Hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes: Current and future treatment considerations

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 321-328

  Richard, John ^a   Lingvay, Ildiko ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

FXR agonists; hepatic steatosis; incretin mimetics; metabolic syndrome; metformin; non alcoholic fatty liver disease; obesity; thiazolidinediones; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIOXIDANT; FARNESOID X RECEPTOR; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; INCRETIN; INSULIN; METFORMIN; OBETICHOLIC ACID; PROBIOTIC AGENT; STATIN; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

BARIATRIC SURGERY; DIET; EXERCISE; FATTY LIVER; HUMAN; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FATTY LIVER; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79953246834     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: 17448344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.15     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 346(16), 1221-1231 (2002).
2. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: Impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 40(6), 1387-1395 (2004). (Pubitemid 39657013)
3. Bellentani S, Marino M. Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Ann. Hepatol. 8(Suppl. 1), S4-S8 (2009).
4. Targher G, Day CP, Bonora E. Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 363(14), 1341-1350 (2010).
5. Day CP, James OF. Steatohepatitis: A tale of two 'hits'? Gastroenterology 114(4), 842-845 (1998). (Pubitemid 28160420)
6. De Bruyne RM, Fitzpatrick E, Dhawan A. Fatty liver disease in children: Eat now pay later. Hepatol. Int. 4(1), 375-385 (2010).
7. Cusi K. The role of adipose tissue and lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes. Curr. Diab. Rep. 10(4), 306-315 (2010).
8. Caserta CA, Pendino GM, Amante A et al. Cardiovascular risk factors, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and carotid artery intima-media thickness in an adolescent population in southern Italy. Am. J. Epidemiol. 171(11), 1195-1202 (2010).
9. Treeprasertsuk S, Lopez-Jimenez F, Lindor KD. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the coronary artery disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 56(1), 35-45 (2010).
10. Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 30(8), 2119-2121 (2007). (Pubitemid 47219432)
11. Van Ness MM, Diehl AM. Is liver biopsy useful in the evaluation of patients with chronically elevated liver enzymes? Ann. Intern. Med. 111(6), 473-478 (1989). (Pubitemid 19231304)
12. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from pathogenesis to management: An update. Obes. Rev. 11(6), 430-445 (2010).
13. Bohte AE, Van Werven JR, Bipat S, Stoker J. The diagnostic accuracy of US, CT, MRI and (1)H-MRS for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis compared with liver biopsy: A meta-analysis. Eur. Radil. 21(1), 87-97 (2011).
14. Yoneda M, Fujita K, Inamori M, Tamano M, Hiriishi H, Nakajima A. Transient elastography in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gut 56(9), 1330-1331 (2007). (Pubitemid 47300449)
15. Fierbinteanu-Braticevici C, Dina I, Petrisor A, Tribus L, Negreanu L, Carstoiu C. Non invasive investigations for non alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis. World J. Gastroenterol. 16(38), 4784-4791 (2010).
16. Tabuchi M, Tomioka K, Kawakami T et al. Serum cytokeratin 18 M30 antigen level and its correlation with nutritional parameters in middle-aged Japanese males with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 56(5), 271-278 (2010).
17. Yilmaz Y, Dolar E, Ulukaya E et al. Soluble forms of extracellular cytokeratin 18 may differentiate simple steatosis from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 13(6), 837-844 (2007). (Pubitemid 46470292)
18. Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Nalpas B et al. FIB-4: An inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV infection. Comparison with liver biopsy and fibrotest. Hepatology 46(1), 32-36 (2007). (Pubitemid 47171918)
19. Mcpherson S, Stewart SF, Henderson E, Burt AD, Day CP. Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut 59(9), 1265-1269 (2010).
20. Sato F, Tamura Y, Watada H et al. Effects of diet-induced moderate weight reduction on intrahepatic and intramyocellular triglycerides and glucose metabolism in obese subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92(8), 3326-3329 (2007). (Pubitemid 47236409)
21. Vitola BE, Deivanayagam S, Stein RI et al. Weight loss reduces liver fat and improves hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in obese adolescents. Obesity 17(9), 1744-1748 (2009).
22. Johnson NA, Sachinwalla T, Walton DW et al. Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatology 50(4), 1105-1112 (2009).
23. St George A, Bauman A, Johnston A, Farrell G, Chey T, George J. Independent effects of physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 50(1), 68-76 (2009).
24. Alam S, Stolinski M, Pentecost C et al. The effect of a six-month exercise program on very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B secretion in Type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89(2), 688-694 (2004). (Pubitemid 38269878)
25. Lazo M, Solga SF, Horska A et al. Effect of a 12-month intensive lifestyle intervention on hepatic steatosis in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 33(10), 2156-2163 (2010).
26. Furuya CK Jr, De Oliveira CP, De Mello ES et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Preliminary findings after 2 years. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22(4), 510-514 (2007). (Pubitemid 46434992)
27. Weiner RA. Surgical treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig. Dis. 28(1), 274-279 (2010).
28. Bell LN, Temm CJ, Saxena R et al. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss reduces hepatic lipid peroxidation levels and affects hepatic cytochrome P-450 protein content. Ann. Surg. 251(6), 1041-1048 (2010).
29. Andersen T, Gluud C, Franzmann MB, Christoffersen P. Hepatic effects of dietary weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. J. Hepatol. 12(2), 224-229 (1991).
30. Haukeland JW, Konopski Z, Eggesbo HB et al. Metformin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, controlled trial. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 44(7), 853-860 (2009).
31. Tock L, Damaso AR, De Piano A et al. Long-term effects of metformin and lifestyle modification on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents. J. Obes. pii, 831901 (2010).
32. Cone CJ, Bachyrycz AM, Murata GH. Hepatotoxicity associated with metformin therapy in treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann. Pharmacother. 44(10), 1655-1659 (2010).
33. Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R et al. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100(5), 1082-1090 (2005). (Pubitemid 40769045)
34. Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Bernhardt C et al. Long-term efficacy of rosiglitazone in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Results of the fatty liver improvement by rosiglitazone therapy (FLIRT 2) extension trial. Hepatology 51(2), 445-453 (2010).
35. Juurinen L, Kotronen A, Graner M, Yki-Jarvinen H. Rosiglitazone reduces liver fat and insulin requirements and improves hepatic insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes requiring high insulin doses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93(1), 118-124 (2008).
36. Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(22), 2297-2307 (2006). (Pubitemid 44837778)
37. Aithal GP, Thomas JA, Kaye PV et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in nondiabetic subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 135(4), 1176-1184 (2008).
38. Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(18), 1675-1685 (2010).
39. Argo CK, Iezzoni JC, Al-Osaimi AM, Caldwell SH. Thiazolidinediones for the treatment in NASH: Sustained benefit after drug discontinuation? J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 43(6), 565-568 (2009).
40. Lingvay I, Raskin P, Szczepaniak LS. Effect of insulin-metformin combination on hepatic steatosis in patients with Type 2 diabetes. J. Diabetes Complications 21(3), 137-142 (2007). (Pubitemid 46687072)
41. Nelson A, Torres DM, Morgan AE, Fincke C, Harrison SA. A pilot study using simvastatin in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 43(10), 990-994 (2009).
42. Yoshida M. Novel role of NPC1L1 in the regulation of hepatic metabolism: Potential contribution of ezetimibe in NAFLD/ NASH treatment. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 9(1), 121-123 (2011).
43. Park H, Shima T, Yamaguchi K et al. Efficacy of long-term ezetimibe therapy in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Gastroenterol. 46(1), 101-107 (2011).
44. Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Heathcote EJ et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Results of a randomized trial. Hepatology 39(3), 770-778 (2004). (Pubitemid 38337657)
45. Leuschner UF, Lindenthal B, Herrmann G et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. Hepatology 52(2), 472-479 (2010).
46. Ratziu V, De Ledinghen V, Oberti F et al. A randomized controlled trial of high-dose ursodesoxycholic acid for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J. Hepatol. DOI: 10.1016/j. jhep.2010.08.030 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
47. Dufour JF, Oneta CM, Gonvers JJ et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid with vitamin E in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4(12), 1537-1543 (2006). (Pubitemid 44880031)
48. Vajro P, Mandato C, Franzese A et al. Vitamin E treatment in pediatric obesityrelated liver disease: A randomized study. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 38(1), 48-55 (2004). (Pubitemid 39274467)
49. Vitale C, Mercuro G, Castiglioni C et al. Metabolic effect of telmisartan and losartan in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 4, 6 (2005).
50. Yokohama S, Tokusashi Y, Nakamura K et al. Inhibitory effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonist on hepatic stellate cell activation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 12(2), 322-326 (2006). (Pubitemid 43336936)
51. Georgescu EF, Georgescu M. Therapeutic options in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Are all agents alike? Results of a preliminary study. J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis. 16(1), 39-46 (2007). (Pubitemid 46548588)
52. Georgescu EF, Ionescu R, Niculescu M, Mogoanta L, Vancica L. Angiotensinreceptor blockers as therapy for mild-tomoderate hypertension- associated non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 15(8), 942-954 (2009).
53. Mennigen R, Nolte K, Rijcken E et al. Probiotic mixture VSL#3 protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and preventing apoptosis in a murine model of colitis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 296(5), G1140-G1149 (2009).
54. Loguercio C, Federico A, Tuccillo C et al. Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 39(6), 540-543 (2005). (Pubitemid 40863651)
55. Zhang S, Wang J, Liu Q, Harnish DC. Farnesoid X receptor agonist WAY-362450 attenuates liver inflammation and fibrosis in murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J. Hepatol. 51(2), 380-388 (2009).
56. Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in Type 2 diabetes. Lancet 368(9548), 1696-1705 (2006). (Pubitemid 46048557)
57. Gupta NA, Mells J, Dunham RM et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is present on human hepatocytes and has a direct role in decreasing hepatic steatosis in vitro by modulating elements of the insulin signaling pathway. Hepatology 51(5), 1584-1592 (2010).
58. Tushuizen ME, Bunck MC, Pouwels PJ, Van Waesberghe JH, Diamant M, Heine RJ. Incretin mimetics as a novel therapeutic option for hepatic steatosis. Liver Int. 26(8), 1015-1017 (2006). (Pubitemid 44323421)
59. Armstrong MJ, Falahati A, Braun OO, Schmidt WE, Gough S, Newsome PN. High prevalence of advanced NAFLD in Type 2 diabetic patients with normal liver enzymes and effect of liraglutide on NAFLD: Meta-analysis of the LEAD program. Diabetologia 1552-P (2010).