Movements and behaviors of swordfish in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans examined using pop-up satellite archival tags

Fisheries Oceanography

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 219-241

  Dewar, Heidi ^a   Prince, Eric D ^b   Musyl, Michael K ^c   Brill, Richard W ^d   Sepulveda, Chugey ^e   Luo, Jiangang ^f   Foley, David ^g   Orbesen, Eric S ^b   Domeier, Michael L ^e,j   Nasby Lucas, Nicole ^e,j   Snodgrass, Derke ^b   Michael Laurs, R ^h   Hoolihan, John P ^b   Block, Barbara A ⁱ   Mcnaughton, Lianne M ^c  

^a SOUTHWEST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^b NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^d NORTHEAST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^e Pfleger Institute of Environmental Research   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^g NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^h Fisheries Oceanographer Consultant LLC   (United States)

ⁱ STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j Offield Center for Billfish Studies   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Atlantic ocean; Deep sound scattering layer; Diel migration; Pacific ocean; Satellite tags; Swordfish

Indexed keywords

DIEL MIGRATION; MIXED LAYER; PERCIFORM; SATELLITE DATA; TEMPERATURE GRADIENT; THERMOCLINE; VERTICAL MOVEMENT; VULNERABILITY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; CALIFORNIA; PACIFIC OCEAN; UNITED STATES;

XIPHIAS GLADIUS;

EID: 79953766068     PISSN: 10546006     EISSN: 13652419     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2011.00581.x     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Alvarado-Bremer, J.R., Hinton, M.G. and Greig, T.W. (2004) Population structure of swordfish in the Pacific Ocean: a review of genetic studies based on the analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial data. Interim Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC), 26 January-4 February 2004, Honolulu, HI, USA, Working Paper ISC/04/SWO-WG/03, 8 pp.
2. Argos (1989) Guide to the Argos System, Toulouse, France: CLS Argos.
3. Arnold, G. and Dewar, H. (2001) Electronic tags in marine fisheries research: a 30-year perspective. In: Electronic Tagging and Tracking in Marine Fisheries. J.R. Sibert & J.L. Nielsen (eds) Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 7-64.
4. Arrizabalaga, H., Pereira, J.G., Royer, F. et al. (2008) Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) vertical movements in the Azores Islands determined with pop-up satellite archival tags. Fish. Oceanogr. 17:74-83.
5. Belman, B.W. and Childress, J.J. (1975) Circulatory adaptations to the oxygen minimum layer in the bathypelagic mysid, Gnathophausia ingens. Biol. Bull. 150:15-37.
6. Benson, S.R., Forney, K.A., Harvey, J.T., Carretta, J.V. and Dutton, P.H. (2007) Abundance, distribution, and habitat of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) off California, 1990-2003. U.S. Fish. Bull. 105:337-347.
7. Benson, S., Dewar, H., Dutton, P. et al. (2009) Swordfish and Leatherback Use of Temperate Habitat (SLUTH): Workshop Report. H. Dewar (ed.) NOAA Admin. Rep. LJ-09-06:35.
8. Bernal, D., Sepulveda, C., Musyl, M. and Brill, R. (2009) The eco-physiology of swimming and movement patterns of tunas, billfishes, and large pelagic sharks. In: Fish Locomotion: An Etho-ecological Approach. P. Domenici & B.G. Kapoor (eds) Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, pp. 436-483.
9. Beverly, S. and Robinson, E. (2004) New Deep Setting Longline Technique for Bycatch Mitigation. Secretariat of the Pacific Community Noumea, New Caledonia. AFMA report No. R03/1398: pp. 1-37.
10. Bigelow, K. and Maunder, M. (2007) Does habitat or depth influence catch rates of pelagic species? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 64:1581-1594.
11. Bigelow, K., Boggs, C. and He, X. (1999) Environmental effects on swordfish and blue shark catch rates in the U.S. North Pacific longline fishery. Fish. Oceanogr. 8:178-198.
12. Bigelow, K.A., Hampton, J. and Miyabe, N. (2002) Application of a habitat-based model to estimate effective longline fishing effort and relative abundance of Pacific bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Fish. Oceanogr. 11:143-155.
13. Bigelow, K., Maunder, M. and Hinton, M. (2003) Comparison of deterministic and statistical habitat-based models to estimate effective longline effort and standardized CPUE for bigeye and yellowfin tuna. SCTB16 Working Paper RG-3, 18 pp. wwwx.spc.int/coastfish/sections/reef/Library/Meetings/SCTB/16/RG-3.pdf.
14. Bigelow, K., Musyl, M.K., Poisson, F. and Kleiber, P. (2006) Pelagic longline gear depth and shoaling. Fish. Res. 77:173-183.
15. Block, B.A. (1987) The billfish brain and eye heater: a new look at non-shivering head production. News Physiol. Sci. 2:208-213.
16. Block, B., Booth, D. and Carey, F.G. (1992) Direct Measurement of swimming speeds and depth of blue marlin. J. Exp. Biol. 166:267-284.
17. Block, B.A., Keen, J., Castillo, B. et al. (1997) Environmental preferences of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) at the northern extent of its range. Mar. Biol. 130:119-132.
18. Block, B.A., Dewar, H., Farwell, C.F. and Prince, E.D. (1999) Novel satellite technology for tracking the movements of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95:9384-9389.
19. Block, B.A., Teo, S.L.H., Walli, A. et al. (2005) Electronic tagging and population structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Nature 434:1121-1127.
20. Bolle, L.J., Hunter, E., Rijnsdorp, A.D., Pastoors, M.A., Metcalfe, J.D. and Reynolds, J.D. (2005) Do tagging experiments tell the truth? Using electronic tags to evaluate conventional tagging data. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 62:236-246.
21. Brewster-Geisz, K., Crory, D.M. and Folsom, W.B. (1997) World swordfish fisheries: an analysis of swordfish fisheries, market trends, and trade patterns, past - present - future. Volume V. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-28, 136 pp.
22. Brill, R.W. (1994) A review of temperature and oxygen tolerance studies of tunas pertinent to fisheries oceanography, movement models and stock assessments. Fish. Oceanogr. 3:204-216.
23. Brill, R.W. and Bushnell, P.G. (1991) Effects of open and closed system temperature changes on blood-oxygen dissociation curves of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Can. J. Zool. 69:1814-1821.
24. Brill, R. and Lutcavage, M. (2001) Understanding environmental influences on movements and depth distributions of tunas and billfishes can significantly improve population assessments. In: Islands in the Stream: Oceanography and Fisheries of the Charleston Bump. G. S (ed.) Bethesda: American Fisheries Society Symposium 25, pp. 179-198.
25. Brill, R.W., Holts, D.B., Chang, R.K.C., Sullivan, S., Dewar, H. and Carey, F.G. (1993) Vertical and horizontal movements of striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) near the Hawaiian Islands determined with ultrasonic telemetry with simultaneous measurement of ocean currents. Mar. Biol. 117:564-574.
26. Brill, R.W., Block, B.A., Boggs, C., Bigelow, K., Freund, E. and Marcinek, D. (1999) Horizontal movements and depth distribution of large adult yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) near the Hawaiian Islands, recorded using ultrasonic telemetry: implications for the physiological ecology of pelagic fishes. Mar. Biol. 133:395-408.
27. Brill, R.W., Bigelow, K.A., Musyl, M.K., Fritsches, K.A. and Warrant, E.J. (2005) Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) behavior and physiology and their relevance to stock assessments and fishery biology. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT 57:142-161.
28. Broadhurst, M.K. and Hazin, F.H.V. (2001) Influences of type and orientation of bait on catches of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) and other species in an artisanal sub-surface longline fishery off northeastern Brazil. Fish. Res. 53:169-179.
29. Canese, S., Garibaldi, F., Orsi Relini, L. and Greco, S. (2008) Swordfish tagging with pop-up satellite tags in the Mediterranean Sea. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT 62:1052-1057.
30. Carey, F.G. (1982) A brain heater in swordfish. Science 216:1327-1329.
31. Carey, F.G. (1990) Further acoustic telemetry observations of swordfish. In: Planning the Future of Billfishes, Research and Management in the 90s and Beyond. R.H. Stroud (ed.) Savannah, GA: National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc, pp. 103-122.
32. Carey, F.G. and Robison, B.H. (1981) Daily patterns in the daily activity patterns of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, observed by acoustic telemetry. U.S. Fish. Bull. 79:277-291.
33. Carey, F.G. and Scharold, J.V. (1990) Movements of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in depth and course. Mar. Biol. 106:329-342.
34. Carocci, F. and Majkowski, J. (1996) Pacific Tunas and Billfishes Atlas of Commercial Catches, Vol. 153. Rome: FAO.
35. Childress, J.J. (1971) Respiratory adaptations to the oxygen minimum layer in the bathypelagic mysid, Gnathophausia ingens. Biol. Bull. 141:109-121.
36. Childress, J.J. and Nygaard, M.H. (1974) The chemical composition and relative buoyancy of midwater crustaceans as a function of depth off Southern California. Mar. Biol. 27:225-238.
37. Clark, C.W., Croll, D.A., Acevedo, A. and Urban-Ramirez, J. (2000) Multi-modal surveys of whales in the Sea of Cortez, Mexico. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108:2539.
38. Coan, A.L., Vojkovich, M. and Prescott, D. (1998) The California harpoon fishery for swordfish, Xiphias gladius. NOAA Tech. Rep. 142:37-49.
39. Dagorn, L., Bach, P. and Josse, E. (2000) Movement patterns of large bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the open ocean, determined using ultrasonic telemetry. Mar. Biol. 136:361-371.
40. Damalas, D., Megalofonou, P. and Apostolopoulou, M. (2007) Environmental, spatial, temporal and operational effects on swordfish (Xiphias gladius) catch rates of eastern Mediterranean Sea longline fisheries. Fish. Res. 84:233-246.
41. DeMartini, E.E., Uchiyama, J.H. and Williams, H.A. (2000) Sexual maturity, sex ratio, and size composition of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, caught by the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery. U.S. Fish. Bull. 98:489-506.
42. Dewar, H. and Graham, J.B. (1994) Studies of tropical tuna swimming performance in a large water tunnel. I. Energetics. J. Exp. Biol. 192:13-31.
43. Dewar, H., Graham, J.B. and Brill, R.W. (1994) Studies of tropical tuna swimming performance in a large water tunnel. II. Thermoregulation. J. Exp. Biol. 192:33-44.
44. Dickson, R.R. (1972) On the relationship between ocean transparency and the depth of sonic scattering layers in the North Atlantic. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 34:416-422.
45. Dickson, K.A. and Graham, J.B. (2004) Evolution and consequences of endothermy in fishes. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 77:998-1018.
46. Domeier, M.L., Dewar, H. and Nasby-Lucas, N. (2003) Mortality rate of striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) caught with recreational tackle. Mar. Freshw. Res. 54:435-445.
47. Domeier, M.L., Kiefer, D., Nasby-Lucas, N., Wagschal, A. and O'Brien, F. (2005) Tracking Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus orientalis) in the northeastern Pacific with an automated algorithm that estimates latitude by matching sea-surface temperature data from satellites with temperature data from tags on fish. U.S. Fish. Bull. 103:292-306.
48. Donnelly, J. and Torres, J.J. (2004) Oxygen consumption of midwater fishes and crustaceans from the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Biol. 97:483-494.
49. FAO (2009) Species Fact Sheet, Xiphias gladius. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (last accessed 4 May 2010).
50. Fierstein, H.L. and Stringer, G.L. (2007) Specimens of the billfish Xiphiorhynchus, Van Benden, 1871, from the Yazoo clay formation (late Eocene), Louisiana. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 27:226-231.
51. Folsom, W.B., Crory, D.M. and Brewster-Geisz, K. (1997) North America - swordfish fishing. In: World Swordfish Fisheries: An Analysis of Swordfish Fishing Operations, Past - Present - Future (Vol. IV). NOAA Tech. Memo NMFS-F/SPO-28, 136.
52. Frank, T.M. and Widder, E.A. (2002) Effects of a decrease in downwelling irradiance on the daytime vertical distribution patterns of zooplankton and micronekton. Mar. Biol. 140:1181-1193.
53. Fritsches, K.A., Brill, R.W. and Warrant, E.J. (2005) Warm eyes provide superior vision in swordfishes. Curr. Biol. 15:55-58.
54. Fry, F.E.J. (1971) The effect of environmental factors on the physiology of fish. In: Fish Physiology, Vol. 6. W.S. Hoar & D.J. Randall (eds) London and New York: Academic Press, pp. 1-98.
55. Galli, X., Shiels, H.A. and Brill, R.W. (2009) Temperature sensitivity of cardiac function in pelagic fishes with different vertical mobilities: yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus), and swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 82:280-290.
56. Gamperal, A.K. and Driedzic, W.R. (2009) Cardiovascular function and cardiac metabolism. In: Hypoxia. Fish Physiology, Vol. 27. J.G. Richard, A.P. Farrell & C.J. Brauner (eds) San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 301-361.
57. Gilly, W.F., Markaida, U., Baxter, C.H. et al. (2006) Vertical and horizontal migrations by the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas revealed by electronic tagging. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 324:1-17.
58. Gilman, E., Kobayashi, D., Swenarton, T., Brothers, N., Dalzell, P. and Kinan-Kelly, I. (2007) Reducing sea turtle interactions in the Hawaii-based longline swordfish fishery. Biol. Conserv. 139:19-28.
59. Gjertsen, H. (2011) Can we improve our conservation bang for the buck? Cost-effectiveness of alternative leatherback turtle conservation strategies. In: Conservation of Pacific Sea Turtles. P. Dutton, D. Squires & M. Ahmed (eds) Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press (in press).
60. Grall, C. and de Sylva, D. (1983) Distribution, relative abundance and seasonality of swordfish larvae. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112:235-246.
61. Gunn, J. and Block, B. (2001) Advances in acoustic, archival, and satellite tagging of tunas. In: Tuna Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution. B.A. Block & E.D. Stevens (eds) New York: Academic Press, pp. 167-224.
62. Hanamoto, E. (1987) Effect of oceanographic environment on bigeye tuna distribution. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Fish. Oceanogr. 51:203-216.
63. Hanan, D.A., Holts, D.B. and Coan, A.L. (1993) The California drift gillnet fishery for sharks and swordfish, 1981-82 through 1990-91. U.S. Fish. Bull. 175:1-95.
64. Hinton, M.G. and Deriso, R.B. (1998) Distribution and stock assessment of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the eastern Pacific Ocean from catch and effort data standardized on biological and environmental parameters. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pacific Swordfish, 10-13 December 1994. Ensenada, Mexico. NOAA Tech. Rep. 142:161-179.
65. Hinton, M.G. and Nakano, H. (1996) Standardizing catch and effort statistics using physiological, ecological, or behavioral constraints and environmental data, with an application to blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) catch and effort data from the Japanese longline fisheries in the Pacific. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 21:169-200.
66. Holland, K.N., Brill, R.W. and Chang, R.K.C. (1990a) Horizontal and vertical movements of Pacific blue marlin captured and released using sport fishing gear. U.S. Fish. Bull. 88:397-402.
67. Holland, K.N., Brill, R.W. and Chang, R.K.C. (1990b) Horizontal and vertical movements of yellowfin and bigeye tuna associated with fish aggregating devices. U.S. Fish. Bull. 88:493-507.
68. Holland, K.N., Brill, R.W., Chang, R.K.C., Sibert, J.R. and Fournier, D.A. (1992) Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Nature 358:410-412.
69. Holts, D.B., Bartoo, N.W. and Bedford, D.W. (1994) Swordfish tracking in the Southern California Bight. NOAA Admin. Rep. LJ 94-15:9.
70. Horodysky, A.Z., Kerstetter, D.W., Latour, R.J. and Graves, J.E. (2007) Habitat utilization and vertical movements of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) released from commercial and recreational fishing gears in the western North Atlantic Ocean: inferences from short duration pop-up satellite archival tags. Fish. Oceanogr. 16:240-256.
71. Howell, E.A., Kobayashi, D.R., Parker, D.M., Balazs, G.H. and Polovina, J.J. (2008) TurtleWatch: a tool to aid in the bycatch reduction of loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta in the Hawaii-based pelagic longline fishery. Endanger. Species Res. 5:267-278.
72. Ingham, M.C., Cook, S.K. and Hausknecht, K.A. (1977) Oxycline characteristics and skipjack tuna distribution in the southeastern tropical Atlantic. U.S. Fish. Bull. 75:857-865.
73. Josse, E., Bach, P. and Dagorn, L. (1998) Simultaneous observations of tuna movements and their prey by sonic tracking and acoustic surveys. Hydrobiologia 371:61-69.
74. Kampa, E.M. and Boden, B.P. (1954) Submarine illumination and the movements of a sonic scattering layer. Nature 174:869-871.
75. Kröger, R.H., Fritsches, K.A. and Warrant, E.J. (2009) Lens optical properties in the eyes of large marine predatory teleosts. J. Comp. Physiol. A. 195:175-182.
76. Linkowski, T.B. (1996) Lunar rhythms of vertical migrations coded in otolith microstructure of North Atlantic lanternfishes, genus Hygophum (Myctophidae). Mar. Biol. 124:495-508.
77. Lisney, T.J. and Collin, S.P. (2006) Brain morphology in large pelagic fishes: a comparison between sharks and teleosts. J. Fish Biol. 68:532-554.
78. Loefer, J.K., Sedberry, G.R. and McGovern, J.C. (2007) Nocturnal depth distribution of western North Atlantic swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Linnaeus, 1758) in relation to lunar illumination. Gulf and Caribbean Research 19:83-88.
79. Lowe, T.E., Brill, R.W. and Cousins, K.L. (2000) Blood oxygen-binding characteristics of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), a high-energy-demand teleost that is tolerant of low ambient oxygen. Mar. Biol. 136:1087-1098.
80. Luo, J., Prince, E.D., Goodyear, C.P., Luckhurst, B.E. and Serafy, J. (2006) Vertical habitat utilization by large pelagic animals: a quantitative framework and numerical method for use with pop-up satellite tag data. Fish. Oceanogr. 15:208-229.
81. Markaida, U. and Hochberg, F.G. (2005) Cephalopods in the diet of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) caught off the West Coast of Baja California, Mexico. Pac. Sci. 59:25-41.
82. Markaida, U. and Sosa-Nishizaki, O. (1998) Food and feeding habits of swordfish, Xiphias gladius L., off western Baja California. in: Biology and Fisheries of Swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Papers from the International Symposium on Pacific Swordfish, Ensenada, Mexico, December 11-14, 1994. I. Barret, O. Sosa-Nishizaky & N. Bartoo (eds) NOAA Tech. Rep. pp. 142-276.
83. Matciak, M. (1997) Estimation of the attenuation of the visible light in waters of the Gulf of Gdan'sk with the use of Secchi transparency. Oceanol. Stud. 26:35-40.
84. Matsumoto, T., Saito, H. and Miyabe, N. (2003) Report of observer program for Japanese tuna longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean from September 2001 to March 2002. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT 55:1679-1718.
85. Maunder, M.N., Hinton, M.G., Bigelow, K.A. and Langley, A.D. (2006) Developing indices of abundance using habitat data in a statistical framework. Bull. Mar. Sci. 73:545-559.
86. Mejuto, J., García-Cortés, B. and Ramos-Cartelle, A. (2008) Reproductive activity of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Pacific Ocean on the basis of different macroscopic indicators. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. 11-22 August 2008, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea WCPFC-SC4-2008/BI-WP-6, pp. 1-23.
87. Moteki, M., Arai, M., Tsuchiya, K. and Okamoto, H. (2001) Composition of piscine prey in the diet of large pelagic fish in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Fish. Sci. 67:1063-1074.
88. Moyes, C.D., Fragoso, N., Musyl, M.K. and Brill, R.W. (2006) Predicting post-release survival in large pelagic fish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 135:1389-1397.
89. Musyl, M.K., Brill, R.W., Boggs, C.H., Curran, D.S., Kazama, T.K. and Seki, M.P. (2003) Vertical movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) associated with islands, buoys, and seamounts near the main Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data. Fish. Oceanogr. 12:152-169.
90. Musyl, M.K., McNaughton, L.M., Swimmer, J.Y. and Brill, R.W. (2004) Convergent evolution of vertical movement behavior in swordfish, bigeye tuna, and bigeye thresher sharks. Pelagic Fisheries Research Program Newsletter 9:1-4.
91. Nakamura, Y. (1985) FOA species catalogue vol. 5: billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125:48-51.
92. Nakano, H. (1998) Stock status of Pacific swordfish, Xiphias gladius, inferred from CPUE of the Japanese longline fleet standardized using general linear models. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pacific Swordfish, 10-13 December, 1994. Ensenada, Mexico. NOAA Tech. Rep. 142:195-209.
93. Nasby-Lucas, N., Dewar, H., Lam, C.H., Goldman, K.J. and Domeier, M.L. (2009) White shark (Carcharodon carcharias) offshore habitat: a behavioral and environmental characterization of the eastern Pacific shared offshore foraging area. PLoS ONE 4:e8163. doi.
94. Neilson, J.D., Smith, S., Royer, F., Paul, S.D., Porter, J.M. and Lutcavage, M. (2009) Investigations of horizontal movements of Atlantic swordfish using pop-up satellite archival tags. In: Tagging and Tracking of Marine Animals with Electronic Devices, Reviews: Methods and Technologies in Fish Biology and Fisheries, Vol. 9. J.L. Nielsen, H. Arrizabalaga, N. Fragoso, A. Hobday, M. Lutcavage & J. Sibert (eds) New York: Springer, pp. 145-159.
95. Pepperell, J.G. and Davis, T.L.O. (1999) Post-release behaviour of black marlin, Makaira indica, caught off the Great Barrier Reef with sportfshing gear. Mar. Biol. 135:369-380.
96. PFMC (2003) Pacific Fishery Management Council, Fishery Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for US West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species. Portland, OR: PFMC.
97. Polovina, J.J., Howell, E.A., Parker, D.M. and Balazs, G.H. (2003) Dive-depth distribution of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles in the central North Pacific: Might deep longline sets catch fewer turtles? U.S. Fish. Bull. 101:189-193.
98. Prince, E.D. and Goodyear, C.P. (2006) Hypoxia based habitat compression of tropical pelagic fishes. Fish. Oceanogr. 15:451-464.
99. Prince, E.D., Ortiz, M., Venizelos, A. and Rosenthal, D.S. (2002) In-water conventional tagging techniques developed by the Cooperative Tagging Center for large, highly migratory species. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 30:155-171.
100. Reeb, C., Arcangeli, L. and Block, B. (2000) Structure and migration corridors in Pacific populations of the swordfish, Xiphias gladius, as inferred through analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Mar. Biol. 136:1123-1131.
101. Rice, P.H., Goodyear, C.P., Prince, E.D., Snodgrass, D. and Serafy, J.E. (2007) Use of catenary geometry to estimate hook depth during near-surface pelagic longline fishing: theory versus practice. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 27:1148-1161.
102. Romeo, T., Consoli, P., Greco, S., Canese, S. and Andaloro, F. (2009) Swordfish (Xiphias gladius, Teleostea: Xiphiidae) surface behaviour during reproductive period in the central Mediterranean Sea (southern Tyrrhenian sea). Marine Biodiversity Records 2:e45.
103. Rosel, P.E. and Block, B.A. (1996) Mitochondrial control region variability and global population structure in the swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Mar. Biol. 125:11-22.
104. Sakagawa, G.T. (1989) Trends in fisheries for swordfish in the Pacific Ocean. In: Planning the Future of Billfishes: Research and Management in the 90s and Beyond. R.H. Stroud (ed.) Proceedings of the Second International Billfish Symposium, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, 1-5 August 1988, Part 1: Fishery and Stock Synopses, Data Needs and Management. Savannah, GA: National Coalition for Marine Conservation, pp. 61-79.
105. Sanders, N.K. and Childress, J.J. (1990) Adaptations to the deep-sea oxygen minimum layer: oxygen binding by the hemocyanin of the bathypelagic mysid Gnathopsausia ingens Dohrn. Biol. Bull. 178:286-294.
106. Santos, M.P., Fui'za, A.F.G. and Laurs, R.M. (2006) Influence of SST on catches of swordfish and tuna in the Portuguese domestic longline fishery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 27:3131-3152.
107. Schaefer, K.M. and Fuller, D.W. (2002) Movements, behavior and habitat selection of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the eastern equatorial Pacific ascertained through archival tags. U.S. Fish. Bull. 100:765-788.
108. Schaefer, K.M., Fuller, D.W. and Block, B.A. (2007) Movements, behavior, and habitat utilization of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, ascertained through archival tag data. Mar. Biol. 152:503-525.
109. Scott, W.B. and Tibo, S.N. (1968) Food and feeding habits of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the western North Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25:903-919.
110. Sedberry, G.R. and Loefer, J.K. (2001) Satellite telemetry tracking of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, off the eastern United States. Mar. Biol. 139:355-360.
111. Seitz, A.C., Norcross, B.L., Wilson, D. and Nielsen, J.L. (2005) Identifying spawning behavior in Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, using electronic tags. Environ. Biol. Fishes 73:445-451.
112. Seki, M.P., Polovina, J.J., Kobayashi, R., Bidigare, R.R. and Mitchum, G.T. (2002) An oceanographic characterization of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) longline fishing grounds in the springtime subtropical North Pacific. Fish. Oceanogr. 11:251-266.
113. Sepulveda, C., Knight, A., Nasby-Lucas, N. and Domeier, M.L. (2010) Fine-scale movements of the swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Southern California Bight. Fish. Oceanogr. 19:279-289.
114. Sharp, G.D. (1978) Behavioral and physiological properties of tunas and their effects on vulnerability to fishing gear. In: The Physiological Ecology of Tunas. G.D. Sharp & A.E. Dizon (eds) New York: Academic Press, pp. 397-449.
115. Skomal, G. and Chase, B. (2002) The physiological effects of angling on post-release survivorship in tunas, sharks, and marlin. In: Catch and Release in Marine Recreational Fisheries. J.A. Lucy & A.L. Studholme (eds) Bethesda: American Fisheries Society, Symposium 30, pp. 135-138.
116. Sperling, A.T., Neilson, J.D., Carruthers, E.H. and Stone, H.H. (2005) Compilation and analyses of Canadian conventional tagging data for swordfish (Xiphias gladius), 1961-2004. Col. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT 58:1483-1494.
117. Sund, P.R., Blackburn, M. and Williams, F. (1981) Tunas and their environment in the Pacific Ocean: a review. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 19:443-512.
118. Swimmer, Y., Arauz, R., McCracken, M. et al. (2006) Diving behavior and delayed mortality of olive ridley sea turtles Lepidochelys olivacea after their release from longline fishing gear. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 323:253-261.
119. Takahashi, M., Okamura, H., Yokawa, K. and Okazaki, M. (2003) Swimming behaviour and migration of a swordfish recorded by an archival tag. Mar. Fresh. Res. 54:527-534.
120. Taylor, R.G. and Murphy, M.D. (1992) Reproductive biology of the swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Straits of Florida and adjacent waters. U.S. Fish. Bull. 90:809-816.
121. Teo, S.L.H., Boustany, A., Dewar, H. et al. (2007) Annual migrations, diving behavior, and thermal biology of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, on their Gulf of Mexico breeding grounds. Mar. Biol. 151:1-18.
122. Tont, S.A. and Wick, G.L. (1973) Response of the deep scattering layer to the 1972 solar eclipse. Deep-Sea Res. 20:769-771.
123. Tont, S.A. (1976) Deep scattering layers: patterns in the Pacific. CalCOFI Rep. 18:112-117.
124. Van den Burg, E.H., Peeters, R.R., Verhoye, M., Meek, J., Flik, G. and Van der Linden, A. (2005) Brain responses to ambient temperature fluctuations in fish: reduction of blood volume and initiation of a whole-body stress response. J. Neurophysiol. 93:2849-2855.
125. Vetter, R., Kohin, S., Preti, A., McClatchie, S. and Dewar, H. (2008) Predatory interactions between mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, and jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas, in the California Current. CalCOFI Rep. 49:142-156.
126. Warrant, E.J. (2008) Nocturnal vision. In: The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, Vol. 2: Vision II. T. Albright & R.H. Masland (eds), A.I. Basbaum, A Kaneko. G.M. Shepherd & G. Westheimer (series eds). Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 53-86.
127. Wegner, N.C., Sepulveda, C.A., Bull, K.B. and Graham, J.B. (2009) Gill morphometrics in relation to gas transfer and ram ventilation in high-energy demand teleosts: scombrids and billfishes. J. Morphol. 271:36-49.
128. Weihs, D. (1973) Mechanically efficient swimming techniques for fish with negative buoyancy. J. Mar. Res. 31:194-209.
129. Wells, R.M.G. (2009) Blood gas transport and hemoglobin function: adaptations for functional and environmental hypoxia. In: Hypoxia. Fish Physiology, Vol. 27. J.G. Richard, A.P. Farrell & C.J. Brauner (eds) San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 256-301.
130. Wyrtki, K. (1962) Circulation and water masses in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Oceanog. Limnol. 1:117-147.
131. Young, J., Lansdell, M., Riddoch, S. and Revill, A. (2006) Feeding ecology of broadbill swordfish, Xiphias gladius, off eastern Australia in relation to physical and environmental variables. Bull. Mar. Sci. 79:793-809.