Preventing postsurgical venous thromboembolism: Pharmacological approaches

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 252-266

  Tufano, Antonella ^a   Coppola, Antonio ^a   Cerbone, Anna Maria ^a   Ruosi, Carlo ^a   Franchini, Massimo ^b  

^a FEDERICO II UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antithrombotic drugs; dabigatran.; fondaparinux; heparin; prevention; rivaroxaban; surgery; venous thromboembolism

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIVITAMIN K; APIXABAN; ARGATROBAN; BEMIPARIN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A INHIBITOR; DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE; DALTEPARIN; ENOXAPARIN; GLUTAMIC ACID; HEMOGLOBIN; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; HIRULOG; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MENADIONE EPOXIDE; PENTASACCHARIDE FONDAPARINUX; PLACEBO; PLASMA PROTEIN; PROTEIN C; PROTEIN S; REVIPARIN; RIVAROXABAN; THROMBIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURGERY; CARBOXYLATION; COMPRESSION GARMENT; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG UPTAKE; FATALITY; GENERAL SURGERY; GENETIC RISK; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HIP FRACTURE; HIP SURGERY; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INTERMITTENT PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION DEVICE; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; INTRAOCULAR HEMORRHAGE; INTRASPINAL HEMORRHAGE; KIDNEY CLEARANCE; KIDNEY DISEASE; KNEE ARTHROSCOPY; LEG PHLEBOGRAPHY; LENGTH OF STAY; LUNG EMBOLISM; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MOBILIZATION; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; OSTEOPOROSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT POSITIONING; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PHLEBOGRAPHY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE THROMBOSIS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN C DEFICIENCY; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REOPERATION; RETROPERITONEAL HEMORRHAGE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SURGICAL RISK; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOPHILIA; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; TOTAL HIP PROSTHESIS; TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; URINARY EXCRETION; VENA CAVA FILTER; VENOUS STASIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

AGED; ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTITHROMBINS; ARTHROSCOPY; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BENZIMIDAZOLES; BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS, INHERITED; HEPARIN; HEPARIN, LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; HIP FRACTURES; HUMANS; KIDNEY; KNEE; LAPAROSCOPY; MORPHOLINES; NEOPLASMS; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES; POLYSACCHARIDES; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PYRIDINES; THIOPHENES; THROMBOPHILIA; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 79953658891     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: 10989064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273089     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Geerts W H., Bergqvist D, Pineo G F. et al, American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008 133 6, Suppl 381S-453S (Pubitemid 351894916)
2. Naess I A., Christiansen S C., Romundstad P, Cannegieter S C., Rosendaal F R., Hammerstrøm J. Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study. J Thromb Haemost 2007 5 4 692-699 (Pubitemid 46563566)
3. Anderson F A. Jr, Wheeler H B., Goldberg R J., Hosmer D W., Forcier A. The prevalence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism among hospital patients. Arch Intern Med 1992 152 8 1660-1664
4. Rosendaal F R. Risk factors for venous thrombotic disease. Thromb Haemost 1999 82 2 610-619
5. Anderson F A. Jr, Spencer F A. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003 107 23, Suppl 1 I9-I16 (Pubitemid 41289266)
6. Samama M M., Dahl O E., Quinlan D J., Mismetti P, Rosencher N. Quantification of risk factors for venous thromboembolism: a preliminary study for the development of a risk assessment tool. Haematologica 2003 88 12 1410-1421 (Pubitemid 38029726)
7. Kucher N, Tapson V F., Goldhaber S Z., DVT FREE Steering Committee. Risk factors associated with symptomatic pulmonary embolism in a large cohort of deep vein thrombosis patients. Thromb Haemost 2005 93 3 494-498 (Pubitemid 40392538)
8. Kearon C. Natural history of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003 107 23, Suppl 1 I22-I30 (Pubitemid 41289268)
9. Sullivan S D., Kahn S R., Davidson B L., Borris L, Bossuyt P, Raskob G. Measuring the outcomes and pharmacoeconomic consequences of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in major orthopaedic surgery. Pharmacoeconomics 2003 21 7 477-496 (Pubitemid 36560697)
10. Caprini J A., Botteman M F., Stephens J M. et al. Economic burden of long-term complications of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement surgery in the United States. Value Health 2003 6 1 59-74 (Pubitemid 36228350)
11. Avorn J, Winkelmayer W C. Comparing the costs, risks, and benefits of competing strategies for the primary prevention of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2004 110 24, Suppl 1 IV25-IV32 (Pubitemid 40018733)
12. Nurmohamed M T., Rosendaal F R., Büller H R. et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus standard heparin in general and orthopaedic surgery: a meta-analysis. Lancet 1992 340 8812 152-156
13. Kakkar V V., Cohen A T., Edmonson R A. et al, The Thromboprophylaxis Collaborative Group. Low molecular weight versus standard heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after major abdominal surgery. Lancet 1993 341 8840 259-265 (Pubitemid 23038022)
14. Koch A, Ziegler S, Breitschwerdt H, Victor N. Low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin in thrombosis prophylaxis: meta-analysis based on original patient data. Thromb Res 2001 102 4 295-309 (Pubitemid 32441697)
15. Haas S, Wolf H, Kakkar A K., Fareed J, Encke A. Prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism and mortality in surgical patients: a randomized double-blind comparison of LMWH with unfractionated heparin. Thromb Haemost 2005 94 4 814-819 (Pubitemid 41489243)
16. Baglin T. Defining the population in need of thromboprophylaxismaking hospitals safer. Br J Haematol 2010 149 6 805-812
17. Lijfering W M., Rosendaal F R., Cannegieter S C. Risk factors for venous thrombosiscurrent understanding from an epidemiological point of view. Br J Haematol 2010 149 6 824-833
18. Hirsh J, Bauer K A., Donati M B., Gould M, Samama M M., Weitz J I., American College of Chest Physicians. Parenteral anticoagulants: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008 133 6, Suppl 141S-159S (Pubitemid 351892966)
19. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, Jacobson A, Crowther M, Palareti G, American College of Chest Physicians. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008 133 6, Suppl 160S-198S (Pubitemid 351892967)
20. Patrono C, Baigent C, Hirsh J, Roth G, American College of Chest Physicians. Antiplatelet drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008 133 6, Suppl 199S-233S (Pubitemid 351894914)
21. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapyIII: Reduction in venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism by antiplatelet prophylaxis among surgical and medical patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ 1994 308 6923 235-246
22. Lotke P A., Palevsky H, Keenan A M. et al. Aspirin and warfarin for thromboembolic disease after total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996 324 324 251-258 (Pubitemid 26071774)
23. Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) Trial Collaborative Group. Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial. Lancet 2000 355 9212 1295-1302
24. Hovens M M., Snoep J D., Tamsma J T., Huisman M V. Aspirin in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2006 4 7 1470-1475
25. McKenna R, Galante J, Bachmann F, Wallace D L., Kaushal P S., Meredith P. Prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement by high-dose aspirin or intermittent calf and thigh compression. BMJ 1980 280 6213 514-517 (Pubitemid 10163960)
26. Powers P J., Gent M, Jay R M. et al. A randomized trial of less intense postoperative warfarin or aspirin therapy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for fractured hip. Arch Intern Med 1989 149 4 771-774 (Pubitemid 19132995)
27. Westrich G H., Sculco T P. Prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty. Pneumatic plantar compression and aspirin compared with aspirin alone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996 78 6 826-834 (Pubitemid 26241984)
28. Laux V, Perzborn E, Heitmeier S et al. Direct inhibitors of coagulation proteinsthe end of the heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin era for anticoagulant therapy? Thromb Haemost 2009 102 5 892-899
29. Nishio H, Ieko M, Nakabayashi T. New therapeutic option for thromboembolismdabigatran etexilate. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008 9 14 2509-2517
30. Perzborn E, Strassburger J, Wilmen A et al. In vitro and in vivo studies of the novel antithrombotic agent BAY 59-7939an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. J Thromb Haemost 2005 3 3 514-521 (Pubitemid 41632877)
31. Gulseth M P., Michaud J, Nutescu E A. Rivaroxaban: an oral direct inhibitor of factor Xa. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008 65 16 1520-1529
32. Piccini J P., Patel M R., Mahaffey K W., Fox K A., Califf R M. Rivaroxaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008 17 6 925-937 (Pubitemid 351864329)
33. Weinz C, Schwarz T, Kubitza D, Mueck W, Lang D. Metabolism and excretion of rivaroxaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2009 37 5 1056-1064
34. Kakkar A K., Brenner B, Dahl O E. et al, RECORD2 Investigators. Extended duration rivaroxaban versus short-term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008 372 9632 31-39
35. Eriksson B I., Borris L C., Friedman R J. et al, RECORD1 Study Group. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med 2008 358 26 2765-2775 (Pubitemid 351930851)
36. Lassen M R., Ageno W, Borris L C. et al, RECORD3 Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med 2008 358 26 2776-2786 (Pubitemid 351930852)
37. Turpie A GG, Lassen M R., Davidson B L. et al, RECORD4 Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty (RECORD4): a randomised trial. Lancet 2009 373 9676 1673-1680
38. Mismetti P, Laporte S, Darmon J Y., Buchmüller A, Decousus H. Meta-analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery. Br J Surg 2001 88 7 913-930 (Pubitemid 34015572)
39. Koch A, Bouges S, Ziegler S, Dinkel H, Daures J P., Victor N. Low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin in thrombosis prophylaxis after major surgical intervention: update of previous meta-analyses. Br J Surg 1997 84 6 750-759 (Pubitemid 27235250)
40. Agnelli G, Bergqvist D, Cohen A T., Gallus A S., Gent M, PEGASUS investigators. Randomized clinical trial of postoperative fondaparinux versus perioperative dalteparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in high-risk abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 2005 92 10 1212-1220 (Pubitemid 41475229)
41. Turpie A G., Bauer K A., Caprini J A., Comp P C., Gent M, Muntz J E., Apollo Investigators. Fondaparinux combined with intermittent pneumatic compression vs. intermittent pneumatic compression alone for prevention of venous thromboembolism after abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind comparison. J Thromb Haemost 2007 5 9 1854-1861 (Pubitemid 47288942)
42. Bergqvist D, Agnelli G, Cohen A T. et al, ENOXACAN II Investigators. Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin after surgery for cancer. N Engl J Med 2002 346 13 975-980 (Pubitemid 34983247)
43. Rasmussen M S., Jorgensen L N., Wille-Jørgensen P et al, FAME Investigators. Prolonged prophylaxis with dalteparin to prevent late thromboembolic complications in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a multicenter randomized open-label study. J Thromb Haemost 2006 4 11 2384-2390 (Pubitemid 44575433)
44. Dabrowiecki S, Rosc D, Jurkowski P. The influence of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on perioperative blood clotting and fibrinolysis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1997 8 1 1-5 (Pubitemid 27156092)
45. Martinez-Ramos C, Lopez-Pastor A, Nùñez-Peña J R. et al. Changes in hemostasis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 1999 13 5 476-479 (Pubitemid 29236529)
46. Prisco D, De Gaudio A R., Carla R et al. Videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy induces a hemostasis activation of lower grade than does open surgery. Surg Endosc 2000 14 2 170-174 (Pubitemid 30080270)
47. Nguyen N T., Owings J T., Gosselin R et al. Systemic coagulation and fibrinolysis after laparoscopic and open gastric bypass. Arch Surg 2001 136 8 909-916 (Pubitemid 32729551)
48. Tincani E, Piccoli M, Turrini F, Crowther M A., Melotti G, Bondi M. Video laparoscopic surgery: is out-of-hospital thromboprophylaxis necessary? J Thromb Haemost 2005 3 2 216-220 (Pubitemid 41623603)
49. Bounameaux H, Didier D, Polat O, Desmarais S, de Moerloose P, Huber O. Antithrombotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Thromb Res 1997 86 3 271-273 (Pubitemid 27235110)
50. Baca I, Schneider B, Köhler T, Misselwitz F, Zehle A, Mühe F. Prevention of thromboembolism in minimal invasive interventions and brief inpatient treatment. Results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled study with a low molecular weight heparin. [in German] Chirurg 1997 68 12 1275-1280
51. Prystowsky J B., Morasch M D., Eskandari M K., Hungness E S., Nagle A P. Prospective analysis of the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in bariatric surgery patients. Surgery 2005 138 4 759-763 discussion 763-765
52. McCarty T M., Arnold D T., Lamont J P., Fisher T L., Kuhn J A. Optimizing outcomes in bariatric surgery: outpatient laparoscopic gastric bypass. Ann Surg 2005 242 4 494-498 discussion 498-501
53. Mason E E., Tang S, Renquist K E. et al, National Bariatric Surgery Registry (NBSR) Contributors. A decade of change in obesity surgery. Obes Surg 1997 7 3 189-197 (Pubitemid 27289344)
54. Poulose B K., Griffin M R., Zhu Y et al. National analysis of adverse patient safety for events in bariatric surgery. Am Surg 2005 71 5 406-413 (Pubitemid 43073460)
55. Kalfarentzos F, Stavropoulou F, Yarmenitis S et al. Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism using two different doses of low-molecular-weight heparin (nadroparin) in bariatric surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Obes Surg 2001 11 6 670-676 (Pubitemid 34014518)
56. Scholten D J., Hoedema R M., Scholten S E. A comparison of two different prophylactic dose regimens of low molecular weight heparin in bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2002 12 1 19-24 (Pubitemid 34155256)
57. Frederiksen S G., Hedenbro J L., Norgren L. Enoxaparin effect depends on body-weight and current doses may be inadequate in obese patients. Br J Surg 2003 90 5 547-548 (Pubitemid 36577883)
58. Shepherd M F., Rosborough T K., Schwartz M L. Heparin thromboprophylaxis in gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg 2003 13 2 249-253 (Pubitemid 36609537)
59. Beksaç B, González Della Valle A, Salvati E A. Thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty: who is at risk? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006 453 211-224 (Pubitemid 44900986)
60. Mesko J W., Brand R A., Iorio R et al. Venous thromboembolic disease management patterns in total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty patients: a survey of the AAHKS membership. J Arthroplasty 2001 16 6 679-688 (Pubitemid 32803634)
61. Hull R D., Pineo G F., Francis C et al, The North American Fragmin Trial Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis using dalteparin in close proximity to surgery vs warfarin in hip arthroplasty patients: a double-blind, randomized comparison. Arch Intern Med 2000 160 14 2199-2207 (Pubitemid 30482728)
62. Mismetti P, Laporte S, Zufferey P, Epinat M, Decousus H, Cucherat M. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in orthopedic surgery with vitamin K antagonists: a meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2004 2 7 1058-1070 (Pubitemid 40186077)
63. O'Donnell M, Julian J, Kearon C. Risk of bleeding with vitamin K antagonists compared with low-molecular-weight heparin after orthopedic surgery: a rebuttal. J Thromb Haemost 2005 3 3 606-608 author reply 609-610
64. Lassen M R., Bauer K A., Eriksson B I., Turpie A G., European Pentasaccharide Elective Surgery Study (EPHESUS) Steering Committee. Postoperative fondaparinux versus preoperative enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in elective hip-replacement surgery: a randomised double-blind comparison. Lancet 2002 359 9319 1715-1720 (Pubitemid 34607083)
65. Turpie A G., Bauer K A., Eriksson B I., Lassen M R., PENTATHALON 2000 Study Steering Committee. Postoperative fondaparinux versus postoperative enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective hip-replacement surgery: a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2002 359 9319 1721-1726 (Pubitemid 34607085)
66. Turpie A G., Bauer K A., Eriksson B I., Lassen M R. Superiority of fondaparinux over enoxaparin in preventing venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery using different efficacy end points. Chest 2004 126 2 501-508 (Pubitemid 39093436)
67. Howard A W., Aaron S D. Low molecular weight heparin decreases proximal and distal deep venous thrombosis following total knee arthroplasty. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Thromb Haemost 1998 79 5 902-906 (Pubitemid 28224720)
68. Brookenthal K R., Freedman K B., Lotke P A., Fitzgerald R H., Lonner J H. A meta-analysis of thromboembolic prophylaxis in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2001 16 3 293-300 (Pubitemid 32303847)
69. Bauer K A., Eriksson B I., Lassen M R., Turpie A G., Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Major Knee Surgery Study. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective major knee surgery. N Engl J Med 2001 345 18 1305-1310
70. Turpie A G., Bauer K A., Eriksson B I., Lassen M R. Fondaparinux vs enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery: a meta-analysis of 4 randomized double-blind studies. Arch Intern Med 2002 162 16 1833-1840
71. Handoll H H., Farrar M J., McBirnie J, Tytherleigh-Strong G, Milne A A., Gillespie W J. Heparin, low molecular weight heparin and physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following surgery for hip fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002 4 CD000305
72. Powers P J., Gent M, Jay R M. et al. A randomized trial of less intense postoperative warfarin or aspirin therapy in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after surgery for fractured hip. Arch Intern Med 1989 149 4 771-774 (Pubitemid 19132995)
73. Borgstroem S, Greitz T, Van Der Linden W, Molin J, Rudics I. Anticoagulant prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in patients with fractured neck of the femur: a controlled clinical trial using venous phlebography. Acta Chir Scand 1965 129 500-508
74. Hamilton H W., Crawford J S., Gardiner J H., Wiley A M. Venous thrombosis in patients with fracture of the upper end of the femur. A phlebographic study of the effect of prophylactic anticoagulation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1970 52 2 268-289
75. Eriksson B I., Bauer K A., Lassen M R., Turpie A G., Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Hip-Fracture Surgery Study. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery. N Engl J Med 2001 345 18 1298-1304
76. Eriksson B I., Lassen M R., PENTasaccharide in HIp-FRActure Surgery Plus Investigators. Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with fondaparinux after hip fracture surgery: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arch Intern Med 2003 163 11 1337-1342 (Pubitemid 36676199)
77. Wirth T, Schneider B, Misselwitz F et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroscopy with low-molecular weight heparin (reviparin): Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthroscopy 2001 17 4 393-399
78. Michot M, Conen D, Holtz D et al. Prevention of deep-vein thrombosis in ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery: a randomized trial of prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin. Arthroscopy 2002 18 3 257-263 (Pubitemid 36114580)
79. Camporese G, Bernardi E, Prandoni P et al. Graduated compression stocking (GCS) versus low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after knee arthroscopy (KA): a randomized study (KANT). J Thromb Haemost 2007 5 Suppl 2 OT-052
80. Ramos J, Perrotta C, Badariotti G, Berenstein G. Interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in adults undergoing knee arthroscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 2 CD005259
81. Prandoni P, Falanga A, Piccioli A. Cancer and venous thromboembolism. Lancet Oncol 2005 6 6 401-410 (Pubitemid 40753746)
82. Bergqvist D, Burmark U S., Flordal P A. et al. Low molecular weight heparin started before surgery as prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis: 2500 versus 5000 XaI units in 2070 patients. Br J Surg 1995 82 4 496-501
83. ENOXACAN Study Group. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of deep vein thrombosis in elective cancer surgery: a double-blind randomized multicentre trial with venographic assessment. Br J Surg 1997 84 8 1099-1103
84. McLeod R S., Geerts W H., Sniderman K W. et al, Canadian Colorectal Surgery DVT Prophylaxis Trial investigators. Subcutaneous heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin as thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal surgery: results of the Canadian colorectal DVT prophylaxis trial: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Surg 2001 233 3 438-444 (Pubitemid 32187825)
85. Clark-Pearson D L., DeLong E, Synan I S., Soper J T., Creasman W T., Coleman R E. A controlled trial of two low-dose heparin regimens for the prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990 75 4 684-689 (Pubitemid 20110192)
86. Clarke-Pearson D L., Synan I S., Dodge R, Soper J T., Berchuck A, Coleman R E. A randomized trial of low-dose heparin and intermittent pneumatic calf compression for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after gynecologic oncology surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993 168 4 1146-1153 discussion 1153-1154
87. Clarke-Pearson D L., Coleman R E., Synan I S., Hinshaw W, Creasman W T. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in gynecologic oncology: a prospective, controlled trial of low-dose heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983 145 5 606-613 (Pubitemid 13149421)
88. Agnelli G, Bergqvist D, Cohen A T., Gallus A S., Gent M, PEGASUS investigators. Randomized clinical trial of postoperative fondaparinux versus perioperative dalteparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in high-risk abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 2005 92 10 1212-1220 (Pubitemid 41475229)
89. Bergqvist D, Agnelli G, Cohen A T. et al, ENOXACAN II Investigators. Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin after surgery for cancer. N Engl J Med 2002 346 13 975-980 (Pubitemid 34983247)
90. Rasmussen M S., Jorgensen L N., Wille-Jørgensen P et al, FAME Investigators. Prolonged prophylaxis with dalteparin to prevent late thromboembolic complications in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a multicenter randomized open-label study. J Thromb Haemost 2006 4 11 2384-2390 (Pubitemid 44575433)
91. Kakkar V V., Balibrea J L., Martínez-González J, Prandoni P, CANBESURE Study Group. Extended prophylaxis with bemiparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after abdominal or pelvic surgery for cancer: the CANBESURE randomized study. J Thromb Haemost 2010 8 6 1223-1229
92. Mandalà M, Labianca R, European Society for Medical Oncology. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients. ESMO clinical recommendations for prevention and management. Thromb Res 2010 125 Suppl 2 S117-S119
93. Ufer M. Comparative efficacy and safety of the novel oral anticoagulants dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban in preclinical and clinical development. Thromb Haemost 2010 103 3 572-585
94. Coppola A, Tufano A, Cerbone A M., Di Minno G. Inherited thrombophilia: implications for prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009 35 7 683-694
95. Patnaik M M., Moll S. Inherited antithrombin deficiency: a review. Haemophilia 2008 14 6 1229-1239
96. Rodgers G M. Role of antithrombin concentrate in treatment of hereditary antithrombin deficiency. An update. Thromb Haemost 2009 101 5 806-812
97. Goldenberg N A., Manco-Johnson M J. Protein C deficiency. Haemophilia 2008 14 6 1214-1221
98. Amin A N., Stemkowski S, Lin J, Yang G. Preventing venous thromboembolism in US hospitals: are surgical patients receiving appropriate prophylaxis? Thromb Haemost 2008 99 4 796-797 (Pubitemid 351694244)
99. Cohen A T., Tapson V F., Bergmann J F. et al, ENDORSE Investigators. Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE study): a multinational cross-sectional study. Lancet 2008 371 9610 387-394 (Pubitemid 351173321)
100. Kakkar A K., Davidson B L., Haas S K., Investigators Against Thromboembolism (INATE) Core Group. Compliance with recommended prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism: improving the use and rate of uptake of clinical practice guidelines. J Thromb Haemost 2004 2 2 221-227 (Pubitemid 40186034)
101. Warwick D, Friedman R J., Agnelli G et al. Insufficient duration of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement when compared with the time course of thromboembolic events: findings from the Global Orthopaedic Registry. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007 89 6 799-807 (Pubitemid 47180202)
102. Struijk-Mulder M C., Ettema H B., Verheyen C C., Büller H R. Comparing consensus guidelines on thromboprophylaxis in orthopedic surgery. J Thromb Haemost 2010 8 4 678-683