Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 2805-2816

  Ebert, M ^a   Worringen, A ^a   Benker, N ^a   Mertes, S ^b   Weingartner, E ^c   Weinbruch, S ^a  

^a DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (Germany)

^c PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; ENRICHMENT; MIXING; PARTICLE SIZE;

BERN [SWITZERLAND]; JUNGFRAUJOCH; SWITZERLAND;

EID: 79953142289     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-2805-2011     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Adachi, K., Chung, S. H., and Buseck, P. R.: Shapes of soot aerosol particles and implications for their effects on climate, J. Geo-phys. Res., 115, D15206, doi:10.1029/2009JD012868, 2010.
2. Batonneau, Y, Bremard, C., Gengembre, L., Laureyns, J., Le Ma-guer, A., Le Maguer, D., Perdrix, E., and Sobanska, S.: Spe-ciation of PM10 sources of airborne nonferrous metals within the 3-km zone of lead/zinc smelters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5281-5289, 2004. (Pubitemid 39382665)
3. Beard, K. V.: Ice initiation in warm-base convective clouds: An assessment of microphysical mechanisms, Atmos. Res., 28, 125-152, 1992. (Pubitemid 23373369)
4. Bingemer, H. G., Klein, H., Ebert, M., Haunold, W., Bundke, U., Herrmann, T., Kandler, K., Müller-Ebert, D., Weinbruch, S., and Curtius, J.: Enhanced atmospheric ice nuclei in the Eyjafjal-lajökull volcanic ash plume over central Europe, in review, 2011.
5. Cantrell, W. and Heymsfield, A.: Production of ice in tropospheric clouds, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 795-807, 2005.
6. Chen, Y., Kreidenweis, S. M., McInnes, L. M., Rogers, D. C., and DeMott, P. J.: Single particle analyses of ice nucleating aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1391-1394, doi:10.1029/97GL03261, 1998. (Pubitemid 28437568)
7. Choel, M., Deboudt, K., Flament, P., Lecornet, G., Perdrix, E., and Sobanska, S.: Fast evolution of tropospheric Pb- and Zn-rich particles in the vicinity of a lead smelter, Atmos. Environ., 40, 4439-4449, 2006.
8. Cozic, J., Mertes, S., Verheggen, B., Cziczo, D. J., Gallavardin, S.J., Walter, S., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Black carbon enrichment in atmospheric ice particle residuals observed in lower tropospheric mixed phase clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15209, doi:10.1029/2007JD009266, 2008.
9. Cziczo, D. J., Murphy, D. M., Hudson, P. K., and Thomson, D. S.: Single particle measurements of the chemical composition of cirrus ice residue during crystal-face, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04201, doi:10.1029/2003JD004032, 2004.
10. Cziczo, D. J., Stetzer, O, Worringen, A., Ebert, M., Weinbruch, S., Kamphus, M., Gallavardin, S. J., Curtius, J., Bormann, S., Froyd, K. D., Mertes, S., Möhler, O., and Lohmann, U.: Inadvertent Climate Modification Due to Anthropogenic Lead, Nature Geosci., 2, 333-336, 2009.
11. DeMott, P. J., Cziczo, D. J., Prenni, A. J., Murphy, D. M., Krei-denweis, S. M., Thomson, D. S., Borys, R., and Rogers, D. C.: Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 14655-14660, 2003a. (Pubitemid 37517946)
12. DeMott, P. J., Sassen, K., Poellot, M. R., Baumgardner, D., Rogers, D. C., Brooks, S. D., Prenni, A. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: African dust aerosols as atmospheric ice nuclei Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1732, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017410, 2003b.
13. Draxler, R., and Rolph, G.D.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.htmlS, NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2003.
14. Durant, A. J., Shaw, R. A., Rose, W. I., Mi, Y. and Ernst, G. G. J.: Ice nucleation and overseeding of ice in volcanic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D09206, doi:10.1029/2007JD009064, 2008.
15. Eastwood, M. L., Cremel, S., Gehrke, C., Girard, E., and Bertram, A. K.: Ice nucleation on mineral dust particles: Onset conditions, nucleation rates and contact angles, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D22203, doi:10.1029/2008JD010639, 2008.
16. Ebert, M., Weinbruch, S., Rausch, A., Gorzawski, G., Hoffmann, P., Wex, H., and Helas, G.: The complex refractive index of aerosols during LACE 98 as derived from the analysis of individual particles, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D21), 8121, doi:10.1029/2000JD000195, 2002a. (Pubitemid 44793858)
17. Ebert, M., Inerle-Hof, M., and Weinbruch, S.: Environmental scanning electron microscopy as a new technique to determine the hygroscopic behaviour of individual aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5909-5916, 2002b. (Pubitemid 35428835)
18. Ebert, M., Weinbruch, S., Hoffmann, P., and Ortner, H. M.: Chemical Characterization of North Sea Aerosol Particles by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy, J. Aerosol Sci., 31, 613-632, 2000c.
19. Ebert, M., Weinbruch, S., Hoffmann, P., and Ortner, H. M.: The chemical characterization and complex refractive index of rural and urban influenced aerosols determined by individual particle analysis, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6531-6545, 2004. (Pubitemid 39440532)
20. Ebert, M., Worringen, A., Inerle-Hof, M., Benker, N., and Wein-bruch, S.: Identification of the ice forming fraction of the atmospheric aerosol in mixed-phase clouds by environmental scanning electron microscopy, Activity Report 2005/2006 International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations JG, Bern Switzerland, 105-112, 2006.
21. Eidhammer, T., DeMott, P. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A comparison of heterogeneous ice nucleation parameterizations using a parcel model framework, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06202, doi:10.1029/2008JD011095, 2009.
22. Environmental Protection Agency. Latest findings on National Air Quality, 2002 Status and Trends (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2003); available at: http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/aqtrnd02/2002 airtrends final.pdf, 2002.
23. Grant, L. O. and Corrin, M. L.: Raw and iodine-treated automobile exhaust as a source of ice nuclei, J. Weather Modification, 5, 238-248, 2001.
24. Hinz, K.-P., Trimborn, A., Weingartner, E., Henning, S., Baltens-berger, U., and Spengler, B.: Aerosol single particle composition at the Jungfraujoch, Aerosol Sci., 36, 123-145, 2005. (Pubitemid 39601428)
25. Hobbs, P. V., Fullerton, M., and Bluhm, G.: Ice nucleus "storms" in Hawaii, Nature Physical Science, 230, 90-91, 1971.
26. Hoose, C.: Biological Ice formation, Nature Geosci., 2, 385-386, 2009.
27. Isono, K., Komabayasi, M., and Ono, A.: Volcanoes as a sources of atmospheric ice nuclei, Nature, 183, 317-319, 1959.
28. Kamphus, M., Ettner-Mahl, M., Klimach, T., Drewnick, F., Keller, L., Cziczo, D. J., Mertes, S., Borrmann, S., and Curtius, J.: Chemical composition of ambient aerosol, ice residues and cloud droplet residues in mixed-phase clouds: single particle analysis during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE 6), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8077-8095, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 8077-2010, 2010.
29. Langer, G.: A study of automobile exhaust as a source of ice nuclei, Preprints of the second National Conference on Weather Modification, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 242-243, 1970.
30. Lohmann, U. and Diehl, K.: Sensitivity studies of the importance of dust ice nuclei for the indirect aerosol effect on stratiform mixed phase clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 63(3), 968-982, 2006.
31. Lohmann, U. and Feichter, J.: Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 715-737, doi:10.5194/acp-5-715-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40479137)
32. Maki, L. R., Galyan, E. L., Chang-Chien, M., and Caldwell, D.: Ice nucleation induced by Pseudomonas syringae, Appl. Microbiol., 28, 456-459, 1974.
33. Mason, B. J.: The Physics of Clouds, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 660 pp., 1971.
34. Mason, B. J. and Hallet, J.: Ice-Forming Nuclei, Nature, 179, 357-359, 1957.
35. Mazur, P.: Freezing of living cells: Mechanisms and implications, Amer. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 16, C125-C142, 1984. (Pubitemid 14048923)
36. Mertes, S., Verheggen, B., Walter, S., Ebert, M., Conolly, P., Wein-gartner, E., Schneider, J., Bower, K., Weinbruch, S., Cozic, J., and Heintzenberg, J.: Counterflow virtual impactor based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the physico-chemical characterisation of tropospheric ice nuclei: sampler description and first case study, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 848-864, 2007.
37. Miehe, G.: Algorithmen mit geringem Informationsbedarf zur Phasenanalyse und Gitterkonstantenbestimmung aus Elektronen-beugungsdaten, Ber. Dtsch. Mineral. Ges. Beih. Z. Eur. J. Mineral, 9, 250, 1997.
38. Möhler, O., DeMott, P. J., Vali, G., and Levin, Z.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics, Biogeosciences, 4, 1059-1071, doi:10.5194/bg-4-1059-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 350211419)
39. Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Froyd, K. D., Hudson, P. K., Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Peltier, R. E., Sullivan, A., Thomson, D. S., and Weber, R. J.: Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S32, doi:10.1029/2006JD007340, 2006. (Pubitemid 47260840)
40. Murphy, D. M., Hudson, P. K., Cziczo, D. J., Gallavardin, S., Froyd, K. D., Johnston, M. V., Middlebrook, A. M., Reinard, M. S., Thomson, D. S., Thornberry, T., and Wexler, A. S.: Distribution of lead in single atmospheric particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3195-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-7-3195-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46993901)
41. Parungo, F. P. and Allee, P. A.: Rocket effluent: Its nucleation activity and related properties, J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 1856-1863, 1978. (Pubitemid 9136731)
42. Phillips, V. T. J., De Mott, P. J., and Andronache, C.: An empirical parametrization of heterogeneous ice nucleation for multiple chemical species of aerosol, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2757-2783, 2008.
43. Posfai, M., Anderson, J. R., and Buseck, P. R.: Soot and sulphate aerosol particles in the remote marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21685-21693, 1999.
44. Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Twohy, C., Poellot, M. R., Krei-denweis, S. M., Rogers, D. C., Brooks, S. D., Richardson, M. S., and Heymsfield, A. J.: Examinations of ice formation processes in Florida cumuli using ice nuclei measurements of anvil ice crystal particle residues, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10221, doi:10.1029/2006JD007549, 2007. (Pubitemid 47193648)
45. Reischel, M. T. and Vali, G.: Freezing nucleation in aqueous electrolytes, Tellus, 27, 414-427, 1975.
46. Richardson, M. S., DeMott, P. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Cziczo, D. J., Dunlea, E. J., Jimenez, J. L., Thomson, D. S., Ashbaugh, L. L., Borys, R. D., Westphal, D. L., Casuccio, G. S., and Lersch, T. L.: Measurements of heterogeneous ice nuclei in the western United States in springtime and their relation to aerosol characteristics, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02209, doi:10.1029/2006JD007500, 2007. (Pubitemid 47260884)
47. Roberts, P. and Hallett, J.: A laboratory study of the ice nucleating properties of some mineral particulates, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 25-34, 1968.
48. Rogers, D. C., De Mott, P. J., and Kreidenweis, S. M., Airborne measurements of tropospheric ice-nucleating aerosol particles in the Arctic spring, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 15053-15063, 2001.
49. Rosinski, J.: Cloud condensation nuclei as a real source of ice forming nuclei in continental and marine air masses. Atmos. Res., 38, 351-359, 1995. (Pubitemid 26442012)
50. Schäfer, V. J.: Ice nuclei from automobile exhaust and iodine vapour, Science, 154, 1555-1557, 1966.
51. Schaller, R. C. and Fukuta, N.: Ice nucleation by aerosol particles: Experimental studies using a wedge-shaped ice thermal diffusion chamber, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1788-1802, 1979. (Pubitemid 10416646)
52. Schnell, R. C. and Vali, G.: Atmospheric ice nuclei from decomposing vegetation, Nature, 236, 163-165, 1972.
53. Shotyk, W. and Le Roux, G.: Biogeochemistry and Cycling of Lead, in "Biogeochemical Cycles of the Elements", Vol. 43 of Metal Ions in Biological Systems, edited by: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, O. R. K., and Dekker, M., New York, 240-275, 2005.
54. Szymer, W. and Zawadzki, I.:, Biogenic and Anthropogenic Sources of Ice-Forming Nulcei: A Review, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78(2), 209-228, 1997.
55. Targino, A. C., Krejci, R., Noone, K. J., and Glantz, P.: Single particle analysis of ice crystal residuals observed in orographic wave clouds over Scandinavia during INTACC experiment, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1977-1990, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1977-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44198634)
56. Twohy, C. H. and Poellot, M. R.: Chemical characteristics of ice residual nuclei in anvil cirrus clouds: evidence for homogeneous and heterogeneous ice formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2289-2297, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2289-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41520104)
57. Utsunomiya, S., Jensen, K. A., Keeler, G. J., and Ewing, R. C.: Direct identification of trace metals in fine and ultrafine particles in the Detroit urban atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2289-2297, 2004. (Pubitemid 38481032)
58. Verheggen, B., Cozic, J., Weingartner, E., Bower, K., Mertes, S., Connolly, P., Gallagher, M., Flynn, M., Choularton, T., and Bal-tensperger, U.: Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial and the condensed phase in mixed-phase clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23202, doi:10.1029/2007JD008714, 2007.
59. Vester, B. P., Ebert, M., Barnert, E. B., Schneider, J., Kandler, K., Schütz, L., and Weinbruch, S.: Composition and mixing state of the urban background aerosol in the Rhein-Main area (Germany), Atmos. Environ., 41(29), 6102-6115, 2007. (Pubitemid 47268196)
60. Vidaurre, G. and Hallet, J.: Particle Impact and Breakup in Aircraft Measurement, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 97983, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1147.1, 2009.
61. Wallace J. M. and Hobbs, P. V.: Atmospheric science: an introductory survey, 2nd ed., International Geophysics Series, Academic Press, Elsevier Inc., 483 pp., 2006.
62. Weingartner, E., Burtscher, H., and Baltensperger, U.: Hygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot particles, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2311-2327, 1997.
63. Wentzel, M., Gorzawski, H., Naumann, K.-H., Saathoff, H., and Weinbruch, S.: Transmission electron microscopical and aerosol dynamical characterization of soot aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1347-1370, 2003. (Pubitemid 37163752)
64. Zimmermann F., Ebert, M., Worringen, A., Schütz, L., and Wein-bruch, S.: Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) as a new technique to determine the ice nucleation capability of individual aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8219-8227, 2007. (Pubitemid 350101321)
65. Zimmermann, F., Ebert, M., Hoffmann, H., Kandler, K., Schütz, L., Worringen, A., and Weinbruch, S.: Ice nucleation properties of the most abundant mineral dust phases, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23204, doi:10.1029/2008JD010655, 2008.
66. Zuberi, B., Bertram, A. K., Cassa, C. A., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Heterogeneous nucleation of ice in (NH4)2SO4-H2O particles with mineral dust immersions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1504, doi:10.1029/2001GL014289, 2002.