Approach to managing children with heart disease for noncardiac surgery

Paediatric Anaesthesia

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 522-529

  White, Michelle C ^a  

^a BRISTOL ROYAL HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

anesthesia; cardiac; children; complications; congenital heart disease; noncardiac surgery

Indexed keywords

KETAMINE; PROPOFOL; SEVOFLURANE;

ANESTHESIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CYANOSIS; ENDOCARDITIS; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEART ATRIUM ARRHYTHMIA; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; PATIENT CARE; PREMEDICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW;

ANESTHESIA; ANESTHETICS; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS INFECTION; CYANOSIS; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HEART DISEASES; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, OPERATIVE;

EID: 79954453257     PISSN: 11555645     EISSN: 14609592     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03416.x     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Greenwood RD, Rosenthal A, Parisi L, et al. Extracardiac abnormalities in infants with congenital heart disease. Pediatrics 1975; 55: 485-492.
2. Hoffman JI, Christianson R,. Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19,502 births with long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol 1978; 42: 641-647. (Pubitemid 9055153)
3. Deanfield J, Thaulow E, Warnes C, et al. Management of grown up congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1035-1084. (Pubitemid 36717120)
4. Warnes CA, Liberthson R, Danielson GK, et al. Task force 1: the changing profile of congenital heart disease in adult life. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 1170-1175.
5. Dimopoulos K, Diller GP, Koltsida E, et al. Prevalence, predictors, and prognostic value of renal dysfunction in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation 2008; 117: 2320-2328. (Pubitemid 351681557)
6. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ,. Adult congenital heart disease: toward prospective risk assessment of a multisystemic condition. Circulation 2008; 117: 2311-2312. (Pubitemid 351681555)
7. Hennein HA, Mendeloff EN, Cilley RE, et al. Predictors of postoperative outcome after general surgical procedures in patients with congenital heart disease. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29: 866-870. (Pubitemid 24216064)
8. Baum VC, Barton DM, Gutgesell HP,. Influence of congenital heart disease on mortality after noncardiac surgery in hospitalized children. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 332-335. (Pubitemid 30078673)
9. Torres A Jr, DiLiberti J, Pearl RH, et al. Noncardiac surgery in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37: 1399-1403.
10. Ramamoorthy C, Haberkern CM, Bhananker SM, et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children with heart disease: data from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) registry. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 1376-1382.
11. Kipps AK, Ramamoorthy C, Rosenthal DN, et al. Children with cardiomyopathy: complications after noncardiac procedures with general anesthesia. Pediatr Anesth 2007; 17: 775-781. (Pubitemid 47000668)
12. Warner MA, Lunn RJ, O'Leary PW, et al. Outcomes of noncardiac surgical procedures in children and adults with congenital heart disease. Mayo Perioperative Outcomes Group. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 728-734. (Pubitemid 28359590)
13. Walker A, Stokes M, Moriarty A,. Anesthesia for major general surgery in neonates with complex cardiac defects. Pediatr Anesth 2009; 19: 119-125.
14. Williams GD, Jones TK, Hanson KA, et al. The hemodynamic effects of propofol in children with congenital heart disease. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 1411-1416.
15. Oklu E, Bulutcu FS, Yalcin Y, et al. Which anesthetic agent alters the hemodynamic status during pediatric catheterization? Comparison of propofol versus ketamine. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003; 17: 686-690. (Pubitemid 38044893)
16. Williams GD, Maan H, Ramamoorthy C, et al. Perioperative complications in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing general anesthesia with ketamine. Pediatr Anesth 2010; 20: 28-37.
17. Williams GD, Philip BM, Chu LF, et al. Ketamine does not increase pulmonary vascular resistance in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia and spontaneous ventilation. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1578-1584. table. (Pubitemid 350190549)
18. Slater B, Rangel S, Ramamoorthy C, et al. Outcomes after laparoscopic surgery in neonates with hypoplastic heart left heart syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42: 1118-1121. (Pubitemid 46856472)
19. Mariano ER, Chu LF, Albanese CT, et al. Successful thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula in a newborn with single ventricle physiology. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1000-1002. table. (Pubitemid 41383060)
20. Mariano ER, Boltz MG, Albanese CT, et al. Anesthetic management of infants with palliated hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing laparoscopic nissen fundoplication. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1631-1633. (Pubitemid 40712712)
21. Rice-Townsend S, Ramamoorthy C, Dutta S,. Thoracoscopic repair of a type D esophageal atresia in a newborn with complex congenital heart disease. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42: 1616-1619. (Pubitemid 47369352)
22. Caliskan E, Bozdogan N, Kocum A, et al. Anesthetic management of adenotonsillectomy in a child with bidirectional superior cavapulmonary shunt. Pediatr Anesth 2008; 18: 996-997.
23. Hanamoto H, Tachibana K, Kinouchi K, et al. Postoperative management of cleft lip repair using dexmedetomidine in a child with bidirectional superior cavopulmonary shunt. Pediatr Anesth 2008; 18: 350-352. (Pubitemid 351328792)
24. Hardy C,. Pyloromyotomy in an infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome status-post hybrid procedure: not just another case? Pediatr Anesth 2008; 18: 993-994.
25. Sinha R, Roy K, Rajeshwari S, et al. Anesthetic management of a child with congenital heart disease and pulmonary artery banding for ophthalmic surgery. Pediatr Anesth 2008; 18: 994-996.
26. Dhawan N, Chauhan S, Kothari SS, et al. Hemodynamic responses to etomidate in pediatric patients with congenital cardiac shunt lesions. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010. Apr 21 [Epub ahead of print].
27. Daniell H,. Opioid and benzodiazepine contributions to etomidate-associated adrenal insufficiency. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 2117-2118.
28. Hildreth AN, Mejia VA, Maxwell RA, et al. Adrenal suppression following a single dose of etomidate for rapid sequence induction: a prospective randomized study. J Trauma 2008; 65: 573-579.
29. den BM, Hokken-Koelega AC, Hazelzet JA, et al. One single dose of etomidate negatively influences adrenocortical performance for at least 24h in children with meningococcal sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 163-168.
30. Ikemba CM, Su JT, Stayer SA, et al. Myocardial performance index with sevoflurane-pancuronium versus fentanyl-midazolam-pancuronium in infants with a functional single ventricle. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 1298-1305. (Pubitemid 39564985)
31. Laird TH, Stayer SA, Rivenes SM, et al. Pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl/midazolam with 100% oxygen in children with congenital heart disease. Anesth Analg 2002; 95: 1200-1206. table. (Pubitemid 35239108)
32. Rivenes SM, Lewin MB, Stayer SA, et al. Cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl-midazolam in children with congenital heart disease: an echocardiographic study of myocardial contractility and hemodynamics. Anesthesiology 2001; 94: 223-229. (Pubitemid 32125910)
33. Hannon JD, Cody MJ, Sun DX, et al. Effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane on intracellular calcium and contractility in pressure-overload hypertrophy. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 675-686. (Pubitemid 39121647)
34. Taylor CJ, Derrick G, McEwan A, et al. Risk of cardiac catheterization under anaesthesia in children with pulmonary hypertension. Br J Anaesth 2007; 98: 657-661. (Pubitemid 47072620)
35. Sacrista S, Kern D, Fourcade O, et al. Spinal anaesthesia in a child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 253-256. (Pubitemid 36384832)
36. Imbelloni LE, Vieira EM, Sperni F, et al. Spinal anesthesia in children with isobaric local anesthetics: report on 307 patients under 13 years of age. Pediatr Anesth 2006; 16: 43-48.
37. Wu CL, Fleisher LA,. Outcomes research in regional anesthesia and analgesia. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 1232-1242.
38. Zink W, Graf BM,. The toxicity of local anesthetics: the place of ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 645-650.
39. Frankville D,. Anesthesia for children and adults with congenital heart disease. In:, Lake CL, Booker PD, eds. Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005: pp. 601-632.
40. Diaz LK, Hall S,. Anesthesia for non-cardiac surgery and magnetic resonance imaging. In:, Andropoulos DB, Stayer SA, Russell IA, eds. Anesthesia for Congenital Heart Disease. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2005: pp. 427-452.
41. Walsh EP, Rockenmacher S, Keane JF, et al. Late results in patients with tetralogy of Fallot repaired during infancy. Circulation 1988; 77: 1062-1067.
42. Garson A Jr, Randall DC, Gillette PC, et al. Prevention of sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 6: 221-227. (Pubitemid 15069267)
43. Hokanson JS, Moller JH,. Adults with tetralogy of Fallot: long-term follow-up. Cardiol Rev 1999; 7: 149-155. (Pubitemid 29226709)
44. Lucron H, Marcon F, Bosser G, et al. Induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 1369-1373. (Pubitemid 29205748)
45. Joffe H, Georgakopoulos D, Celermajer DS, et al. Late ventricular arrhythmia is rare after early repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 1146-1150. (Pubitemid 24117148)
46. Flinn CJ, Wolff GS, Dick M, et al. Cardiac rhythm after the Mustard operation for complete transposition of the great arteries. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1635-1638. (Pubitemid 14108876)
47. Myridakis DJ, Ehlers KH, Engle MA,. Late follow-up after venous switch operation (Mustard procedure) for simple and complex transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 1030-1036. (Pubitemid 24356977)
48. Merlo M, de Tommasi SM, Brunelli F, et al. Long-term results after atrial correction of complete transposition of the great arteries. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 227-231.
49. Kumar AE, Fyler DC, Miettinen OS, et al. Ebstein's anomaly. Clinical profile and natural history. Am J Cardiol 1971; 28: 84-95.
50. Paranon S, Acar P,. Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve: from fetus to adult: congenital heart disease. Heart 2008; 94: 237-243. (Pubitemid 351211741)
51. Moodie DS, Ritter DG, Tajik AH, et al. Long-term follow-up after palliative operation for univentricular heart. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53: 1648-1651. (Pubitemid 14112325)
52. Moodie DS, Ritter DG, Tajik AJ, et al. Long-term follow-up in the unoperated univentricular heart. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53: 1124-1128. (Pubitemid 14174263)
53. Deanfield JE, Ho SY, Anderson RH, et al. Late sudden death after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a clinicopathologic study. Circulation 1983; 67: 626-631. (Pubitemid 13144746)
54. Chandar JS, Wolff GS, Garson A Jr, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 655-661. (Pubitemid 20091896)
55. Curry TB, Gaver R, White RD,. Acquired long QT syndrome and elective anesthesia in children. Pediatr Anesth 2006; 16: 471-478.
56. Whyte SD, Booker PD, Buckley DG,. The effects of propofol and sevoflurane on the QT interval and transmural dispersion of repolarization in children. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 71-77. (Pubitemid 40013605)
57. Aypar E, Karagoz AH, Ozer S, et al. The effects of sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia on QTc interval and cardiac rhythm in children. Pediatr Anesth 2007; 17: 563-567. (Pubitemid 46718173)
58. Ross RD, Daniels SR, Schwartz DC, et al. Plasma norepinephrine levels in infants and children with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 911-914. (Pubitemid 17061313)
59. Rich S,. Primary pulmonary hypertension: executive summary from world symposium-primary pulmonary hypertension. World Health Organisation. 1998. Available at:. Accessed 6 September, 2010.
60. Simonneau G, Galie N, Rubin LJ, et al. Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 5S-12S. (Pubitemid 38759712)
61. Carmosino MJ, Friesen RH, Doran A, et al. Perioperative complications in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing noncardiac surgery or cardiac catheterization. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 521-527.
62. Bancalari E, Jesse MJ, Gelband H, et al. Lung mechanics in congenital heart disease with increased and decreased pulmonary blood flow. J Pediatr 1977; 90: 192-195. (Pubitemid 8033505)
63. Howlett G,. Lung mechanics in normal infants and infants with congenital heart disease. Arch Dis Child 1972; 47: 707-715.
64. Clapp S, Perry BL, Farooki ZQ, et al. Down's syndrome, complete atrioventricular canal, and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 100: 115-121. (Pubitemid 20213610)
65. Rudolph AM, Yuan S,. Response of the pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia and H+ ion concentration changes. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 399-411.
66. Morray JP, Lynn AM, Mansfield PB,. Effect of pH and PCO2 on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics after surgery in children with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr 1988; 113: 474-479.
67. Friesen RH, Williams GD,. Anesthetic management of children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pediatr Anesth 2008; 18: 208-216. (Pubitemid 351159917)
68. Fischer LG, Van Aken H, Burkle H,. Management of pulmonary hypertension: physiological and pharmacological considerations for anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1603-1616. (Pubitemid 36623112)
69. Gidding SS, Stockman JA III,. Erythropoietin in cyanotic heart disease. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 128-132.
70. Linderkamp O, Klose HJ, Betke K, et al. Increased blood viscosity in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease and iron deficiency. J Pediatr 1979; 95: 567-569. (Pubitemid 9247441)
71. Wedemeyer AL, Edson JR, Krivit W,. Coagulation in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Am J Dis Child 1972; 124: 656-660.
72. Phornphutkul C, Rosenthal A, Nadas AS, et al. Cerebrovascular accidents in infants and children with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1973; 32: 329-334.
73. Colon-Otero G, Gilchrist GS, Holcomb GR, et al. Preoperative evaluation of hemostasis in patients with congenital heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62: 379-385. (Pubitemid 17098345)
74. Henriksson P, Varendh G, Lundstrom NR,. Haemostatic defects in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Br Heart J 1979; 41: 23-27. (Pubitemid 9106741)
75. Barragry TP, Blatchford JW, Tuna IC, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction in a canine model of chronic cyanosis. Surgery 1987; 102: 362-370. (Pubitemid 17158338)
76. Graham TP Jr, Erath HG Jr, Buckspan GS, et al. Myocardial anaerobic metabolism during isoprenaline infusion in a cyanotic animal model: possible cause of myocardial dysfunction in cyanotic congential heart disease. Cardiovasc Res 1979; 13: 401-406. (Pubitemid 9246871)
77. Fletcher R,. The relationship between the arterial to end-tidal PCO2 difference and hemoglobin saturation in patients with congenital heart disease. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 210-216.
78. Blesa MI, Lahiri S, Rashkind WJ, et al. Normalization of the blunted ventilatory response to acute hypoxia in congenital cyanotic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 237-241. (Pubitemid 8030214)
79. White MC,. Anaesthetic implications of congenital heart disease for children undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2009; 10: 504-509.
80. Hastings LA, Wood JC, Harris B, et al. Cardiac medications are not associated with clinically important preoperative electrolyte disturbances in children presenting for cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 1840-1847.
81. Colson P, Ryckwaert F, Coriat P,. Renin angiotensin system antagonists and anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 1143-1155. (Pubitemid 29521929)
82. Ryckwaert F, Colson P,. Hemodynamic effects of anesthesia in patients with ischemic heart failure chronically treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 945-949. (Pubitemid 27197648)
83. Comfere T, Sprung J, Kumar MM, et al. Angiotensin system inhibitors in a general surgical population. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 636-644. table. (Pubitemid 40300051)
84. Reich DL, Hossain S, Krol M, et al. Predictors of hypotension after induction of general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 622-628. table. (Pubitemid 41208481)
85. Pigott DW, Nagle C, Allman K, et al. Effect of omitting regular ACE inhibitor medication before cardiac surgery on haemodynamic variables and vasoactive drug requirements. Br J Anaesth 1999; 83: 715-720. (Pubitemid 29502049)
86. NICE Guideline CG64, 2008. Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis.
87. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. J Am Dent Assoc 2007; 138: 739-760.