Estimating forest canopy bulk density using six indirect methods

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 724-739

  Keane, Robert E ^a   Reinhardt, Elizabeth D ^a   Scott, Joe ^b   Gray, Kathy ^a   Reardon, James ^a  

^a ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

^b Systems for Environmental Management   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; ESTIMATION; PHOTOGRAPHY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SAMPLING; VEGETATION;

BIOMASS AGGREGATION; CANOPY BULK DENSITY (CBD); CANOPY IMAGER; SPHERICAL DENSIOMETERS;

FORESTRY;

BULK DENSITY; ESTIMATION METHOD; FOREST CANOPY;

BIOMASS; ESTIMATION; FORESTRY; PHOTOGRAPHY; PLANTS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SAMPLING;

CONIFEROPHYTA;

EID: 22144496839     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x04-213     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Alemdag, I.S. 1980. Manual of data collection and processing for the development of forest biomass relationships. Can. For. Serv. Petawawa Natl. For. Inst. Inf. Rep. PI-X-4.
2. Alexander, M.E. 1988. Help with making crown fire hazard assessments. In Protecting People and Homes from Wildfire in the Interior West: Proceedings of the symposium and workshop. Edited by W. Fischer and S.F. Arno. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-251. pp. 147-153.
3. Arno, S.F., Parsons, D.J., and Keane, R.E. 2000. Mixed-severity fire regimes in the northern Rocky Mountains: consequences of fire exclusion and options for the future. In Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference. Vol. 5: Wilderness Ecosystems, Threat, and Management, Missoula, Montana, 23-27 May 1999. USDA For. Serv. RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. pp. 225-232.
4. Battles, J.J., Dushoff, J.G., and Fahey, T.J. 1996. Line intersect sampling of forest canopy gaps. For. Sci. 42: 131-140.
5. Bolstad, P.V., and Gower, S.T. 1990. Estimation of leaf area index in fourteen southern Wisconsin forest stands using a portable radiometer. Tree Physiol. 7: 115-124.
6. Brown, J.K. 1978. Weight and density of crowns of Rocky Mountain conifers. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-197.
7. Campbell, G.S., and Norman, J.M. 1989. The description and measurement of plant canopy structure. In Plant canopies: their growth, form, and function. Edited by P.G. Jarvis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 1-19.
8. Chason, J.W., Baldocchi, D.D., and Huston, M.A. 1991. A comparison of direct and indirect methods for estimating forest canopy leaf area. Agric. For. Meteorol. 57: 107-128.
9. Chen, S.G., Impens, I., Ceulemans, R., and Kockelbergh, F. 1993. Measurement of gap fraction of fractal generated canopies using digitalized image analysis. Agric. For. Meteorol. 65: 245-259.
10. Clark, P.E., and Seyfried, M.S. 2001. Point sampling for leaf area index in sagebrush steppe communities. J. Range Manage. 54: 589-594.
11. Decagon. 1987. Sunfleck ceptometer user's manual. Decagon Devices, Pullman, Wash.
12. Deusen, P.C.V., and Baldwin, V.C. 1993. Sampling and predicting tree dry weight. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1826-1829.
13. Dufrene, E., and Breda, N. 1995. Estimation of deciduous forest leaf area index using direct and indirect methods. Oecologia, 104: 156-162.
14. Englund, S.R., O'Brien, J.J., and Clark, D.B. 2000. Evaluation of digital and film hemispherical photography and spherical densiometry for measuring forest light environments. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1999-2005.
15. Fassnacht, K.S., Gower, S.T., Norman, J.M., and McMurtie, R.E. 1994. A comparison of optical and direct methods for estimating foliage surface area index in forests. Agric. For. Meteorol. 71: 183-207.
16. Ferry, G.W., Clark, R.G., Montgomery, R.E., Mutch, R.W., Leenhouts, W.P., and Zimmerman, G.T. 1995. Altered fire regimes within fire-adapted ecosystems. US Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.
17. Finney, M.A. 1998. FARSITE users guide and technical documentation. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-4.
18. Frazer, G.W., Trofymow, J.A., and Lertzman, K.P. 1997. A method for estimating canopy openness, effective leaf area index, and photosynthetically active photo flux density using hemispherical photography and computerized image analysis techniques. Can. For. Serv. Pac. For. Cent. Inf. Rep. BC-X-373.
19. Frazer, G.W., Canham, C.D., and Lertzman, K.P. 2000. Technological tools: Gap Light Analyzer version 2.0. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 12: 191-197.
20. Frazer, G.W., Fournier, R.A., Trofymow, J.A., and Hall, R.J. 2001. A comparison of digital and film fisheye photography for analysis of forest canopy structure and gap light transmission. Agric. For. Meteorol. 109: 249-263.
21. Gary, H.L. 1976. Crown structure and distribution of biomass in a lodgepole pine stand. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-165.
22. Gary, H.L. 1978. The vertical distribution of needles and branchwood in thinned and unthinned 80-year-old lodgepole pine. Northwest Sci. 52: 303-309.
23. Gower, S.T., and Norman, J.M. 1991. Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations. Ecology, 72: 1896-1900.
24. Groeneveld, D.P. 1997. Vertical point quadrat sampling and an extinction factor to calculate leaf area index. J. Arid Environ. 36: 475-485.
25. Inouye, D.W. 2000. Gap Light Analyzer version 2.0. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 6: 191-197.
26. Johnson, A.F., Woodard, P.M., and Titus, S.J. 1989. Lodgepole pine and white spruce crown fuel weights predicted from height and crown width. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 527-530.
27. Jurik, T.W., Briggs, G.M., and Gates, D.M. 1986. A comparison of four methods for determining leaf area index in successional hardwood forests. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 1154-1158.
28. Keane, R.E., Garner, J.L., Schmidt, K.M., Long, D.G., Menakis, J.P., and Finney, M.A. 1998. Development of input spatial data layers for the FARSITE fire growth model for the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness complex, USA. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-3.
29. Keane, R.E., Mincemoyer, S.A., Schmidt, K.M., Menakis, J.P., Long, D.G., and Garner, J.L. 2000. Mapping vegetation and fuels for fire management on the Gila National Forest Complex. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-46-CD.
30. Keane, R.E., Burgan, R.E., and Wagtendonk, J.V. 2001. Mapping wildland fuels for fire management across multiple scales: integrating remote sensing, GIS, and biophysical modeling. Int. J. Wildland Fire, 10: 301-319.
31. Keane, R.E., Veblen, T., Ryan, K.C., Logan, J., Allen, C., and Hawkes, B. 2002. The cascading effects of fire exclusion in the Rocky Mountains. In Rocky Mountain futures: an ecological perspective. Edited by J.S. Baron. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 133-153.
32. Kolb, P.F., Adams, D.L., and McDonald, G.I. 1998. Impacts of fire exclusion on forest dynamics and processes in central Idaho. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 20: 911-923.
33. Kucharik, C.J., Norman, J.M., and Gower, S.T. 1998. Measurements of leaf orientation, light distribution, and sunlit leaf area in a boreal aspen forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 91: 127-148.
34. LI-COR, Inc. 1992. LAI2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer: operating manual. LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, Nebr.
35. Linn, R.R. 1997. A transport model for prediction of wildfire behavior. Ph.D. thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, N.M.
36. Magnussen, S., and Boudewyn, P. 1998. Derivations of stand heights from airborne laser scanner data with canopy-based quartile estimators. Can. J. For. Res. 28(7): 1016-1031.
37. Martens, S.N., Ustin, S.L., and Rousseau, R.A. 1993. Estimation of tree canopy leaf area index by gap fraction analysis. For. Ecol. Manage. 61: 91-108.
38. Miller, J.B. 1967. A formula for average foliage density. Aust. J. Bot. 15: 141-144.
39. Monserud, R.A., and Marshall, J.D. 1999. Allometric crown relations in three norther Idaho conifer species. For. Sci. 29: 521-535.
40. Mutch, R.W. 1994. Fighting fire with fire: a return to ecosystem health. J. For. 92: 31-33.
41. Nel, E.M., and Wessman, C.A. 1993. Canopy transmittance models for estimating forest leaf area index. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2579-2586.
42. Neumann, H.H., Hartog, G.D., and Shaw, R.H. 1989. Leaf area measurements based on hemispheric photographs and leaf-litter collection in a deciduous forest during autumn leaf-fall. Agric. For. Meteorol. 45: 325-345.
43. Nilson, T. 1999. Inversion of gap frequency data in forest stands. Agric. For. Meteorol. 98-99: 437-448.
44. Nilson, T., Anniste, J., Lang, M., and Praks, J. 1999. Determination of needle area indices of coniferous forest canopies in the NOPEX region by ground-based optical measurements and satellite images. Agric. For. Meteorol. 98-99: 449-462.
45. Peper, P.J., and McPherson, E.G. 1998. Comparison of five methods for estimating leaf area index of open-grown deciduous trees. J. Arboric. 24: 98-111.
46. Pierce, L.L., and Running, S.W. 1988. Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer. Ecology, 69: 1762-1767.
47. Pierce, L.L., Running, S.W., and Walker, J. 1994. Regional-scale relationships of leaf area index to specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content. Ecol. Appl. 4: 313-321.
48. Reinhardt, E., and Crookston, N.L. (Editors). 2003. The fire and fuels extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-166.
49. Roberts, S.D., and Long, J.N. 1992. Production efficiency of Abies lasiocarpa: influence of vertical distribution of leaf area. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 1230-1234.
50. Sampson, D.A., and Allen, H.L. 1995. Direct and indirect estimates of LAI for lodgepole and loblolly pine stands. Trees (Berl.), 9: 119-122.
51. Sando, R.W., and Wick, C.H. 1972. A method of evaluating crown fuels in forest stands. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NC-84.
52. Scott, J.H. 1999. NEXUS: A system for assessing crown fire hazard. Fire Manage. Notes, 59: 21-24.
53. Scott, J.H., and Reinhardt, E.D. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-29.
54. Scott, J.H., and Reinhardt, E.D. 2002. Estimating canopy fuels in conifer forests. Fire Manage. Today, 62: 45-50.
55. Smith, R.W., and Somers, G.L. 1991. SUNSHINE: a light environment simulation system based on hemispherical photographs. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-267.
56. Smith, N.J., Chen, J.M., and Black, T.A. 1993. Effects of clumping on estimates of stand vegetation area index using the LI-COR LAI2000. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1940-1943.
57. Smolander, J., and Stenberg, P. 1996. Response of LAI2000 estimates to changes in plant surface area index in a Scots pine stand. Tree Physiol. 16: 345-349.
58. Stenberg, P. 1996a. Correcting LAI2000 estimates for the clumping of needles in shoots of conifers. Agric. For. Meteorol. 79: 1-8.
59. Stenberg, P. 1996b. Simulations of the effects of shoot structure and orientation on vertical gradients in intercepted light by conifer canopies. Tree Physiol. 16: 99-108.
60. Stenberg, P., Linder, S., Smolander, H., and Flower-Ellis, J. 1994. Performance of the LAI2000 plant canopy analyzer in estimating leaf area index of some Scots pine stands. Tree Physiol. 14: 981-995.
61. Strachan, I.B., and McCaughey, J.H. 1996. Spatial and vertical leaf area index of a deciduous forest resolved using the LAI2000 plant canopy analyzer. For. Sci. 42: 176-181.
62. van Wagner, C.E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Can. J. For. Res. 7: 23-34.
63. Walter, J.M.N., and Himmler, G.G. 1996. Spatial heterogeneity of a Scots pine canopy: an assessment by hemispherical photography. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1610-1619.
64. Welles, J.M. 1990. Some indirect methods of estimating canopy structure. Remote Sens. Rev. 5: 31-43.
65. Welles, J.M., and Norman, J.M. 1991. Instrument for indirect measurement of canopy architecture. Agron. J. 83: 818-825.
66. White, J.D., Running, S.W., Nemani, R., Keane, R.E., and Ryan, K.C. 1998. Measurement and mapping of LAI in Rocky Mountain montane ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 1714-1727.