Canopy bulk density and canopy base height equations for assessing crown fire hazard in Pinus radiata plantations

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 839-850

  Ruiz González, Ana Daría ^a   Álvarez González, Juan Gabriel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANOPY BASE; CANOPY BULK DENSITIES; CROWN FIRES; DYNAMIC GROWTH MODEL; FIRE BEHAVIOUR; FIRE MANAGERS; FLAME LENGTH; FORESTED LANDSCAPES; FUEL LAYERS; HAZARD PREDICTION; HIGH RATE; INITIATION AND PROPAGATION; PINUS RADIATA; QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION; RADIATA; SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS; VERTICAL PROFILE; WILDLIFE HABITATS;

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS; DECISION THEORY; FORESTRY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

FIRES;

BULK DENSITY; CONIFEROUS FOREST; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; FIRE BEHAVIOR; FIRE MANAGEMENT; FOREST CANOPY; FOREST FIRE; GROWTH MODELING; SILVICULTURE; STAND STRUCTURE; VERTICAL PROFILE; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

PINUS RADIATA;

EID: 79953904116     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: 12086037     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x10-237     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Agee, J. 1996. The influence of forest structure on fire behaviour. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference, 16-18 January 1996, Redding, California. Edited by S.L. Cooper. University of California, Shasta County Cooperative Extension, Redding, California. pp. 52-68.
2. Alexander, M.E. 1998. Crown fire thresholds in exotic pine plantations of Australasia. Ph.D. thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
3. Alexander, M.E., Cruz, M.G., and Lopes, A.M.G. 2006. CFIS: a software tool for simulating crown fire initiation and spread. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Forest Fire Research, Figueira da Foz, Portugal, 27-30 November 2006. Edited by D.X. Viegas. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
4. Andrews, P.L. 2008. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 4.0: variables. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-213WWW.
5. Balboa-Murias, M.A., Rodríguez-Soalleiro, R., Merino, A., and Álvarez-González, J.G. 2006. Temporal variations and distribution of carbon stocks in aboveground biomass of radiata pine and maritime pine pure stands under different silvicultural alternatives. For. Ecol. Manage. 237(1-3): 29-38. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.024.
6. Belsey, D.A. 1991. Conditioning diagnostics, collinearity and weak data in regression. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
7. Beukema, S.J., Greenough, D.C., Robinson, C.E., Kurtz, W.A., Reinhardt, E.D., Crookston, N.L., Brown, J.K., Hardy, C.C., and Stage, A.R. 1997. An introduction to the fire and fuels extension to FVS. In Proceedings of the Forest Vegetation Simulator Conference, Fort Collins, Colorado, 3-7 February 1997. Edited by R. Teck, M. Mouer, and J. Adams. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-373. pp. 191-195.
8. Brown, J.K., and Bradshaw, L.S. 1994. Comparisons of particulate emissions and smoke impacts from presettlement, full suppression and prescribed natural fire periods in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 4(3): 143-155. doi:10.1071/WF9940143.
9. Brown, J.K., and Reinhardt, E.D. 1991. Predicting and managing fuel consumption in the Interior West. In Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, Missoula, Montana, 16-19 April 1991. Edited by P.L. Andrews and D.L. Potts. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, Publication 91-04. pp. 419-429.
10. Cailliez, F. 1980. Estimación del volumen forestal y predicción del rendimiento. FAO, Roma.
11. Call, P.T., and Albini, F.A. 1997. Aerial and surface fuel consumption in crown fires. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 7(3): 259-264. doi:10.1071/WF9970259.
12. Carey, H., and Schumann, M. 2003. Modifying wildfire behavior -the effectiveness of fuel treatments. The status of our knowledge. National Community Forestry Center, Soutwest Region Working Paper 2.
13. Castedo-Dorado, F., Diéguez-Aranda, U., Barrio Anta, M., Sánchez Rodríguez, M., and von Gadow, K. 2006. A generalized height-diameter model including random components for radiata pine plantations in northwestern Spain. For. Ecol. Manage. 229(1-3): 202-213. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.028.
14. Castedo-Dorado, F., Diéguez-Aranda, U., and Álvarez-González, J.G. 2007. A growth model for Pinus radiata D. Don stands in northwestern Spain. Ann. For. Sci. 64(4): 453-465. doi:10.1051/forest:2007023.
15. Crecente-Campo, F. 2008. Modelo de crecimiento de árbol individual para Pinus radiata D. Don en Galicia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
16. Crecente-Campo, F., Pommerening, A., and Rodríguez-Soalleiro, R. 2009. Impacts of thinning on structure, growth and risk of crown fire in a Pinus sylvestris L. plantation in northern Spain. For. Ecol. Manage. 257(9): 1945-1954. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.009.
17. Cruz, M.G. 1999. Modeling the initiation and spread of crown fires. M.Sc. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.
18. Cruz, M.G., and Alexander, M.E. 2010. Assessing crown fire potential in coniferous forests of western North America: a critique of current approaches and recent simulation studies. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 19(4): 377-398. doi:10.1071/WF08132.
19. Cruz, M.G., Alexander, M.E., and Wakimoto, R.H. 2002. Predicting crown fire behaviour to support forest fire management decisionmaking. In Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Forest Fire Research/2002 Wildland Fire Safety Summit. Edited by D.X. Viegas. Millpress Science Publishers, Forest Fire Research and Wildland Fire Safety, Rotterdam.
20. Cruz, M.G., Alexander, M.E., and Wakimoto, R.H. 2003a. Assessing the probability of crown fire initiation based on fire danger indices. For. Chron. 79(5): 976-983.
21. Cruz, M.G., Alexander, M.E., and Wakimoto, R.H. 2003b. Assessing canopy fuel stratum characteristics in crown fire prone fuel types of western North America. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 12(1): 39-50. doi:10.1071/WF02024.
22. Cruz, M.G., Alexander, M.E., and Wakimoto, R.H. 2004. Modelling the likelihood of crown fire occurrence in conifer forest stands. For. Sci. 50(5): 640-658.
23. Cruz, M.G., Alexander, M.E., and Wakimoto, R.H. 2005. Development and testing of models for predicting crown fire rate of spread in conifer forest stands. Can. J. For. Res. 35(7): 1626-1639. doi:10.1139/x05-085.
24. Cruz, M.G., Butler, B.W., Alexander, M.E., Forthofer, J.M., and Wakimoto, R.H. 2006. Predicting the ignition of crown fuel above a spreading surface fire. Part I: model idealization. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 15(1): 47-60. doi:10.1071/WF04061.
25. Diéguez-Aranda, U., Burkhart, H.E., and Rodríguez-Soalleiro, R. 2005. Modelling dominant height growth of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations in northwest of Spain. For. Ecol. Manage. 215(1-3): 271-284. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.015.
26. Draper, N.R., and Smith, H. 1998. Applied regression analysis. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
27. Fernandes, P.M., and Rego, F.C. 1998. Equations for fuel loading estimation in shrub communities dominated by Chamaespartium tridentatum and Erica umbellata. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Forest Fire Research/14th Fire and Forest Meteorology Conference, 16-20 November 1998, Luso. Edited by D.X. Viegas. ADAI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra. pp. 2553-2564.
28. Fernandes, P.M., and Rigolot, E. 2007. The fire ecology and management of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). For. Ecol. Manage. 241(1-3): 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.010.
29. Fernandes, P.M., Loureiro, C., Botelho, H., Ferreira, A., and Fernandes, M. 2002. Avaliação Indirecta da Carga de Combustível em Pinhal Bravo. Silva Lusitana, 10(1): 73-90.
30. Fernandes, P.M., Loureiro, C.A., and Botelho, H.S. 2004. Fire behaviour and severity in maritime pine stand under differing fuel conditions. Ann. For. Sci. 61(6): 537-544. doi:10.1051/forest:2004048.
31. Fernandes, P.M., Botelho, H.S., Rego, F.C., and Loureiro, C. 2008. Using fuel and weather variables to predict the sustainability of surface fire spread in maritime pine stands. Can. J. For. Res. 38(2): 190-201. doi:10.1139/X07-159.
32. Finney, M.A. 1998. FARSITE: fire area simulator - model development and evaluation. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RMRSRP-4.
33. Forestry Canada Fire Danger Group. 1992. Development and structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Behavior Prediction System. For. Can. Inf. Rep. ST-X-3.
34. Harrington, S. 2005. Measuring forest fuels: an overview of methodologies. Implications for fuels management. Forest Guild Research Center Working Paper 19.
35. Harvey, A.C. 1976. Estimating regression models with multiplicative heterocedasticity. Econometrica, 44(3): 461-465. doi:10.2307/1913974.
36. Johnson, E.A. 1992. Fire and vegetation dynamics: studies from the North American boreal forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
37. Keane, R.E., Reinhardt, E.D., Scott, J., Gray, K., and Reardon, J. 2005. Estimating forest canopy bulk density using six indirect methods. Can. J. For. Res. 35(3): 724-739. doi:10.1139/x04-213.
38. Keyser, T., and Smith, F.W. 2010. Influence of crown biomass estimators and distribution on canopy fuel characteristics in ponderosa pine stands of the Black Hills. For. Sci. 56(2): 156-165.
39. Mcalpine, R.S., and Hobbs, M.W. 1994. Predicting the height to live crown base in plantations of four boreal forest species. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 4(2): 103-106. doi:10.1071/WF9940103.
40. MIMAM. 2008. Estadísticas de incendios forestales [online]. Available from http://www.mma.es/portal/secciones/biodiversidad/defensa_incendios/estadisticas_incendios/ [accessed 1 November 2008].
41. Mitsopoulos, I.D., and Dimitrakopoulos, A.D. 2007. Canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behaviour in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests. Ann. For. Sci. 64(3): 287-299. doi:10.1051/forest:2007006.
42. Reinhardt, E.D., and Crookston, N.L. (Editors). 2003. The fire and fuels extension to the forest vegetation simulator. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-116.
43. Reinhardt, E.D., Keane, R.E., and Brown, J.K. 1997. First order fire effects model: FOFEM 4.0, user's guide. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-344.
44. Reinhardt, E.D., Lutes, D., and Scott, J. 2006a. FuelCalc: a method for estimating fuel characteristics. In Proceedings of the Conference on Fuels Management - How to Measure Success, Portland, Oregon, 28-30 March 2006. Edited by P.L. Andrews and B.W. Butler. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Proceedings RMRS-P-41. pp. 273-282.
45. Reinhardt, E.D., Scott, J., Gray, K., and Keane, R. 2006b. Estimating canopy fuel characteristics in five conifer stands in the western United States using tree and stand measurements. Can. J. For. Res. 36(11): 2803-2814. doi:10.1139/X06-157.
46. Rothermel, R.C. 1991. Predicting behavior and size of crown fires in the Northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, Res. Pap. INT-438.
47. Ruiz-González, A.D. 2007. Efecto de las claras sobre la humedad de los combustibles muertos en masas de pino. In Proceedings of the 4th International Wildland Fire Conference, Seville, Spain, 13-17 May 2007. Available from http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/sevilla-2007/contributions/doc/SESIONES_TEMATICAS/ST3/Ruiz-Gonzalez_SPAIN_lugo.pdf [accessed 7 February 2011].
48. Ruiz-González, A.D., and Vega-Hidalgo, J.A. 2005. La humedad de los restos forestales combustibles en masas de Pinus pinaster y Pinus radiata: niveles alcanzados en masas de Galicia y fuentes de variación. In Proceedings of the 4th Congreso forestal español, Zaragoza, Spain, 26-30 September 2005.
49. Sánchez Rodríguez, F. 2008. Selvicultura de Pinus radiata D. Don. In Compendio de selvicultura aplicada en España. Edited by R. Serrada, G. Montero, and J.A. Reque. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ministerio de Educación y Ciência. pp. 471-502.
50. Sando, R.W., and Wick, C.H. 1972. A method of evaluating crown fuels in forest stands. USDA Forest Service, Research paper NC-84.
51. SAS Institute. 2004a. SAS/ETS 9.1 user's guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
52. SAS Institute. 2004b. SAS/STAT 9.1 user's guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
53. Scott, J.H. 1999. NEXUS: a system for assessing crown fire hazard. Fire Management Notes, 59(2): 20-24.
54. Scott, J.H., and Reinhardt, E.D. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-29.
55. Scott, J.H., and Reinhardt, E.D. 2002. Estimating canopy fuels in conifer forests. Fire Management Today, 62(4): 45-50.
56. Van Wagner, C.E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Can. J. For. Res. 7: 24-34. doi:10.1139/x77-004.
57. Vega, J.A. 1985. Datos preliminares sobre comportamiento del fuego prescrito para la reducción de combustible bajo pinares en Galicia. In Estudios sobre prevención y efectos ecológicos de incendios forestales. MAPA, Monografía. ICONA, Madrid, pp. 51-59.
58. Vega, J.A., Bará, S., Alonso, M., Fonturbel, M.T., and García, P. 1987. Preliminary results of a study on short term effects of prescribed fire in pine stands in N.W. Spain. Ecología Mediterránea, XII(4): 177-188.
59. Vega, J.A., Pérez-Gorostiaga, P., Fonturbel, T., Cuiñas, P., Alonso, M., Beloso, M.C., Hernando, C., Guijarro, M., Martínez, E., and Madrigal, J. 2002. Post-fire regeneration in Pinus pinaster Ait. forest: effects of very early heavy thinning of seedlings and brush clearing. In Forest Fire Research and Wildland Fire Safety. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Forest Fire Research/2002 Wildland Fire Safety Summit, Luso-Coimbra, Portugal, 18-23 November 2002. Edited by D.X. Viegas. Millpress Sci. Publ., Rotterdam, Netherlands.
60. Vega, J.A., Fernández, C., Pérez-Gorostiaga, P., and Fonturbel, T. 2008. The influence of fire severity, serotiny, and post-fire management on Pinus pinaster Ait. recruitment in three burnt areas in Galicia (NW Spain). For. Ecol. Manage. 256(9): 1596-1603. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.005.
61. Williams, D.F. 1978. Fuel properties before and after thinning in young radiata pine plantations. Fire Management Branch, Department of Conservation and Environment, Research Report 3.
62. Xanthopoulos, G. 1990. Development of a wildland crown fire initiation model. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.
63. Xunta de Galica. 2001. O monte galego en cifras. Dirección Xeral de Montes e Medio Ambiente Natural, Consellería de Medio Ambiente.