Morbidity and mortality among infants born to HIV-infected women in South Africa: Implications for child health in resource-limited settings

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 109-119

  Venkatesh, Kartik K ^a   de Bruyn, Guy ^b   Marinda, Edmore ^c   Otwombe, Kennedy ^b   van Niekerk, Ronelle ^b   Urban, Michael ^d   Triche, Elizabeth W ^a   McGarvey, Stephen T ^a   Lurie, Mark N ^a   Gray, Glenda E ^b  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Breast feeding; Infant HIV 1 infection; Morbidity; Mortality; Mother to child transmission; South Africa

Indexed keywords

COTRIMOXAZOLE; NEVIRAPINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ADULT; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; BREAST FEEDING; CHILD HEALTH; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFANT; INFANT FEEDING; INFANT MORTALITY; INFECTION PREVENTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MATERNAL AGE; MORBIDITY; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; SOUTH AFRICA; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; BREAST FEEDING; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATE; MATERNAL AGE; MORBIDITY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SOUTH AFRICA; VIRAL LOAD; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79953744928     PISSN: 01426338     EISSN: 14653664     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmq061     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Human Sciences Research Council. South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behavior, and Communication Survey, 2008: A Turning Tide Among Teenagers? Cape Town, South Africa, HSRC Press, 2008.
2. Nduati R, John G, Mbori-Ngacha D, et al. Effect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of HIV-1: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Ass 2000;283:1167-74.
3. Newell M, Brahmbhatt H, Ghys PD. Child mortality and HIV infection in Africa: a review. AIDS 2004; 18(Suppl 2): S27-34.
4. Zaba B, Whitworth J, Marston M, et al. HIV and mortality of mothers and children: evidence from cohort studies in Uganda, Tanzania, and Malawi. Epidemiology 2005;16:275-80.
5. John-Stewart G, Mbori-Ngacha D, Ekpini R, et al. Ghent IAS Working Group on HIV in Women Children. Breast-feeding and Transmission of HIV-1. JAIDS 2004;35:196-202.
6. Gray G, Saloojee H. Breast-feeding, antiretroviral prophylaxis, and HIV. N Eng J Med 2008;359:189-91.
7. World Health Organization. HIV and infant feeding: Guidelines for decision-makers 2004. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/9241591223.pdf (27 August 2009, date last accessed).
8. Coutsoudis A, Dabis F, Fawzi W, et al. Breastfeeding and HIV International Transmission Study Group. Late postnatal transmission of HIV-1 in breast-fed children: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Infectious Disease 2004;189:2154-66.
9. Coovadia H, Rollins NC, Bland RM, et al. Mother-tochild transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study. The Lancet 2007;369:1107-16.
10. Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Kuhn L, et al. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Method of feeding and transmission of HIV-1 from mothers to children by 15 months of age: prospective cohort study from Durban, South Africa. AIDS 2001;15:379-87.
11. Iliff P, Piwoz EG, Tavengwa NV, et al. ZVITAMBO study group. Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HIV-free survival. AIDS 2005;19:699-708.
12. Dabis F, Ekpini ER. HIV-1/AIDS and maternal and child health in Africa. The Lancet 2002;359:2097-104.
13. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. The Lancet 2000;355:451-5.
14. Kuhn L, Stein Z. Infant survival, HIV infection, and feeding alternatives in less-developed countries. Am J Pub Health 1997;87:926-31.
15. De Cock K, Fowler MG, Mercier E, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. J Am Med Ass 2000;283:1175-82.
16. Volmink J, Siegfried NL, van der Merwe L, Brocklehurst P. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007;24: CD003510.
17. Meyers T, Moultrie H, Naidoo K, et al. Challenges to pediatric HIV care and treatment in South Africa. J Infect Dis 2007;196(Suppl 3): S474-81.
18. Bartlett J, Shao JF. Successes, challenges, and limitations of current antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9:637-49.
19. Becquet R, Ekouevi DK, Arrive E, et al. Universal antiretroviral therapy for pregnant and breast-feeding HIV-1-infected women: towards the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in resourcelimited settings. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1936-45.
20. Becquet R, Bequet L, Ekouevi DK, et al. ANRS 1201/1202 Ditrame Plus Study Group. Two-year morbidity-mortality and alternatives to prolonged breastfeeding among children born to HIV-infected mothers in Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS Med 2007;4:e17.
21. Chilongozi D, Wang L, Brown L, et al. HIVNET 024 Study Team. Morbidity and mortality among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected pregnant women and their infants from Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania. J Pediatr Infect Dis 2008;27:808-14.
22. Gray G, Urban M, Chersich MF, et al. for the PEP Study Group. A randomized trial of two postexposure prophylaxis regimens to reduce mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in infants of untreated mothers. AIDS 2005;19:1289-97.
23. Statistics South Africa. General Household Survey. Statistics South Africa, Pretoria 2008.
24. National Department of Health. Protocol for providing a comprehensive package of care for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in South Africa. National Department of Health Pretoria 2001.
25. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision. 2007. http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ (24 June 2009, date last accessed).
26. Alioum A, Cortina-Borja M, Dabis F, et al. Ghent Group. Estimating the efficacy of interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in breastfeeding populations: comparing statistical methods. Ame J Epidemiol 2003; 158:596-605.
27. Newell M, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, et al. Ghent International AIDS Society (IAS) Working Group on HIV Infection in Women and Children. Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. The Lancet 2004;364:1236-43.
28. Mbori-Ngacha D, Nduati R, John G, et al. Morbidity and mortality in breastfed and formula-fed infants of HIV-1-infected women: A randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Ass 2000;286:2413-20.
29. Bobat R, Moodley D, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia H. Breastfeeding by HIV-1-infected women and outcome in their infants: a cohort study from Durban, South Africa. AIDS 1997;11:1627-33.
30. Taha T, Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, et al. The impact of breastfeeding on the health of HIV-positive mothers and their children in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull WHO 2006;84:546-54.
31. Fox M, Brooks D, Kuhn L, et al. Reduced mortality associated with breast-feeding-acquired HIV infection and breast-feeding among HIV-infected children in Zambia. JAIDS 2008;48:90-6.
32. Chatterjee A, Bosch RJ, Hunter DJ, et al. Maternal disease stage and child undernutrition in relation to mortality among children born to HIV-infected women in Tanzania. JAIDS 2007;46:599-606.
33. Kuhn L, Kasonde P, Sinkala M, et al. Does severity of HIV disease in HIV-infected mothers affect mortality and morbidity among their uninfected infants? Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1654-61.
34. Mofenson L, Lambert JS, Stiehm ER, et al. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 185 Team. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in women treated with zidovudine. N Eng J Med 1999;341:385-93.
35. John G, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA, et al. Correlates of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission: association with maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load, genital HIV-1 DNA shedding, and breast infections. J Infect Dis 2001;183:206-12.
36. Ioannidis J, Tatsioni A, Abrams EJ, et al. Maternal viral load and rate of disease progression among vertically HIV-1-infected children: an international meta-analysis. AIDS 2004;18:99-108.
37. Brayfield B, Phiri S, Kankasa C, et al. Postnatal human herpesvirus 8 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in mothers and infants from Zambia. J Infect Dis 2003;187:559-68.
38. Kumwenda N, Hoover DR, Mofenson LM, et al. Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to reduce breast-milk HIV-1 transmission. N Eng J Med 2008; 359:119-29.
39. Kilewo C, Karlsson K, Ngarina M, et al. Mitra Plus Study Team. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding by treating mothers with triple antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: the Mitra Plus study. JAIDS 2009;52:406-16.
40. Quigley M, Kelly YJ, Sacker A. Breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrheal and respiratory infection in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2007;119:837-42.
41. Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Spooner E, et al. Morbidity in children born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus in South Africa: does mode of feeding matter? Acta Paediatrica 2003;92:890-5.
42. Ruffini D, Madhi SA. The high burden of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in African HIV-1-infected children hospitalized for severe pneumonia. AIDS 2002;16:105-12.
43. Bertolli J, Hu DJ, Nieburg P, et al. Decision analysis to guide choice of interventions to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV. AIDS 2003;17:2089-98.
44. Wilfert C, Fowler MG. Balancing maternal and infant benefits and the consequences of breast-feeding in the developing world during the era of HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2004;195:165-7.
45. Rollins N, Becquet R, Bland RM, et al. Infant feeding, HIV transmission and mortality at 18 months: the need for appropriate choices by mothers and prioritization within programmes. AIDS 2008;22:2349-57.
46. World Health Organization. HIV and infant feeding: Update. 2007 cited. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595964_eng.pdf (27 August 2009, date last accessed).
47. Abrams E, Myer L, Rosenfield A, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission services as a gateway to family-based human immunodeficiency virus care and treatment in resource-limited settings: rationale and international experiences. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;197(Suppl 3):S101-6.
48. Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, et al. CHER Study Team. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2233-44.