and actin contents in muscles injured by eccentric contractions. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 19(3): 215-224. doi:10.1023/A:1005368831198. PMID:9583362.
18. Ivy, J.L. 2004. Regulation of muscle glycogen repletion, muscle protein synthesis and repair following exercise. J. Sports Sci. Med. 3(3): 131-138.
19. Koller, A., Mair, J., Schobersberger, W., Wohlfarter, T., Haid, C., Mayr, M., et al. 1998. Effects of prolonged strenuous endurance exercise on plasma myosin heavy chain fragments and other muscular proteins. Cycling vs. running. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 38(1): 10-17. PMID:9638026.
20. Koopman, R., Pannemans, D.L., Jeukendrup, A.E., Gijsen, A.P., Senden, J.M., Halliday, D., et al. 2004. Combined ingestion of protein and carbohydrate improves protein balance during ultraendurance exercise. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 287(4): E712-E720. PMID:15165999.
21. Koopman, R., Wagenmakers, A.J.M., Manders, R.J.F., Zorenc, A.H. G., Senden, J.M.G., Gorselink, M., et al. 2005. Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases post exercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288(4): E645-E653. PMID: 15562251.
22. Lemon, P.W., Yarasheski, K.E., and Dolny, D.G. 1986. Validity/ reliability of sweat analysis by whole-body wash down vs. regional collections. J. Appl. Physiol. 61(5): 1967-1971. 3782002.
23. Levenhagen, D.K., Carr, C., Carlson, M.G., Maron, D.J., Borel, M.J., and Flakoll, P.J. 2002. Post exercise protein intake enhances wholebody and leg protein accretion in humans. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34(5): 828-837. PMID:11984302.
24. Luden, N.D., Saunders, M.J., and Todd, M.K. 2007. Postexercise carbohydrate-protein-antioxidant ingestion decreases plasma creatine kinase and muscle soreness. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 17(1): 109-123. PMID:17460336.
25. Maughan, R.J., Shirreffs, S.M., and Leiper, J.B. 2007. Errors in the estimation of hydration status from changes in body mass. J. Sports Sci. 25(7): 797-804. doi:10.1080/02640410600875143. PMID: 17454547.
26. Millard-Stafford, M., Warren, G.L., Thomas, L.M., Doyle, J.A., Snow, T., and Hitchcock, K. 2005. Recovery from run training: efficacy of a carbohydrate-protein beverage? Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 15(6): 610-624. PMID:16521846.
27. Miller, S.L., Tipton, K.D., Chinkes, D.L., Wolf, S.E., and Wolfe, R.R. 2003. Independent and combined effects of amino acids and glucose after resistance exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(3): 449-455. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000053910.63105.45. PMID: 12618575.
28. Moore, D.R., Phillips, S.M., Babraj, J.A., Smith, K., and Rennie, M.J. 2005. Myofibrillar and collagen protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle in young men after maximal shortening and lengthening contractions. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288(6): E1153-E1159. PMID:15572656.
29. Moore, D.R., Robinson, M.J., Fry, J.L., Tang, J.E., Glover, E.I., Wilkinson, S.B., et al. 2009. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89(1): 161-168. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401. PMID:19056590.
30. Niles, E.S., Lachowetz, T., Garfi, J., Sullivan, W., Smith, J.C., Leyh, B.P., and Headley, S.A. 2001. Carbohydrate-protein drink improves time to exhaustion after recovery from endurance exercise. J. Exerc. Physiol. 4(1): 45-52.
31. Paton, C.D., and Hopkins, W.G. 2006. Variation in performance of elite cyclists from race to race. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 6(1): 25-31. doi:10.1080/17461390500422796.
32. Péronnet, F., and Massicotte, D. 1991. Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update. Can. J. Sport Sci. 16(1): 23-29. PMID:1645211.
33. Rodriguez, N.R. 2009. Making room for protein in approaches to muscle recovery from endurance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 106(4): 1036-1037. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00046.2009. PMID: 19164777.
34. Romano-Ely, B.C., Todd, M.K., Saunders, M.J., and St-Laurent, T. 2006. Effect of an isocaloric carbohydrate-protein-antioxidant drink on cycling performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38(9): 1608-1616. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000229458.11452.e9. PMID: 16960522.
35. Rowlands, D.S., and Wadsworth, D. 2011. Effect of high-protein feeding on performance and nitrogen balance in female cyclists. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43(1): 44-53. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e93316. PMID:20508536.
36. Rowlands, D.S., Thorp, R.M., Rossler, K., Graham, D.F., and Rockell, M.J. 2007. Effect of protein-rich feeding on recovery after intense exercise. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 17(6): 521-543. PMID:18156659.
37. Rowlands, D.S., Rossler, K., Thorp, R.M., Graham, D.F., Timmons, B.W., Stannard, S.R., and Tarnopolsky, M.A. 2008a. Effect of dietary protein content during recovery from high-intensity cycling on subsequent performance and markers of stress, inflammation, and muscle damage in well-trained men. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 33(1): 39-51. doi:10.1139/H07-136. PMID:18347652.
38. Rowlands, D.S., Thomson, J.S., Timmons, B.W., Raymond, F., Mansourian, R., Metairon, S., et al. 2008b. Analysis of the effect of high protein-carbohydrate nutrition on global mRNA expression in skeletal muscle during recovery from high-intensity endurance exercise. Physiologist, 51(6): 66 (31.67).
39. Saunders, M.J., Kane, M.D., and Todd, M.K. 2004. Effects of a carbohydrate-protein beverage on cycling endurance and muscle damage. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36(7): 1233-1238. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000132377.66177.9F. PMID:15235331.
40. Tarnopolsky, M.A., MacDougall, J.D., and Atkinson, S.A. 1988. Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. J. Appl. Physiol. 64(1): 187-193. PMID: 3356636.
41. Todd, K.S., Butterfield, G.E., and Calloway, D.H. 1984. Nitrogen balance in men with adequate and deficient energy intake at three levels of work. J. Nutr. 114(11): 2107-2118. PMID:6491764.
42. Wadsworth, D.P., Walmsley, A., and Rowlands, D.S. 2010. Aquatitan garments extend joint range of motion without impact on run performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42(12): 2273-2281. doi:10. 1249/MSS.0b013e3181e397a6. PMID:20421834.
43. Yang, Y., Creer, A., Jemiolo, B., and Trappe, S. 2005. Time course of myogenic and metabolic gene expression in response to acute exercise in human skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 98(5): 1745-1752. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01185.2004. PMID:15618316.
44. Zawadzki, K.M., Yaspelkis, B.B., III, and Ivy, J.L. 1992. Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 72(5): 1854-1859. PMID: 1601794.