Nonprimary dystonias

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 100, Issue , 2011, Pages 513-538

  Dressler, Dirk ^a  

^a HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOOK; CLASSIFICATION; DYSTONIC DISORDER; HUMAN;

DYSTONIC DISORDERS; HUMANS;

EID: 79954565679     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00038-0     Document Type: Book

References (331)

1. Adibhatia R.M., Hatcher J.F. Altered lipid metabolism in brain injury and disorders. Subcell Biochem 2008, 49:241-268.
2. Adib Saberi F., Dressler D. Muscle hyperactivity after stroke: Long term follow up of prevalence and current treatment. Mov Disord 2009, 24:S449.
3. Agrawal A., Cincu R., Joharapurkar S.R., et al. Hemorrhage in brain stem cavernoma presenting with torticollis. Pediatr Neurosurg 2009, 45:49-52.
4. Ala A., Walker A.P., Ashkan K., et al. Wilson's disease. Lancet 2007, 369:397-408.
5. Alarcón F., Tolosa E., Muñoz E. Focal limb dystonia in a patient with a cerebellar mass. Arch Neurol 2001, 58:1125-1127.
6. Alarcón F., Zijlmans J.C., Dueñas G., et al. Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75:1568-1574.
7. Albin R.L., Bromberg M.B., Penney J.B., et al. Chorea and dystonia: a remote effect of carcinoma. Mov Disord 1988, 3:162-169.
8. Al-Kawi M.Z. Focal dystonia in spinal stenosis. Arch Neurol 1987, 44:692-693.
9. Alkhani A., Bohlega S. Unilateral pallidotomy for hemidystonia. Mov Disord 2006, 21:852-855.
10. Alvarez M.V., Driver-Dunckley E.E., Caviness J.N., et al. Case series of painful legs and moving toes: clinical and electrophysiologic observations. Mov Disord 2008, 23:2062-2066.
11. Arpa J., Cuesta A., Cruz-Martínez A., et al. Clinical features and genetic analysis of a Spanish family with spinocerebellar ataxia 6. Acta Neurol Scand 1999, 99:43-47.
12. Arya D.K., Szabadi E. Dyskinesia associated with fluvoxamine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993, 13:365-366.
13. Ashtekar C.S., Jaspan T., Thomas D., et al. Acute bilateral thalamic necrosis in a child with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003, 45:634-637.
14. Bates G.P. History of genetic disease: the molecular genetics of Huntington disease - a history. Nat Rev Genet 2005, 6:766-773.
15. Baumann N., Turpin J.C., Lefevre M., et al. Motor and psycho-cognitive clinical types in adult metachromatic leukodystrophy: genotype/phenotype relationships?. J Physiol Paris 2002, 96:301-306.
16. Becker G., Berg D., Rausch W.D., et al. Increased tissue copper and manganese content in the lentiform nucleus in primary adult-onset dystonia. Ann Neurol 1999, 46:260-263.
17. Berardelli A., Thompson P.D., Zaccagnini M., et al. Two sisters with generalized dystonia associated with homocystinuria. Mov Disord 1991, 6:163-165.
18. Bernick C. Methysergide-induced akathisia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1988, 11:87-89.
19. Bertrand C., Molina-Negro P., Bouvier G., et al. Observations and analysis of results in 131 cases of spasmodic torticollis after selective denervation. Appl Neurophysiol 1987, 50:319-323.
20. Bharucha K.J., Sethi K.D. Tardive tourettism after exposure to neuroleptic therapy. Mov Disord 1995, 10:791-793.
21. Bharucha K.J., Sethi K.D. Complex movement disorders induced by fluoxetine. Mov Disord 1996, 11:324-326.
22. Bhatia K.P., Bhatt M.H., Marsden C.D. The causalgia-dystonia syndrome. Brain 1993, 116:843-851.
23. Bhatt M.H., Obeso J.A., Marsden C.D. Time course of postanoxic akinetic-rigid and dystonic syndromes. Neurology 1993, 43:314-317.
24. Biolsi B., Cif L., Fertit H.E., Robles S.G., et al. Long-term follow-up of Huntington disease treated by bilateral deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. J Neurosurg 2008, 109:130-132.
25. Birklein F., Riedl B., Sieweke N., et al. Neurological findings in complex regional pain syndromes - analysis of 145 cases. Acta Neurol Scand 2000, 101:262-269.
26. Boonkongchuen P., Lees A. Case of torticollis occurring following electrical injury. Mov Disord 1996, 11:109-110.
27. Borgohain R., Singh A.K., Radhakrishna H., et al. Delayed onset generalised dystonia after cyanide poisoning. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1995, 97:213-215.
28. Boustany R.M., Alroy J., Kolodny E.H. Clinical classification of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis subtypes. Am J Med Genet Suppl 1988, 5:47-58.
29. Boylan K. Persistent dystonia associated with buspirone. Neurology 1990, 40:1904.
30. Brashear A., Dobyns W.B., de Carvalho Aguiar P., et al. The phenotypic spectrum of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP) and mutations in the ATP1A3 gene. Brain 2007, 130:828-835.
31. Burke R.E., Kang U.J. Tardive dystonia: clinical aspects and treatment. Adv Neurol 1988, 49:199-210.
32. Burke R.E., Fahn S., Jankovic J., et al. Tardive dystonia and inappropriate use of neuroleptic drugs. Lancet 1982, 1:1299.
33. Burke R.E., Reches A., Traub M.M., et al. Tetrabenazine induces acute dystonic reactions. Ann Neurol 1985, 17:200-202.
34. Burke R.E., Fahn S., Gold A.P. Delayed-onset dystonia in patients with 'static' encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989, 43:789-797.
35. Burke R.E., Kang U.J., Jankovic J., et al. Tardive akathisia: an analysis of clinical features and response to open therapeutic trials. Mov Disord 1989, 4:157-175.
36. Capablo J.L., Franco R., de Cabezón A.S., et al. Neurologic improvement in a type 3 Gaucher disease patient treated with imiglucerase/miglustat combination. Epilepsia 2007, 48:1406-1408.
37. Capelle H.H., Grips E., Weigel R., et al. Posttraumatic peripherally-induced dystonia and multifocal deep brain stimulation: case report. Neurosurgery 2006, 59:E702.
38. Cardoso F.E., Jankovic J. Cocaine-related movement disorders. Mov Disord 1993, 8:175-178.
39. Carrozzo R., Dionisi-Vici C., Steuerwald U., et al. SUCLA2 mutations are associated with mild methylmalonic aciduria, Leigh-like encephalomyopathy, dystonia and deafness. Brain 2007, 130:862-874.
40. Chadwick D., Reynolds E.H., Marsden C.D. Anticonvulsant-induced dyskinesias: a comparison with dyskinesias induced by neuroleptics. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976, 39:1210-1218.
41. Chalhub E.G., Devivo D.C., Volpe J.J. Phenytoin-induced dystonia and choreoathetosis in two retarded epileptic children. Neurology 1976, 26:494-498.
42. Chanson J.B., Anheim M., Lagha-Boukbiza O., et al. [Severe generalized dystonia due to postradiotherapy cerebral calcifications]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008, 164:477-480.
43. Chiang E., Pitts W.M., Rodriguez-Garcia M. Respiratory dyskinesia: a review and case reports. J Clin Psychiatr 1985, 46:232-234.
44. Choi I.S., Cheon H.Y. Delayed movement disorders after carbon monoxide poisoning. Eur Neurol 1999, 42:141-144.
45. Choi Y.C., Lee M.S., Choi I.S. Delayed-onset focal dystonia after diffuse cerebral hypoxia - two case reports. J Korean Med Sci 1993, 8:476-481.
46. Chuang C., Fahn S., Frucht S.J. The natural history and treatment of acquired hemidystonia: report of 33 cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002, 72:59-67.
47. Cif L., Biolsi B., Gavarini S., et al. Antero-ventral internal pallidum stimulation improves behavioral disorders in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Mov Disord 2007, 22:2126-2129.
48. Coffey C.E., Ross D.R., Massey E.W., et al. Dyskinesias associated with lithium therapy in parkinsonism. Clin Neuropharmacol 1984, 7:223-229.
49. Cohen O.S., Hassin-Baer S., Spiegelmann R. Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus for refractory tardive dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007, 13:541-544.
50. Coleman R.J., Quinn N.P., Marsden C.D. Multiple sclerosis presenting as adult onset dystonia. Mov Disord 1988, 3:329-332.
51. Coleman R.J., Robb S.A., Lake B.D., et al. The diverse neurological features of Niemann-Pick disease type C: a report of two cases. Mov Disord 1988, 3:295-299.
52. Constantoyannis C., Kagadis G.C., Ellul J., et al. Nucleus ventralis oralis deep brain stimulation in postanoxic dystonia. Mov Disord 2009, 24:306-308.
53. Corey A., Koller W. Phenytoin-induced sdystonia. Ann Neurol 1983, 14:92-93.
54. Coria F., Blanco Martín A.I., Rivas Vilas M.D. Pseudodystonic hand posturing contralateral to a metastasis of the parietal association cortex. Neurologia 2000, 15:362-365.
55. Coubes P., Echenne B., Roubertie A., et al. Traitement de la dystonie généralisée à début précoce par stimulation chronique bilatérale des globus pallidus internes. A propos d'un cas. Neurochirurgie 1999, 45:139-144.
56. Coubes P., Roubertie A., Echenne B., et al. Early-onset generalized dystonia; neurosurgical treatment by continuous bilateral stimulation of the internal globus pallidus in 15 patients. Neurology 2000, 54:A220.
57. Coubes P., Roubertie A., Vayssiere N., et al. Early-onset generalized dystonia; neurosurgical treatment by continuous bilateral stimulation of the internal globus pallidus in sixteen patients. Mov Disord 2000, 15:154.
58. Coubes P., Roubertie A., Vayssiere N., et al. Treatment of DYT1-generalized dystonia by stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. Lancet 2000, 355:2220-2221.
59. Dale R.C. Post-streptococcal autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005, 47:785-791.
60. Danek A., Walker R.H. Neuroacanthocytosis. Curr Opin Neurol 2005, 18:386-392.
61. Danek A., Rubio J.P., Rampoldi L., et al. Mcleod neuroacanthocytosis: genotype and phenotype. Ann Neurol 2001, 50:755-764.
62. Darras B.T., Ampola M.G., Dietz W.H., et al. Intermittent dystonia in Hartnup disease. Pediatr Neurol 1989, 5:118-120.
63. Davous P., Rondot P. Homocystinuria and dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983, 46:283.
64. De Keyser J. Subtypes and localization of dopamine receptors in human brain. Neurochem Int 1993, 22:83-93.
65. Demierre B., Rondot P. Dystonia caused by putamino-capsulo-caudate vascular lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983, 46:404-409.
66. Demirkiran M., Jankovic J., Dean J.M. Ecstasy intoxication: an overlap between serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 1996, 19:157-164.
67. Denckla M.B., Bemporad J.R., MacKay M.C. Tics following methylphenidate administration. A report of 20 cases. JAMA 1976, 235:1349-1351.
68. DeVeaugh-Geiss J. Tardive Tourette syndrome. Neurology 1980, 30:562-563.
69. Devetag Chalaupka F., Bernardi M. A case of segmental myoclonus in amputation stump: evidence for spinal generator and physiopathogenetic hypothesis. Ital J Neurol Sci 1999, 20:327-331.
70. Dobyns W.B., Ozelius L.J., Kramer P.L., et al. Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism. Neurology 1993, 43:2596-2602.
71. Dressler D. Botulinum Toxin Therapy 2000, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
72. Dressler D. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of dystonia. Therapeutics of Parkinson's Disease and other Movement Disorders 2008, 227-241. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. M. Hallett, W. Poewe (Eds.).
73. Dressler D., Adib Saberi F. Botulinum toxin: therapeutic mechanisms of action. Eur Neurol 2005, 53:3-9.
74. Dressler D., Adib Saberi F. First high dose use of complex free botulinum toxin type A. Mov Disord 2006, 21:S640.
75. Dressler D., Benecke R. Autonomic side effects of botulinum toxin type B treatment of cervical dystonia and hyperhidrosis. Eur Neurol 2003, 49:34-38.
76. Dressler D., Dirnberger G. Botulinum toxin therapy: Risk factors for therapy failure. Mov Disord 2000, 15:51.
77. Dressler D., Schönle P.W. Bilateral limb dystonia due to chronic subdural hematoma. Eur Neurol 1990, 30:211-213.
78. Dressler D., Thompson P.D., Gledhill R.F., et al. The syndrome of painful legs and moving toes. Mov Disord 1994, 9:13-21.
79. Dressler D., Wittstock M., Benecke R. Botulinum toxin for treatment of jaw opening dystonia in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. Eur Neurol 2001, 45:287-288.
80. Druckman R., Seelinger D., Thulin B. Chronic involuntary movements induced by phenothiazines. J Nerv Ment Dis 1962, 135:69-76.
81. Dudding T.E., Friend K., Schofield P.W., et al. Autosomal dominant congenital non-progressive ataxia overlaps with the SCA15 locus. Neurology 2004, 63:2288-2292.
82. Ekinci B., Apaydin H., Vural M., et al. Two siblings with homocystinuria presenting with dystonia and parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2004, 19:962-964.
83. Elkay M., Silver K., Penn R.D., et al. Dystonic storm due to Batten's disease treated with pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation. Mov Disord 2009, 24:1048-1053.
84. Erenberg G., Cruse R.P., Rothner A.D. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: effects of stimulant drugs. Neurology 1985, 35:1346-1348.
85. Esteban Muñoz J., Tolosa E., Saiz A., et al. Upper-limb dystonia secondary to a midbrain hemorrhage. Mov Disord 1996, 11:96-99.
86. Evans P., Elliott M., Alberman E., et al. Prevalence and disabilities in 4 to 8 year olds with cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 1985, 60:940-945.
87. Ezpeleta D., de Andrés C., Giménez-Roldán S. [Abnormal movements in a case of extrapontine myelinolysis. Review of the literature]. Rev Neurol 1998, 26:215-220.
88. Factor S.A., Sanchez-Ramos J., Weiner W.J. Delayed-onset dystonia associated with corticospinal tract dysfunction. Mov Disord 1988, 3:201-210.
89. Factor S.A., Troche-Panetto M., Weaver S.A. Dystonia in AIDS: report of four cases. Mov Disord 2003, 18:1492-1498.
90. Fahn S., Sjaastad O. Hereditary essential myoclonus in a large Norwegian family. Mov Disord 1991, 6:237-247.
91. Fann W.E., Sullivan J.L., Richman B.W. Dyskinesias associated with tricyclic antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry 1976, 128:490-493.
92. Faurbye A., Rasch P.J., Petersen P.B., et al. Neurological symptoms in pharmacotherapy of psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1964, 40:10-27.
93. Ferraz H.B., Andrade L.A. Symptomatic dystonia: clinical profile of 46 Brazilian patients. Can J Neurol Sci 1992, 19:504-507.
94. Fink J.K., Filling-Katz M.R., Sokol J., et al. Clinical spectrum of Niemann-Pick disease type C. Neurology 1989, 39:1040-1049.
95. Finsterer J. Leigh and Leigh-like syndrome in children and adults. Pediatr Neurol 2008, 39:223-235.
96. Franke A., Neu I. Ein Fall von Torsionsdystonie nach Kohlenmonoxid-Vergiftung. Nervenarzt 1977, 48:345-347.
97. Franzini A., Marras C., Ferroli P., et al. Long-term high-frequency bilateral pallidal stimulation for neuroleptic-induced tardive dystonia. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 2005, 102:721-725.
98. Friedman J.H., Kucharski L.T., Wagner R.L. Tardive dystonia in a psychiatric hospital. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987, 50:801-803.
99. Funk C.B., Prasad A.N., Frosk P., et al. Neuropathological, biochemical and molecular findings in a glutaric acidemia type 1 cohort. Brain 2005, 128:711-722.
100. Gaillard N., Castelnovo G., Brice A., et al. Writer's cramp secondary to spinocerebellar ataxia type 7. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2007, 163:589-591.
101. Gamboa E.T., Isaacs G., Harter D.H. Chorea associated with oral contraceptive therapy. Arch Neurol 1971, 25:112-114.
102. Giménez-Roldán S., Mateo D., et al. Tardive dystonia and severe tardive dyskinesia. A comparison of risk factors and prognosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985, 71:488-494.
103. Golbe L.I., Miller D.C., Duvoisin R.C. Paraneoplastic degeneration of the substantia nigra with dystonia and parkinsonism. Mov Disord 1989, 4:147-152.
104. Goldberg Y.P., Andrew S.E., Theilmann J., et al. Familial predisposition to recurrent mutations causing Huntington's disease: genetic risk to sibs of sporadic cases. J Med Genet 1993, 30:987-990.
105. Golden G.S. Tourette syndrome. The pediatric perspective. Am J Dis Child 1977, 131:531-534.
106. Goldie W.D., Holtzman D., Suzuki K. Chronic hexosaminidase A and B deficiency. Ann Neurol 1977, 2:156-158.
107. Gregory A., Hayflick S.J. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Folia Neuropathol 2005, 43:286-296.
108. Grippo J., Grippo T. [Acute encephalitis: bilateral lesions of the basal ganglia]. Rev Neurol 2001, 33:537-540.
109. Gruber D., Trottenberg T., Kivi A., et al. Long-term effects of pallidal deep brain stimulation in tardive dystonia. Neurology 2009, 73:53-58.
110. Gusella J.F., MacDonald M.E. Huntington's disease: CAG genetics expands neurobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995, 5:656-662.
111. Gusella J.F., Wexler N.S., Conneally P.M., et al. A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington's disease. Nature 1983, 306:234-238.
112. Hagberg B., Hambraeus L., Bensch K. A case of homocystinuria with a dystonic neurological syndrome. Neuropadiatrie 1970, 1:337-343.
113. Hall R.A., Jackson R.B., Swain J.M. Neurotoxic reactions resulting from chlorpromazine administartion. JAMA 1956, 161:214-218.
114. Hallett M. Is dystonia a sensory disorder?. Ann Neurol 1995, 38:139-140.
115. Hamasaki T., Yamada K., Kuratsu J. Hemidystonia secondary to thalamic hemorrhage treated with gpi stimulation. Mov Disord 2008, 23:1762-1766.
116. Harper P.S. The natural history of Huntington's disease. Huntington's Disease 1996, 123-136. WB Saunders, London. P.S. Haper (Ed.).
117. Harrington M.G., Macpherson P., McIntosh W.B., et al. The significance of the incidental finding of basal ganglia calcification on computed tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981, 44:1168-1170.
118. Harrison M.B., Lyons G.R., Landow E.R. Phenytoin and dyskinesias: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Mov Disord 1993, 8:19-27.
119. Hatano T., Okuma Y., Iijima M., et al. Cervical dystonia in dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy. Acta Neurol Scand 2003, 108:287-289.
120. Havránková P., Jech R., Roth J., et al. Beneficial effect of deep brain stimulation of gpi in a patient with dystonia-deafness phenotype. Mov Disord 2009, 24:465-466.
121. Hawker K., Lang A.E. Hypoxic-ischemic damage of the basal ganglia. Case reports and a review of the literature. Mov Disord 1990, 5:219-224.
122. Hebb M.O., Garcia R., Gaudet P., et al. Bilateral stimulation of the globus pallidus internus to treat choreathetosis in Huntington's disease: technical case report. Neurosurgery 2006, 58:E383.
123. Huang C.C., Chu N.S., Lu C.S., et al. The natural history of neurological manganism over 18 years. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007, 13:143-145.
124. Ichinose H., Ohye T., Segawa M., et al. GTP cyclohydrolase I gene in hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. Neurosci Lett 1995, 196:5-8.
125. Inoue N. [Occupational neurotoxicology due to heavy metals - especially manganese poisoning]. Brain Nerve 2007, 59:581-589.
126. Inui K., Namba R., Ihara Y., et al. A case of chronic GM1 gangliosidosis presenting as dystonia: clinical and biochemical studies. J Neurol 1990, 237:491-493.
127. Isaac C., Wright I., Bhattacharyya D., et al. Pallidal stimulation for pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration dystonia. Arch Dis Child 2008, 93:239-240.
128. Jacobs M.B. Diltiazem and akathisia. Ann Intern Med 1983, 99:794-795.
129. Jankovic J. Blepharospasm with basal ganglia lesions. Arch Neurol 1986, 43:866-868.
130. Jankovic J. Can peripheral trauma induce dystonia and other movement disorders? Yes!. Mov Disord 2001, 16:7-12.
131. Jankovic J., Beach J. Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology 1997, 48:358-362.
132. Jankovic J., Pardo R. Segmental myoclonus. Clinical and pharmacologic study. Arch Neurol 1986, 43:1025-1031.
133. Jankovic J., Patel S.C. Blepharospasm associated with brainstem lesions. Neurology 1983, 33:1237-1240.
134. Jankovic J., Tintner R. Dystonia and parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2001, 8:109-121.
135. Jankovic J., Van der Linden C. Dystonia and tremor induced by peripheral trauma: predisposing factors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988, 51:1512-1519.
136. Jannetta P.J. The cause of hemifacial spasm: definitive microsurgical treatment at the brainstem in 31 patients. Trans Sect Otolaryngol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1975, 80:319-322.
137. Jinnah H.A., Visser J.E., Harris J.C., et al. Delineation of the motor disorder of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Brain 2006, 129:1201-1217.
138. Jog M., Kumar H. Bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation in a case of myoclonus dystonia syndrome. Mov Disord 2009, 24:1547-1549.
139. Johnston M.V., Hoon A.H. Possible mechanisms in infants for selective basal ganglia damage from asphyxia, kernicterus, or mitochondrial encephalopathies. J Child Neurol 2000, 15:588-591.
140. Joyce R.P., Gunderson C.H. Carbamazepine-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Neurology 1980, 30:1333-1334.
141. Kaback M.M. Screening and prevention in Tay-Sachs disease: origins, update, and impact. Adv Genetics 2001, 44:253-265.
142. Kalita J., Misra U.K. Markedly severe dystonia in Japanese encephalitis. Mov Disord 2000, 15:1168-1172.
143. Kang U.J., Burke R.E., Fahn S. Natural history and treatment of tardive dystonia. Mov Disord 1986, 1:193-208.
144. Katsakiori P.F., Kefalopoulou Z., Markaki E., et al. Deep brain stimulation for secondary dystonia: results in 8 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009, 151:473-478.
145. Keane J.R., Young J.A. Blepharospasm with bilateral basal ganglia infarction. Arch Neurol 1985, 42:1206-1208.
146. Kebabian J.W., Calne D.B. Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature 1979, 277:93-96.
147. Keegan D.L., Rajput A.H. Drug induced dystonia tarda: treatment with L-dopa. Dis Nerv Syst 1973, 34:167-169.
148. Keepers G.A., Casey D.E. Prediction of neuroleptic-induced dystonia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987, 7:342-345.
149. Keepers G.A., Casey D.E. Use of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms to predict future vulnerability to side effects. Am J Psychiatry 1991, 148:85-89.
150. Keepers G.A., Clappison V.J., Casey D.E. Initial anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983, 40:1113-1117.
151. Kefalopoulou Z., Paschali A., Markaki E., et al. A double-blind study on a patient with tardive dyskinesia treated with pallidal deep brain stimulation. Acta Neurol Scand 2009, 119:269-273.
152. Kempster P.A., Brenton D.P., Gale A.N., et al. Dystonia in homocystinuria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988, 51:859-862.
153. Kerrick J.M., Kelley B.J., Maister B.H., et al. Involuntary movement disorders associated with felbamate. Neurology 1995, 45:185-187.
154. Kirschberg G.J. Dyskinesia - an unusual reaction to ethosuximide. Arch Neurol 1975, 32:137-138.
155. Kitzberger R., Madl C., Ferenci P. Wilson disease. Metab Brain Dis 2005, 20:295-302.
156. Klawans H.L., Falk D.K., Nausieda P.A., et al. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Neurology 1978, 28:1064-1066.
157. Klein C. Myoclonus and myoclonus-dystonias. Genetics of Movement Disorders 2002, 449-469. Academic Press, San Diego. S. Pulst (Ed.).
158. Klein C., Brin M.F., Kramer P., et al. Association of a missense change in the D2 dopamine receptor with myoclonus dystonia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 96:5173-5176.
159. Klein O., Voirin J., Civit T., et al. Germinoma located in the basal ganglia in an 8-year-old girl. Childs Nerv Syst 2007, 23:105-108.
160. Knappskog P.M., Flatmark T., Mallet J., et al. Recessively inherited L-DOPA-responsive dystonia caused by a point mutation (Q381K) in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Hum Mol Genet 1995, 4:1209-1212.
161. Kokmen E., Ozekmekçi F.S., Beard C.M., et al. Incidence and prevalence of Huntington's disease in Olmsted County, Minnesota (1950 through 1989). Arch Neurol 1994, 51:696-698.
162. Koller W.C., Musa M.N. Amitriptyline-induced abnormal movements. Neurology 1985, 35:1086.
163. Kostić V.S., Stojanović-Svetel M., Kacar A. Symptomatic dystonias associated with structural brain lesions: report of 16 cases. Can J Neurol Sci 1996, 23:53-56.
164. Kostić V.S., Covicković-Sternić N., Svetel-Stojanović M., et al. [Delayed-onset dystonia due to asphyxia in the perinatal period]. Srp Arh Celok Lek 1997, 125:84-88.
165. Krauss J.K., Mohadjer M., Nobbe F., et al. Hemidystonia due to a contralateral parieto-occipital metastasis: disappearance after removal of the mass lesion. Neurology 1991, 41:1519-1520.
166. Kulisevsky J., Martí-Fàbregas J., Grau J.M. Spasms of amputation stumps. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992, 55:626-627.
167. Kumandaş S., Per H., Gümüş H., et al. Torticollis secondary to posterior fossa and cervical spinal cord tumors: report of five cases and literature review. Neurosurg Rev 2006, 29:333-338.
168. Kuoppamäki M., Bhatia K.P., Quinn N. Progressive delayed-onset dystonia after cerebral anoxic insult in adults. Mov Disord 2002, 17:1345-1349.
169. Kurlan R., Kersun J., Behr J., et al. Carbamazepine-induced tics. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989, 12:298-302.
170. Lance J.W. Symposium synopsis. Spasticity: Disorder of Motor Control 1980, 485-494. Yearbook Medical Publishers, Chicago. R.G. Feldman, R.R. Young, W.P. Koella (Eds.).
171. Larsen T.A., Dunn H.G., Jan J.E., et al. Dystonia and calcification of the basal ganglia. Neurology 1985, 35:533-537.
172. Lee L.V., Pascasio F.M., Fuentes F.D., et al. Torsion dystonia in Panay, Philippines. Adv Neurol 1976, 14:137-151.
173. Lee L.V., Munoz E.L., Tan K.T., et al. Sex linked recessive dystonia parkinsonism of Panay, Philippines (XDP). Mol Pathol 2001, 54:362-368.
174. Lee M.S., Marsden C.D. Movement disorders following lesions of the thalamus or subthalamic region. Mov Disord 1994, 9:493-507.
175. Lee M.S., Rinne J.O., Ceballos-Baumann A., et al. Dystonia after head trauma. Neurology 1994, 44:1374-1378.
176. Leibel R.L., Shih V.E., Goodman S.I., et al. Glutaric acidemia: a metabolic disorder causing progressive choreoathetosis. Neurology 1980, 30:1163-1168.
177. Lera G., Bhatia K., Marsden C.D. Dystonia as the major manifestation of Leigh's syndrome. Mov Disord 1994, 9:642-649.
178. LeWitt P.A., Martin S.D. Dystonia and hypokinesis with putaminal necrosis after methanol intoxication. Clin Neuropharmacol 1988, 11:161-167.
179. Lipinski J.F., Mallya G., Zimmerman P., et al. Fluoxetine-induced akathisia: clinical and theoretical implications. J Clin Psychiatry 1989, 50:339-342.
180. Little J.T., Jankovic J. Tardive myoclonus. Mov Disord 1987, 2:307-311.
181. Loher T.J., Krauss J.K. Dystonia associated with pontomesencephalic lesions. Mov Disord 2009, 24:157-167.
182. Lowe T.L., Cohen D.J., Detlor J., et al. Stimulant medications precipitate Tourette's syndrome. JAMA 1982, 247:1729-1731.
183. Lühdorf K., Lund M. Phenytoin-induced hyperkinesia. Epilepsia 1977, 18:409-415.
184. Lundh H., Tunving K. An extrapyramidal choreiform syndrome caused by amphetamine addiction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981, 44:728-730.
185. MacDonald M.E., Barnes G., Srinidhi J., et al. Gametic but not somatic instability of CAG repeat length in Huntington's disease. J Med Genet 1993, 30:982-986.
186. Maegawa G.H., Stockley T., Tropak M., et al. The natural history of juvenile or subacute GM2 gangliosidosis: 21 new cases and literature review of 134 previously reported. Pediatrics 2006, 118:e1550-e1562.
187. Magariños-Ascone C.M., Regidor I., Martínez-Castrillo J.C., et al. Pallidal stimulation relieves myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005, 76:989-991.
188. Mander A., McCausland M., Workman B., et al. Fluoxetine induced dyskinesia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1994, 28:328-330.
189. Manto M.U. The wide spectrum of spinocerebellar ataxias (scas). Cerebellum 2005, 4:2-6.
190. Marechal L., Raux G., Dumanchin C., et al. Severe myoclonus-dystonia syndrome associated with a novel epsilon-sarcoglycan gene truncating mutation. Am J Med Genet 2003, 119B:114-117.
191. Mariotti C., Alpini D., Fancellu R., et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17): oculomotor phenotype and clinical characterization of 15 Italian patients. J Neurol 2007, 254:1538-1546.
192. Marsden C.D. Wilson's disease, stiff-people, restless legs, and peripheral movement disorders: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, moving toes and painful legs. A Comprehensive Review of Movement Disorders for the Clinical Practitioner 1997, 647-680. 7th Annual Course 1997. S. Fahn, D. Marsden, J. Jankovic (Eds.).
193. Marsden C.D., Harrison M.J. Idiopathic torsion dystonia (dystonia musculorum deformans). A review of forty-two patients. Brain 1974, 97:793-810.
194. Marsden C.D., Jenner P. The pathophysiology of extrapyramidal side-effects of neuroleptic drugs. Psychol Med 1980, 10:55-72.
195. Marsden C.D., Obeso J.A., Traub M.M., et al. Muscle spasms associated with Sudeck's atrophy after injury. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984, 288:173-176.
196. Marsden C.D., Obeso J.A., Zarranz J.J., et al. The anatomical basis of symptomatic hemidystonia. Brain 1985, 108:463-483.
197. Marsh D.O., Clarkson T.W., Cox C., et al. Fetal methylmercury poisoning. Relationship between concentration in single strands of maternal hair and child effects. Arch Neurol 1987, 44:1017-1022.
198. Martins E., Teixeira J., Cardoso M.L., et al. Galactosemia: the genotype and phenotype of seven patients. Rev Neurol 2004, 38:1132-1135.
199. Mattson R.H., Calverley J.R. Dextroamphetamine-sulfate-induced dyskinesias. JAMA 1968, 204:400-402.
200. Merhar S.L., Gilbert D.L. Clinical (video) findings and cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitters in 2 children with severe chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, including a former preterm infant without marked hyperbilirubinemia VIDEO. Pediatrics 2005, 116:1226-1230.
201. Micheli F., Pardal M.F., Gatto M., et al. Flunarizine- and cinnarizine-induced extrapyramidal reactions. Neurology 1987, 37:881-884.
202. Micheli F., Torres L., Diaz M., et al. Delayed onset limb dystonia following electric injury. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 1998, 4:39-42.
203. Mikati M.A., Yehya A., Darwish H., et al. Deep brain stimulation as a mode of treatment of early onset pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2009, 13:61-64.
204. Minagar A., Sheremata W.A., Weiner W.J. Transient movement disorders and multiple sclerosis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002, 9:111-113.
205. Mitchell E., Matthews K.L. Gilles de la Tourette's disorder associated with pemoline. Am J Psychiatry 1980, 137:1618-1619.
206. Mitchell S.W. Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences 1872, JB Lippincott, New York.
207. Moulick A., Sengupta P., Banerjee S., et al. Oromandibular dystonia and persistent psychiatric symptoms in extra-pontine myelinolysis. J Assoc Physicians India 2008, 56:259-261.
208. Mullin P.J., Kershaw P.W., Bolt J.M. Choreoathetotic movement disorder in alcoholism. Br Med J 1970, 4:278-281.
209. Münchau A., Dressler D., Bhatia K.P., et al. Machado-Joseph disease presenting as severe generalised dystonia in a German patient. J Neurol 1999, 246:840-842.
210. Münchau A., Palmer J.D., Dressler D., et al. Prospective study of selective peripheral denervation for botulinum-toxin resistant patients with cervical dystonia. Brain 2001, 124:769-783.
211. Mutch L., Alberman E., Hagberg B., et al. Cerebral palsy epidemiology: where are we now and where are we going?. Dev Med Child Neurol 1992, 34:547-551.
212. Mutsaers P., Fick M., Plötz F.B. Acquired torticollis as the only initially presenting symptom in a child with a brainstem glioma. Eur J Pediatr 2007, 166:1075-1076.
213. Nandagopal R., Moorthy S.G. Dramatic levodopa responsiveness of dystonia in a sporadic case of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Postgrad Med J 2004, 944:363-365.
214. Naumann M., Becker G., Toyka K.V., et al. Lenticular nucleus lesion in idiopathic dystonia detected by transcranial sonography. Neurology 1996, 47:1284-1290.
215. Nausieda P.A., Koller W.C., Weiner W.J., et al. Chorea induced by oral contraceptives. Neurology 1989, 29:1605-1609.
216. Neglia J.P., Glaze D.G., Zion T.E. Tics and vocalizations in children treated with carbamazepine. Pediatrics 1984, 73:841-844.
217. Nelson K. Epidemiology and etiology of cerebral palsy. 2nd edn 1996, Vol. 3:73-79. Paul Brooks, Baltimore. A.J. Capute, P.F. Accardo (Eds.).
218. Nomura Y., Segawa M. Intrafamilial and interfamilial variations of symptoms of Japanese hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. Hereditary Progressive Dystonia with Marked Diurnal Fluctuation 1993, 73-96. Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth, UK. M. Segawa (Ed.).
219. Nygaard T.G., Takahashi H., Heiman G.A., et al. Long-term treatment response and fluorodopa positron emission tomographic scanning of parkinsonism in a family with dopa-responsive dystonia. Ann Neurol 1992, 32:603-608.
220. Nygaard T.G., Raymond D., Chen C., et al. Localization of a gene for myoclonus-dystonia to chromosome 7q21-q31. Ann Neurol 1999, 46:794-798.
221. Oates C.E., Bosch E.P., Hart M.N. Movement disorders associated with chronic GM2 gangliosidosis. Case report and review of the literature. Eur Neurol 1986, 25:154-159.
222. Obeso J.A., Giménez-Roldán S. Clinicopathological correlation in symptomatic dystonia. Adv Neurol 1988, 50:113-122.
223. Obeso J.A., Vaamonde J., Barraquer Bordás L. Delayed onset dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989, 48:1190-1191.
224. Ondo W. Lingual dystonia following electrical injury. Mov Disord 1997, 12:253.
225. Pal P.K., Samii A., Calne D.B. Manganese neurotoxicity: a review of clinical features, imaging and pathology. Neurotoxicology 1999, 20:227-238.
226. Panourias I.G., Themistocleous M., Sakas D.E. Intrathecal baclofen in current neuromodulatory practice: established indications and emerging applications. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007, 97:145-154.
227. Patterson J.F. Akathisia associated with buspirone. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988, 8:296-297.
228. Perlmutter J.S., Raichle M.E. Pure hemidystonia with basal ganglion abnormalities on positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 1984, 15:228-233.
229. Pettigrew L.C., Jankovic J. Hemidystonia: a report of 22 patients and a review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985, 48:650-657.
230. Plant G.T., Kermode A.G., du Boulay E.P., et al. Spasmodic torticollis due to a midbrain lesion in a case of multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord 1989, 4:359-362.
231. Polizos P., Engelhardt D.M., Hoffman S.P., et al. Neurological consequences of psychotropic drug withdrawal in schizophrenic children. J Autism Child Schizophr 1973, 3:247-253.
232. Powers J.M. Blepharospasm due to unilateral diencephalon infarction. Neurology 1985, 35:283-284.
233. Quartarone A., Girlanda P., Vita G., et al. Oromandibular dystonia in a patient with bilateral putaminal necrosis after methanol poisoning: an electrophysiological study. Eur Neurol 2000, 44:127-128.
234. Quinn N., Bydder G., Leenders N., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging to detect deep basal ganglia lesions in hemidystonia that are missed by computerised tomography. Lancet 1985, 2:1007-1008.
235. Quinn N.P. Essential myoclonus and myoclonic dystonia. Mov Disord 1996, 11:119-124.
236. Rasmussen S., Kristensen M. Choreoathetosis during phenytoin treatment. Acta Med Scand 1977, 201:239-241.
237. Renganathan R., McCarthy A., O'Connor K., et al. Sustained dystonia as the initial presentation of multiple sclerosis. Ir Med J 2005, J98:219-220.
238. Ritchie E.C., Bridenbaugh R.H., Jabbari B. Acute generalized myoclonus following buspirone administration. J Clin Psychiatry 1988, 49:242-243.
239. Robberecht W., Van Hees J., Adriaensen H., et al. Painful muscle spasms complicating algodystrophy: central or peripheral disease?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988, 51:563-567.
240. Robertson P.L., Garofalo E.A., Silverstein F.S., et al. Carbamazepine-induced tics. Epilepsia 1993, 34:965-968.
241. Rodnitzky R.L. Drug-induced movement disorders in children and adolescents. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005, 4:91-102.
242. Romisher S., Felter R., Dougherty J. Tagamet-induced acute dystonia. Ann Emerg Med 1987, 16:1162-1164.
243. Romito L.M., Franzini A., Perani D., et al. Fixed dystonia unresponsive to pallidal stimulation improved by motor cortex stimulation. Neurology 2007, 68:875-876.
244. Roze E., Navarro S., Cornu P., et al. Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus for generalized dystonia in GM1 Type 3 gangliosidosis: technical case report. Neurosurgery 2006, 59:E1340.
245. Rubinsztein D.C., Leggo J., Coles R., et al. Phenotypic characterization of individuals with 30-40 CAG repeats in the Huntington disease (HD) gene reveals HD cases with 36 repeats and apparently normal elderly individuals with 36-39 repeats. Am J Hum Genet 1996, 59:16-22.
246. Rüegg S.J., Bühlmann M., Renaud S., et al. Cervical dystonia as first manifestation of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2004, 251:1408-1410.
247. Russo L.S. Focal dystonia and lacunar infarction of the basal ganglia: a case report. Arch Neurol 1983, 40:61-62.
248. Sachdev P. Serotonin and drug-induced movement disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1994, 28:695-696.
249. Saint Hilaire M.H., Burke R.E., Bressman S.B., et al. Delayed-onset dystonia due to perinatal or early childhood asphyxia. Neurology 1991, 41:216-222.
250. Sako W., Goto S., Shimazu H., et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in tardive dystonia. Mov Disord 2008, 23:1929-1931.
251. Sasaki H., Wakisaka A., Koyama T., et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia 1 - clinical study of 17 patients in a large pedigree. No To Shinkei 1993, 45:502-508.
252. Saunders-Pullman R., Shriberg J., Heiman G., et al. Myoclonus dystonia: possible association with obsessive-compulsive disorder and alcohol dependence. Neurology 2002, 58:242-245.
253. Savoiardo M., Halliday W.C., Nardocci N., et al. Hallervorden-Spatz disease: MR and pathologic findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1993, 14:155-162.
254. Scheidtmann K., Muller F., Hartmann E., et al. Familial myoclonus-dystonia syndrome associated with panic attacks. Nervenarzt 2000, 71:839-842.
255. Scherokman B., Husain F., Cuetter A., et al. Peripheral dystonia. Arch Neurol 1986, 43:830-832.
256. Schneider S.A., Aggarwal A., Bhatt M., et al. Severe tongue protrusion dystonia: clinical syndromes and possible treatment. Neurology 2006, 67:940-943.
257. Schönecker M. Ein eigentümliches Syndrom im oralen Bereich bei Megaphenapplikation. Nervenarzt 1957, 28:35-36.
258. Schott G.D. The relationship of peripheral trauma and pain to dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985, 48:698-701.
259. Schott G.D. Induction of involuntary movements by peripheral trauma: an analogy with causalgia. Lancet 1986, 2:712-716.
260. Schrader C., Dengler R., Dressler D. Tetrabenazine zur Behandlung hyperkinetischer Bewegungsstörungen. Psychopharmakotherapie 2010, 17:85-90.
261. Schwartzman R.J. New treatments for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:654-656.
262. Schwartzman R.J., Kerrigan J. The movement disorder of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurology 1990, 40:57-61.
263. Scott A.B. Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1980, 17:21-25.
264. Scott B.L., Jankovic J. Delayed-onset progressive movement disorders after static brain lesions. Neurology 1996, 46:68-74.
265. Seah A.B., Chan L.L., Wong M.C., et al. Evolving spectrum of movement disorders in extrapontine and central pontine myelinolysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002, 9:117-119.
266. Seet R.C., Lim E.C. Symptomatic segmental dystonia from a cavernous angioma in the centrum semiovale. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005, 11:65-67.
267. Segawa M., Hosaka A., Miyagawa F., et al. Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. Adv Neurol 1976, 14:215-233.
268. Segawa M., Nomura Y., Nishiyama N. Autosomal dominant guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I deficiency (Segawa disease). Ann Neurol 2003, 54:S32-45.
269. Seiser A., Schwarz S., Aichinger-Steiner M.M., et al. Parkinsonism and dystonia in central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998, 65:119-121.
270. Selikhova M., Fedoryshyn L., Matviyenko Y., et al. Parkinsonism and dystonia caused by the illicit use of ephedrine - a longitudinal study. Mov Disord 2008, 23:224-231.
271. Sethi K.D., Jankovic J. Dystonia in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Mov Disord 2002, 17:150-153.
272. Sethi K.D., Adams R.J., Loring D.W., et al. Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging correlations. Ann Neurol 1988, 24:692-694.
273. Sethi K.D., Hess D.C., Harp R.J. Prevalence of dystonia in veterans on chronic antipsychotic therapy. Mov Disord 1990, 5:319-321.
274. Shah I., Chudgar P. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) presenting as intractable dystonia in an HIV-infected child. J Trop Pediatr 2005, 51:380-382.
275. Shaw C., Haas L., Miller D., et al. A case report of paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis due to hypoglycaemia induced by an insulinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 61:194-195.
276. Sheehy M.P., Marsden C.D. Trauma and pain in spasmodic torticollis. Lancet 1980, 1:777-778.
277. Sheehy M.P., Rothwell J.C., Marsden C.D. Writer's cramp. Adv Neurol 1988, 50:457-472.
278. Shields D.C., Sharma N., Gale J.T., et al. Pallidal stimulation for dystonia in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. Pediatr Neurol 2007, 37:442-445.
279. Shulman L.M., David N.J., Weiner W.J. Psychosis as the initial manifestation of adult-onset Niemann-Pick disease type C. Neurology 1995, 45:1739-1743.
280. Sigwald J., Bouttier D., Raymondeaud C., et al. Quatre cas de dyskinésie facio-buco-linguo-masticatrice à évolucion prolongée secondaire à un traitement par les neuroleptiques. Rev Neurol 1959, 10:751-755.
281. Sinclair A.J., Barling L., Nightingale S. Recurrent dystonia in homocystinuria: a metabolic pathogenesis. Mov Disord 2006, 21:1780-1782.
282. Singer H. Movement disorders in children. J Jankovic 1998, 739-754. Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. E. Tolosa (Ed.).
283. Sleator E.K. Deleterious effects of drugs used for hyperactivity on patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1980, 19:453-454.
284. Sotaniemi K.A. Paraspinal myoclonus due to spinal root lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985, 48:722-723.
285. Specola N., Vanier M.T., Goutières F., et al. The juvenile and chronic forms of GM2 gangliosidosis: clinical and enzymatic heterogeneity. Neurology 1990, 40:145-150.
286. Stacy M., Jankovic J. Tardive tremor. Mov Disord 1992, 7:53-57.
287. Stacy M., Cardoso F., Jankovic J. Tardive stereotypy and other movement disorders in tardive dyskinesias. Neurology 1993, 43:937-941.
288. Steiner J.C., DeJesus P.V., Mancall E.L. Painful jumping amputation stumps: pathophysiology of a " sore circuit" Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1974, 99:253-255.
289. Storch A., Kornhass M., Schwarz J. Testing for acanthocytosis A prospective reader-blinded study in movement disorder patients. J Neurol 2005, 252:84-90.
290. Strauss A. Oral dyskinesia associated with buspirone use in an elderly woman. J Clin Psychiatry 1988, 49:322-323.
291. Stremmel W., Meyerrose K.W., Niederau C., et al. Wilson disease: clinical presentation, treatment, and survival. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:720-726.
292. Sudarsky L., Coutinho P. Machado-Joseph disease. Clin Neurosci 1995, 3:17-22.
293. Sweet C. Drug induced dystonia. Am J Psychiatry 1975, 132:532-533.
294. Tagawa A., Ono S., Shibata M., et al. A new neurological entity manifesting as involuntary movements and dysarthria with possible abnormal copper metabolism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001, 71:780-783.
295. Taira T., Kobayashi T., Takahashi K., et al. A new denervation procedure for idiopathic cervical dystonia. J Neurosurg 2002, 97:201-206.
296. Tarsy D., Sudarsky L., Charness M.E. Limb dystonia following electrical injury. Mov Disord 1994, 9:230-232.
297. The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell 1993, 72:971-983.
298. The US Gabapentin Study Group The long-term safety and efficacy of gabapentin (Neurontin) as add-on therapy in drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1994, 18:67-73.
299. Thiel A., Dressler D. Dyskinesias possibly induced by norpseudoephedrine. J Neurol 1994, 241:167-169.
300. Thiel A., Dressler D., Kistel C., et al. Clozapine treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology 1994, 44:957-958.
301. Tolosa E., Compta Y. Dystonia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2006, 253:VII 7-13.
302. Tominaga H., Fukuzako H., Izumi K., et al. Tardive myoclonus. Lancet 1987, 1:322.
303. Truong D.D., Dressler D., Hallett M. Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy 2009, Cambridge University Press, New York.
304. Tyvaert L., Krystkowiak P., Cassim F., et al. Myoclonus of peripheral origin: two case reports. Mov Disord 2009, 24:274-277.
305. Valenzuela R., Court J., Godoy J. Delayed cyanide induced dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992, 55:198-199.
306. van de Warrenburg B.P., Verbeek D.S., Piersma S.J., et al. Identification of a novel SCA14 mutation in a Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia family. Neurology 2003, 61:1760-1765.
307. Venkatesan A., Frucht S. Movement disorders after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Neurol Clin 2006, 24:123-132.
308. Vidailhet M., Yelnik J., Lagrange C., et al. Bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation for the treatment of patients with dystonia-choreoathetosis cerebral palsy: a prospective pilot study. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:709-717.
309. Walker F.O. Huntington's disease. Lancet 2007, 369:218-228.
310. Walker R.H., Rasmussen A., Rudnicki D., et al. Huntington's disease-like 2 can present as chorea-acanthocytosis. Neurology 2003, 61:1002-1004.
311. Walshe J.M. Missed Wilson's disease. Lancet 1975, 2:405.
312. Walters A.S., Hening W., Chokroverty S., et al. Restlessness of the arms as the principal manifestation of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. J Neurol 1989, 236:435.
313. Weiner W.J. Can peripheral trauma induce dystonia? No!. Mov Disord 2001, 16:13-22.
314. Weiner W.J., Goetz C.G., Nausieda P.A., et al. Respiratory dyskinesias: extrapyramidal dysfunction and dyspnea. Ann Intern Med 1978, 88:327-331.
315. Wilcox P.G., Bassett A., Jones B., et al. Respiratory dysrhythmias in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Chest 1994, 105:203-207.
316. Wilder-Smith E., Tan E.K., Law H.Y., et al. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 presenting as an L-DOPA responsive dystonia phenotype in a Chinese family. J Neurol Sci 2003, 213:25-28.
317. Wilson S.A. Progressive lenticular degeneration: a familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver. Brain 1912, 34:295.
318. Winslow R.S., Stillner V., Coons D.J., et al. Prevention of acute dystonic reactions in patients beginning high-potency neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry 1986, 143:706-710.
319. Wolf S.M. Reserpine: cause and treatment of oral-facial dyskinesia. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 1973, 38:80-84.
320. Woogen S., Graham J., Angrist B. A tardive dyskinesia-like syndrome after amitriptyline treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981, 1:34-36.
321. Wortmann S.B., Rodenburg R.J., Jonckheere A., et al. Biochemical and genetic analysis of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type IV: a diagnostic strategy. Brain 2009, 132:136-146.
322. Yamadori A., Albert M.L. Involuntary movement disorder caused by methyldopa. N Engl J Med 1972, 286:610.
323. Yassa R., Lal S. Respiratory irregularity and tardive dyskinesia. A prevalence study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986, 73:506-510.
324. Yassa R., Camille Y., Belzile L. Tardive dyskinesia in the course of antidepressant therapy: a prevalence study and review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987, 7:243-246.
325. Yatziv S., Russell A. An unusual form of metachromatic leukodystrophy in three siblings. Clin Genet 1981, 19:222-227.
326. Yoshida K., Oshima A., Sakuraba H., et al. GM1 gangliosidosis in adults: clinical and molecular analysis of 16 Japanese patients. Ann Neurol 1992, 31:328-332.
327. Yoshida T. [A case of delayed postanoxic encephalopathy with bilateral lesions of the corpus striatum]. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 1989, 91:303-317.
328. Zeuner K.E., Hallett M. Sensory training as treatment for focal hand dystonia: A 1-year follow-up. Mov Disord 2003, 18:1044-1047.
329. Zhou B., Westaway S.K., Levinson B., et al. A novel pantothenate kinase gene (PANK2) is defective in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. Nat Genet 2001, 28:345-349.
330. Zimprich A., Grabowski M., Asmus F., et al. Mutations in the gene encoding epsilon-sarcoglycan cause myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Nat Genet 2001, 29:66-69.
331. Zoccolella S., Martino D., Defazio G., et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in movement disorders: Current evidence and hypotheses. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2006, 4:237-243.