Walkability and residential suburbs: A multidisciplinary perspective

Journal of Urbanism

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 39-56

  Kashef, Mohamad ^a  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Neighborhood design; Residential suburbs; Space syntax; Spatial layout; Street connectivity; Walkability

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953856350     PISSN: 17549175     EISSN: 17549183     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17549175.2011.559955     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Addy, C.L., et al., 2004. Association of perceived social and physical environmental supports with physical activity and walking behavior. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 440-443.
2. Ainsworth, B.E., et al., 2003. Personal, social and physical environmental correlates of physical activity in African American women in South Carolina. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25 (3, Supplement 1), 23-29.
3. Alba, C.A. and Beimborn, E., 2005. Analysis of the effects of local street connectivity on arterial traffic. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. Available from: http://www.trb.org
4. Alexander, C., 1965. A city is not a tree. Architectural Forum, 122 (1), 58-62.
5. Alexander, C., 1977. A pattern language: towns, buildings, construction. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Atkinson, J.L., et al., 2004. The association of neighborhood design and recreational environments with physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19 (4), 304-309.
7. Babbie, E., 2006. The practice of social research. Belmont CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
8. Badland, H.M., Schofield, G.M., and Garrett, N., 2008. Travel behavior and objectively measured urban design variables: associations for adults traveling to work. Health & Place, 14, 85-95.
9. Bafna, S., 2003. Space syntax: a brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and Behavior, 35 (1), 17-29.
10. Bagley, M.N. and Mokhtarian, P.L., 2002. The impact of residential neighborhood type on travel behavior: a structural equations modeling approach. The Annals of Regional Science, 36, 279-297.
11. Baran, P.K., Rodriguez, D.A., and Khattak, A.J., 2008. Space syntax and walking in New Urbanist and suburban neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Design, 13 (1), 5-28.
12. Barnette, J., 1995. The fractured metropolis: improving the new city, restoring the old city, reshaping the region. New York: Harper Collins.
13. Bentley, I., et al., 1985. Responsive environments: a manual for designers. London: Architectural Press.
14. Bentley I., 1999. Urban transformations: power, people and urban design. London and New York: Routledge.
15. Boehmer, T.K., et al., 2006. Correspondence between perceived and observed measures of neighborhood environmental supports for physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3, 22-36.
16. Boer, R., et al., 2007. Neighborhood design and walking trips in ten U.S. metropolitan areas. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32 (4), 289-304.
17. Bonnes, M. and Secchiaroli, G., 1995. Environmental psychology: a psycho-social introduction. Sage Publications: London.
18. Calthorpe, P., 1993. The next American metropolis: ecology, community and the American dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
19. Calthorpe, P. and Richmond, H., 1992. Land use and transportation planning: sustainable growth. In: M. Green, ed. Changing America: blueprints for the new administration. New York: Newmarket Press, 699-710.
20. Calthorpe, P. and Fulton, W., 2001. The regional city. Washington, DC: Island Press.
21. Cerin, E., et al., 2007. Destinations that matter: associations with walking for transport. Health & Place, 13, 713-724.
22. Cervero, R. and Duncan M., 2003. Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. American Journal of Public Health, 93 (9), 1478-1483.
23. Chin, G.K., et al., 2007. Accessibility and connectivity in physical activity studies: the impact of missing pedestrian data. Preventive Medicine, 46, 41-45.
24. Crane, R., 2000. The influence of urban form on travel: an interpretive review. Journal of Planning Literature, 15 (1), 3-23.
25. Doyle, C., et al., 2006. Active communities: environments and health. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72 (1), 19-31.
26. Duany, A. and Plater-Zyberk, E., 1991. Towns and town-making principles. New York: Rizzoli.
27. Duany, A. and Plater-Zyberk, E., 1992. The second coming of the American small town. Wilson Quarterly, 16, 3-51.
28. Duany, A. and Plater-Zyberk, E., 2000. Suburban nation: the rise of sprawl and the decline of the American dream. New York: North Point Press.
29. Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E. and Alminana, R., 2003. The new civic art: elements of town planning. New York: Rizzoli.
30. Dutton, J.A., 2000. New American urbanism: re-forming the suburban metropolis. Milano: Skira Architecture Library.
31. Ewing, R., 1996. Best development practices: doing the right thing and making money at the same time. Planners Press. Available from: http://www.planning.org
32. Ewing, R., 2004. Can the physical environment determine physical activity levels? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 33 (2), 69-75.
33. Ewing, R. and Cervero, R., 2002. Travel and the built environment: synthesis. Transportation research record 1780 (TRB). Available from: http://www.trb.org
34. Ewing, R., et al., 2006. Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3 (1), s223-s240.
35. Fleissig, W. and Jacobsen, V., 2002. Smart Scorecard for development projects. In collaboration with the Congress for New Urbanism and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from:http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/scorecards/Scorecard_expfleissigjacobsen.pdf
36. Fleming, R., Baum, A., and Singer, J.E., 1985. Social support for the physical environment. In: S. Cohen and S.L. Syme, eds. Social support and health. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 327-345.
37. Frank, L.D., et al., 2005. Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28 (2S2), 117-125.
38. Gans, H., 1962. The urban villagers: group and class in the life of Italian Americans. New York: The Free Press.
39. Geus, B.D., et al., 2008. Psychological and environmental factors associated with cycling for transport among a working population. Health Education Research, 23 (4), 697-708.
40. Giuliani, M.V. and Feldman, R., 1993. Place attachment in a developmental and cultural context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 267-274.
41. Gordon, P. and Richardson, H., 1997. Are compact cities a desirable planning goal? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63 (1), 95-106.
42. Gratz, R.B. and Norman, M., 1998. Cities back from the edge: new life for downtown. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
43. Handy, S.L., 1996. Urban form and pedestrian choices: a study of Austin neighborhoods. Transportation Research Record 1552 (TRB). Washington DC: National Research Council, 135-144.
44. Handy, S.L., 2004. Critical assessment of the literature on the relationships among transportation, land use, and physical activity. Prepared for the Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use. Davis: University of California, Department of Environmental Science and Policy.
45. Handy, S.L., 2005. Which comes first: the neighborhood or the walking? Access, 26, 16-21.
46. Handy, S.L., 2006. Questioning assumptions. Planning, January, 36-37.
47. Handy, S.L. and Clifton, K.J., 2001. Local shopping as a strategy for reducing automobile travel. Transportation, 28, 317-364.
48. Handy, S., Paterson, R.G., and Butler, K., 2004. Planning for street connectivity: getting from here to there. Planning Advisory Service Report 515. American Planning Association. Available from: http://www.planning.org
49. Handy, S.L., Cao, X., and Mokhtarian, P., 2006. Self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and walking. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72 (1), 55-74.
50. Handy, S.L, Cao, X., and Mokhtarian, P.L., 2008. The causal influence of neighborhood design on physical activity within the neighborhood: evidence from Northern California. American Journal of Health Promotion, 22 (5), 350-358.
51. Handy, S.L., et al., 2002. How the built environment affects physical activity: views from urban planning. American journal of Preventive Medicine, 23 (2S), 64-73.
52. Hastrup, K., 2004. All the world's stage: the imaginative texture of social spaces. Space and Culture, 7, 223.
53. Herzog, T.R., Maguire, C.P., and Nebel, M.B., 2003. Assessing the restorative components of environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23 (2), 159-170.
54. Hidalgo, M.C. and Hernandez, B., 2001. Place attachment: conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Sociology, 21, 273-281.
55. Hillier, B., 1996. Space is the machine: a configurational theory of architecture. Cambridge University Press.
56. Hillier, B., 1997. Cities as movement economies, in: P. Droedge, ed. Intelligent environments. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
57. Hillier, B., 1999. The hidden geometry of deformed grids. Environment and Planning B, 26, 169-191.
58. Hillier, B., 2002. A theory of the city as object: or, how spatial laws mediate the social construction of urban space. Urban Design International, 7, 153-179.
59. Hillier B. and Hanson, J., 1984. The social logic of space. Cambridge University Press.
60. Hoehner, C.M., et al., 2005. Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical activity among urban adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28 (2S2), 105-116.
61. Jacobs, J., 1961. The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
62. Jiang, B. and Claramunt, C., 2002. Integration of space syntax into GIS: new perspectives for urban morphology. Transactions in GIS, 6 (3), 295-309.
63. Kashef, M., 2008. Architects and planners approaches to urban form and design in the Toronto region: a comparative analysis. Geoforum, 39 (1), 414-437.
64. Katz, P., 1994. The New Urbanism: toward an architecture of community. New York: McGraw-Hill.
65. Kelbaugh, D., 1997. Common place: toward neighbourhood and regional design. University of Washington Press.
66. Krier, R., 1979. Urban space. New York: Rizzoli.
67. Krizek, K.J., 2003. Operationalizing neighborhood accessibility for land use-travel behavior research and modeling. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 22 (3), 270-228.
68. Kunstler, J.H., 1993. Geography of nowhere: the rise and decline of America's man-made landscape. New York and London: Simon Schuster.
69. Langdon, P., 1994. Street connectivity: emerging as a new municipal goal. New Urban News, 21-24. New Urban Publications. Available from: http://www.newurbannews.com
70. Lee, C. and Moudon, V., 2006. Correlates of walking for transportation or recreation purposes. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3 (Supp. 1), s77-s98.
71. Lemmon W., 1998. 'Can sprawl be good?'. Planning Commissioners Journal [online]. Available from:http://www.plannersweb.com/sprawl/lemm.html
72. Lesliea, E., et al., 2005. Residents' perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighborhoods: a pilot study. Health & Place, 11, 227-236.
73. Leyden, K.M., 2003. Social capital and the built environment: the importance of walkable neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93 (9), 1546-1551.
74. Li, F., et al., 2005. Multilevel modeling of built environment characteristics related to neighborhood walking activity in older adults. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59, 558-564.
75. Lovasi, G.S., et al., 2008. Using built environment characteristics to predict walking for exercise. International Journal of Health Geographics, 7 (10), DOI: 10.1186/1476-072X-7-10.
76. LUTAQH Project, 2006. Central Puget Sound. Available from: http://www.metrokec.gov
77. McCormack, G.R., et al., 2008. Objective versus perceived walking distances to destinations: correspondence and predictive validity. Environment and Behavior, 40 (3), 401-425.
78. Michael, Y.L., Green, M.K., and Farquhar, S.A., 2006. Neighborhood design and active aging. Health & Place, 12, 734-740.
79. Miller, A. and Miller, M.S., 2003. Exploring the role of home design in fostering family interaction: the use of programming methods in research. Journal of Interior Design, 29 (1-2), 50-56.
80. Moudon, A.V., et al., 2007. Attributes of environments supporting walking. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21 (5), 448-459.
81. Moughtin, C., Cuesta, C.S. and Signoretta, P., 2003. Urban design: method and techniques. Oxford: Architectural Press.
82. Nagel, C.L., et al., 2008. The relation between neighborhood built environment and walking activity among older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access, 168 (4), 461-468.
83. Neal, P., ed., 2003. Urban villages and the making of communities. London and New York: Spon Press.
84. Neuman, M., 2005. The compact city fallacy. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 11-26.
85. Newman, O., 1972. Defensible space. New York: Macmillan.
86. Nophaket, N. and Fujii, A., 2004. Syntactic and network pattern structures of city: comparison of grid and meandering street patterns in Kyojima and Honjo. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 3 (2), 349-356.
87. Oaks, M.J., Forsyth, A., and Shmitz, K.H., 2007. The effects of neighborhood density and street connectivity on walking behaviour: the twin cities walking study. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovation, 4 (16), DOI: 10.1186/1742-5573-4-16.
88. Peponis, J., et al., 2007. Designing space to support knowledge work. Environment and Behavior, 38, 815-840.
89. Pikora, T., et al., 2007. The impact of urban design on walking and cycling: the RESIDE project. Planning and Transportation research Center (PATREC).
90. Raford, N. and Ragland, D.R., 2003. Space syntax: an innovative pedestrian volume modeling tool for pedestrian safety. Berkeley: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California Berkeley Traffic Safety Center.
91. Rajmani, J., et al., 2003. Assessing the impact of urban from measures in nonwork trip mode choice after controlling for demographic and level-of-service effects. Transportation Research Board (TRB), Annual Meeting [CD-ROM].
92. Rapoport, A., 1980. Human behavior and environment: environment and culture, vol. 4. New York: Plenum Press.
93. Ratti, C., 2004. Space syntax: some inconsistencies. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31, 487-499.
94. Reed, J.A., et al., 2006. Perceptions of neighborhood sidewalks on walking and physical activity patterns in a south eastern community in the US. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3, 242-253.
95. Rhodes, R.E., et al., 2007. Prediction of leisure-time walking: and integration of social cognitive, perceived environmental, and personality factors. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 4 (51), DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-51.
96. Rossi, A., 1982. The architecture of the city. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
97. Rowe, C. and Koetter, F., 1978. Collage city. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
98. Saelens, B.E., Sallis, J.F., and Frank, L.D., 2003a. Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Environment and Physical Activity, 25, 80-91.
99. Saelens, B.E., et al., 2003b. Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: and environment scale evaluation. American Journal of Public Health, 93 (9), 1552-11558.
100. Salingaros, N.A., 1998. Theory of the urban web. Journal of Urban Design, 3 (1), 53-71.
101. Sallis, J.F., et al., 1990. Distance between homes and exercise facilities related to frequency of exercise among San Diego residents. Public Health Rep, 105, 179-185.
102. Schmidt, S.J. and Wells, J.S., 2005. Transit village monitoring research: connectivity measures. Rutgers: Alan M. Voorhees Transportation Center (VTC).
103. Schwanen, T. and Mokhtarian, P.L., 2007. Attitudes towards travel and land use and choice of residential neighborhood type: evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area. Housing Policy Debate, 2 (1), 171-207.
104. SMARTRAQ Project, 2004. Atlanta. Available from: http://www.act-trans.ubc.ca/smartraq/pages/
105. Soltani, A., Primerano, F., Allan, A. and Somenhalli, S., 2006. Design for movement: linking nonwork travel and activity level to local urban design dimensions. Urban Design International, 11, 173-186.
106. Southworth, M., 2005. Designing the walkable city. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131 (4), 246-257.
107. Talen, A., 1999. Sense of community and neighborhood form: an assessment of the social doctrine of New Urbanism. Urban Studies, 36 (8), 1379-1399.
108. Trancik, R., 1986. Finding lost space: theories of urban design. New York: Van Nostrand
109. Reinhold Wells, N.M. and Yang, Y., 2008. Neighborhood design and walking: a quasi-experimental longitudinal study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34 (4), 313-319.
110. Whyte, W.H., 1980. The social life of small urban spaces. Washington, DC: The Conservation Foundation.
111. Williams, J., 2005. Designing neighborhoods for social interaction: the case of cohousing. Journal of Urban Design, 10 (2), 195-227.
112. Wood, L., et al., 2007. The anatomy of the safe and social suburb: an exploratory study of the built environment, social capital and residents' perceptions of safety. Health & Place, 14, 15-31.