Vicarious intergroup contact effects: Applying social-cognitive theory to intergroup contact research

Group Processes and Intergroup Relations

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 255-274

  Mazziotta, Agostino ^a   Mummendey, Amélie ^a   Wright, Stephen C ^b  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

^b SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

intergroup contact; prejudice reduction; self efficacy; social learning; vicarious contact

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953236511     PISSN: 13684302     EISSN: 14617188     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1368430210390533     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Avery, D.R., Richeson, J.A., Hebl, M.R., & Ambady, N. (2009). It doesn't have to be uncomfortable: The role of behavioral scripts in black-white interracial interactions. Journal of Applied Psychology,94(6), 1382-1393.
3. Baker, S.D., Lang, R., & O'Reilly, M. (2009). Review of video modeling with students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Education and Treatment of Children, 32(3), 403-420.
4. Baldwin, T.T. (1992). Effects of alternative modeling strategies on outcomes of interpersonal-skills training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(2), 147-154.
5. Bandura, A. (1965). Vicarious processes: A case of no-trial learning. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 1-55). New York, NY: Academic Press.
6. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
7. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
9. Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory for personal and social change by enabling media. In A. Singhal, M. J. Cody, E. M. Rogers & M. Sabido (Eds.), Entertainment-education and social change: History, research, and practice (pp. 75-96). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
10. Bandura, A., Grusec, J.E., & Menlove, F.L. (1967). Vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(1), 16-23.
11. Bandura, A., & Menlove, F.L. (1968). Factors determining vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior through symbolic modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(2), 99-108.
12. Blascovich, J., Mendes, W., Hunter, S., Lickel, B., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 253-267.
13. Brewer, M.B. (2000). Research design and issues of validity. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology (pp. 3-16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 37, pp. 255-343). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
15. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2008). Internationalisierung des Studiums [Internationalization of academic studies]. Hannover: BWH GmbH - Medien Kommunikation.
16. Cameron, L., & Rutland, A. (2006). Extended contact through story reading in school: Reducing children's prejudice toward the disabled. Journal of Social Issues, 62(3), 469-488.
17. Campbell, A. (1971). White attitudes toward black people. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
18. Christ, O., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Wagner, U., Voci, A., Hughes, J., & Cairns, E. (2010). Direct contact as a moderator of extended contact effects: Cross-sectional and longitudinal impact on outgroup attitudes, behavioral intentions, and attitude certainty. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. DOI: 10.1177/0146167210386969.
19. Comrey, A.L., & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Crisp, R.J., & Turner, R.N. (2009). Can imagined interactions produce positive perceptions? Reducing prejudice through simulated social contact. American Psychologist, 64(4), 231-240.
21. De Tezanos-Pinto, P., Bratt, C., & Brown, R. (2010). What will the others think? In-group norms as a mediator of the effects of intergroup contact. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(3), 507-523.
22. Dovidio, J.F., Esses, V.M., Beach, K.R., & Gaertner, S.L. (2003). The role of affect in determining intergroup behavior: The case of willingness to engage in intergroup contact. In D. M. Mackie & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions: Differentiated reactions to social groups (pp. 153-171). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
23. Erwin, P.G. (1994). Effectiveness of social skills training with children: A meta-analytic study. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 7(3), 305-310.
24. Esses, V.M., & Dovidio, J.F. (2002). The role of emotions in determining willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1202-1214.
25. Field, A.P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
26. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena (2009). Jahresbericht zum Jubiläum 2008[Yearbook for the anniversary year 2008]. Retrieved from http://www.uni-jena.de/unijenamedia/Downloads/einrichtungen/rektoramt/Jahresbericht2008.pdf (last accessed 19 June 2010).
27. Furr, M.R., & Rosenthal, R. (2003). Evaluating theories efficiently: The nuts and bolts of contrast analysis. Understanding Statistics, 2(1), 45-67.
28. Gómez, Á., & Huici, C. (2008). Vicarious intergroup contact and the role of authorities in prejudice reduction. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 103-114.
29. Graves, S.B. (1999). Television and prejudice reduction: When does television as a vicarious experience make a difference? Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), 707-727.
30. Hamburger, Y. (1994). The contact hypothesis reconsidered: Effects of the atypical outgroup member on the outgroup stereotype. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15(3), 339-358.
31. Herek, G.M., & Capitanio, J.P. (1997). AIDS stigma and contact with persons with AIDS: Effects of direct and vicarious contact. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(1), 1-36.
32. Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the Contact Hypothesis. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1-44). Oxford: Blackwell.
33. Hewstone, M., Johnston, L., & Aird, P. (1992). Cognitive models of stereotype change: II. Perceptions of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(3), 235-249.
34. Johnston, L., & Hewstone, M. (1992). Cognitive models of stereotype change: III. Subtyping and the perceived typicality of disconfirming group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28(4), 360-386.
35. Katz, P.A., & Zalk, S.R. (1978). Modification of children's racial attitudes. Developmental Psychology, 14(5), 447-461.
36. MacKinnon, D.P., Pirlott, A., & Moser, S. (2010, January). Unbearable lightness of b: Approaches to causal interpretation of the M to Y relation. Paper presented at the XIth Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Las Vegas, NV.
37. Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (1998-2007). Mplus user's guide (5th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
38. Ortiz, M., & Harwood, J. (2007). A social cognitive theory approach to the effects of mediated intergroup contact on intergroup attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(1), 615-631.
39. Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 770-786.
40. Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Pay, H. (2004). Increased group dispersion after exposure to one deviant group member: Testing Hamburger's model of member-to-group generalization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(5), 569-585.
41. Pettigrew, T.F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(2), 173-185.
42. Pettigrew, T.F., & Tropp, L.R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5),751-783.
43. Plant, E.A., & Butz, D.A. (2006). The causes and consequences of an avoidance-focus for interracial interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(6), 833-846.
44. Plant, E.A., & Devine, P.G. (2003). The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 790-801.
45. Rosenthal, T.L., & Bandura, A. (1978). Psychological modeling: Theory and practice. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis (pp. 621-658). New York, NY: Wiley.
46. Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M.R. (2001). Meta analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 59-82.
47. Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R.L., & Rubin, D.B. (2000). Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral research: A cor-relational approach. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
48. Schunk, D.H., Hanson, A.R., & Cox, P.D. (1987). Peer-model attributes and children's achievement behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(1), 54-61.
49. Shelton, J.N., & Richeson, J.A. (2005). Intergroup contact and pluralistic ignorance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 91-107.
50. Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. European Review of Social Psychology, 12, 1-36.
51. Spencer, S.J., Zanna, M.P., & Fong, G.T. (2005). Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 845-851.
52. Stathi, S., & Crisp, R.J. (2008). Imagining intergroup contact promotes projection to outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 943-957.
53. Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157-175.
54. Taylor, A.B., MacKinnon, D.P., & Tein, J.-Y. (2008). Tests of the three-path mediated effect. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 241-269.
55. Thelen, M.H., Fry, R.A., Fehrenbach, P.A.F., & Frautschi, N.M. (1979). Therapeutic videotape and film modeling: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86(4), 701-720.
56. Trawalter, S., Richeson, J.A., & Shelton, J.N. (2009). Predicting behavior during interracial interactions: A stress and coping approach. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 243-268.
57. Turner, R.N., Crisp, R.J., & Lambert, E. (2007). Imagining intergroup contact can improve intergroup attitudes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 427-441.
58. Turner, R.N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Paolini, S., & Christ, O. (2007). Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 212-255.
59. Turner, R.N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., & Vonofakou, C. (2008). A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis: The mediating role of intergroup anxiety, perceived ingroup and outgroup norms, and inclusion of the outgroup in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 843-860.
60. Weber, R., & Crocker, J. (1983). Cognitive processes in the revision of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(5), 961-977.
61. Weisbuch, M., Pauker, K., & Ambady, N. (2009). The subtle transmission of race bias via televised non-verbal behavior. Science, 326, 1711-1714.
62. Wright, S.C. (2009). Cross-group contact effects. In S. Otten, T. Kessler & K. Sassenberg (Eds.), Intergroup relations: The role of emotion and motivation (pp. 262-283). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
63. Wright, S.C., Aron, A., & Brody, S.M. (2008). Extended contact and including others in the self: Building on the Allport/Pettigrew legacy. In U. Wagner, L. R. Tropp, G. Finchilescu & C. Tredoux (Eds.), Improving intergroup relations: Building on the legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew(pp. 143-159). Oxford: Blackwell.
64. Wright, S.C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S.A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 73-90.
65. Zajonc, R.B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2, part 2), 1-27.