메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1223, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 108-119

The complexity of amphibian population declines: Understanding the role of cofactors in driving amphibian losses

Author keywords

Amphibian population declines; Batrachochytrium; Biodiversity; Evolutionary trap; Invasive species; Parasites; Pathogens

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA; ARTICLE; BATRACHOCHYTRIUM; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; COMMUNITY ECOLOGY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CONTAMINATION; EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; LIFE CYCLE; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; OZONE DEPLETION; PARASITOSIS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION LOSS; POPULATION SIZE; SPECIES EXTINCTION; STRESS; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION;

EID: 79953128564     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05909.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (259)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 75449094245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological science and tomorrow's world
    • May, R.M. 2010. Ecological science and tomorrow's world. Philos. Trans. Royal. Soc. B. 365: 41-47.
    • (2010) Philos. Trans. Royal. Soc. B. , vol.365 , pp. 41-47
    • May, R.M.1
  • 2
    • 50049132102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A review from the world of amphibians
    • Wake, D.B. & V.T. Vredenburg 2008. Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A review from the world of amphibians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 11466-11473.
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 11466-11473
    • Wake, D.B.1    Vredenburg, V.T.2
  • 3
    • 0033373891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology
    • Alford, R.A. & S.J. Richards 1999. Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30: 133-165.
    • (1999) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.30 , pp. 133-165
    • Alford, R.A.1    Richards, S.J.2
  • 4
    • 0036311462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity in conservation: lessons from the global decline of amphibian populations
    • Blaustein, A.R. & J.M. Kiesecker 2002. Complexity in conservation: lessons from the global decline of amphibian populations. Ecol. Lett. 5: 597-608.
    • (2002) Ecol. Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 597-608
    • Blaustein, A.R.1    Kiesecker, J.M.2
  • 5
    • 35148813206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian decline or extinction? Current declines dwarf background extinction rate
    • McCallum, M.L. 2007. Amphibian decline or extinction? Current declines dwarf background extinction rate. J. Herpetol. 41: 483-491.
    • (2007) J. Herpetol. , vol.41 , pp. 483-491
    • McCallum, M.L.1
  • 6
    • 10044220678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide
    • Stuart, S.N. et al 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306: 1783-1786.
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , pp. 1783-1786
    • Stuart, S.N.1
  • 8
    • 77649198254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist's perspective
    • Hayes, T.B. et al 2010. The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist's perspective. J. Exp. Biol. 213: 921-933.
    • (2010) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.213 , pp. 921-933
    • Hayes, T.B.1
  • 9
    • 0037410080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of extinction: population fluctuation and decline in amphibians
    • Green, D.H. 2003. The ecology of extinction: population fluctuation and decline in amphibians. Biol. Conserv. 111: 331-343.
    • (2003) Biol. Conserv. , vol.111 , pp. 331-343
    • Green, D.H.1
  • 10
    • 0028181294 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and extinction patterns within a northern metapopulation of the pool frog, Rana lessonae
    • Gulve, P.S. 1994. Distribution and extinction patterns within a northern metapopulation of the pool frog, Rana lessonae. Ecology 75: 1357-1367.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1357-1367
    • Gulve, P.S.1
  • 11
    • 20444382455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian declines in Brazil: an overview
    • Eterovick, P.C. et al Amphibian declines in Brazil: an overview. Biotropica 37: 166-179.
    • Biotropica , vol.37 , pp. 166-179
    • Eterovick, P.C.1
  • 12
    • 44649175629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decline and extirpation of an endangered Panamanian stream frog population (Craugaster punctariolus) due to an outbreak of chytridiomycosis
    • Ryan et al 2008. Decline and extirpation of an endangered Panamanian stream frog population (Craugaster punctariolus) due to an outbreak of chytridiomycosis. Biol. Conserv. 141: 1636-1647.
    • (2008) Biol. Conserv. , vol.141 , pp. 1636-1647
    • Ryan1
  • 13
    • 3543104411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The decline of a New Zealand endemic: how and why did populations of Archey's frog Leiopelma archeyi crash over 1996-2001?
    • Bell, B.D. et al 2004. The decline of a New Zealand endemic: how and why did populations of Archey's frog Leiopelma archeyi crash over 1996-2001? Biol. Conserv. 120: 189-199.
    • (2004) Biol. Conserv. , vol.120 , pp. 189-199
    • Bell, B.D.1
  • 14
    • 0028179762 scopus 로고
    • Amphibian declines: judging stability, persistence, and susceptibility of populations to local and global extinctions
    • Blaustein, A.R. et al 1994. Amphibian declines: judging stability, persistence, and susceptibility of populations to local and global extinctions. Conserv. Biol. 8: 60-71.
    • (1994) Conserv. Biol. , vol.8 , pp. 60-71
    • Blaustein, A.R.1
  • 15
    • 77953108911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians
    • Briggs, C.J. et al 2010. Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 9695-9700.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.107 , pp. 9695-9700
    • Briggs, C.J.1
  • 16
    • 77953093820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of an emerging disease drive large-scale amphibian population extinctions
    • Vredenburg, V.T. et al 2010. Dynamics of an emerging disease drive large-scale amphibian population extinctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 9689-9694.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.107 , pp. 9689-9694
    • Vredenburg, V.T.1
  • 17
    • 77953709719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When an infection turns lethal
    • Blaustein, A.E. & P.T.J. Johnson 2010. When an infection turns lethal. Nature 465: 881-882.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.465 , pp. 881-882
    • Blaustein, A.E.1    Johnson, P.T.J.2
  • 18
    • 34447136742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs
    • Skerratt, L.F. et al 2007. Spread of chytridiomycosis has caused the rapid global decline and extinction of frogs. EcoHealth 4: 125-134.
    • (2007) EcoHealth , vol.4 , pp. 125-134
    • Skerratt, L.F.1
  • 19
    • 77956367957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central Panama
    • Crawford, A.J. et al 2010. Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central Panama. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 13777-13782.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.107 , pp. 13777-13782
    • Crawford, A.J.1
  • 20
    • 30644458127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian population declines at the Savannah River site are linked to climate, not chytridiomycosis
    • Daszak, P. et al 2005. Amphibian population declines at the Savannah River site are linked to climate, not chytridiomycosis. Ecology 86: 3232-3237.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 3232-3237
    • Daszak, P.1
  • 21
    • 77956900023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of amphibian chytrid fungus on individual survival probability in wild boreal toads
    • Pilliod, D.S. et al 2010. Effects of amphibian chytrid fungus on individual survival probability in wild boreal toads. Conserv. Biol. 24: 1259-1267.
    • (2010) Conserv. Biol. , vol.24 , pp. 1259-1267
    • Pilliod, D.S.1
  • 22
    • 39149131509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference in disease ecology: investigating ecological drivers of disease emergence
    • Plowright, R.K. et al 2008. Causal inference in disease ecology: investigating ecological drivers of disease emergence. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6: 420-429.
    • (2008) Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , vol.6 , pp. 420-429
    • Plowright, R.K.1
  • 23
    • 0036913465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge
    • Haydon, D.T. et al 2002. Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8: 1468-1473.
    • (2002) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.8 , pp. 1468-1473
    • Haydon, D.T.1
  • 25
    • 35649009409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis
    • Voyles, J. et al 2007. Electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis. Dis. Aq. Org. 77: 113-118.
    • (2007) Dis. Aq. Org. , vol.77 , pp. 113-118
    • Voyles, J.1
  • 26
    • 85126040814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A decade of deformities: advances in our understanding of amphibian malformations and their implications
    • 2nd ed. D.W. Sparling, G. Linder, C.A. Bishop, amp; S.K. Krest, Eds.: SETAC Press. Pensacola, FL
    • Johnson, P. T. J. et al 2010. A decade of deformities: advances in our understanding of amphibian malformations and their implications. In Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles, 2nd ed. D.W. Sparling, G. Linder, C.A. Bishop, & S.K. Krest, Eds.: 511-536. SETAC Press. Pensacola, FL.
    • (2010) Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles , pp. 511-536
    • Johnson, P.T.J.1
  • 27
    • 0037669231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of tadpole stage to location of echinostome cercariae encystment and the consequences for tadpole survival
    • Schotthoefer, A.M. et al 2003. Relationship of tadpole stage to location of echinostome cercariae encystment and the consequences for tadpole survival. J. Parasitol. 89: 475-482.
    • (2003) J. Parasitol , vol.89 , pp. 475-482
    • Schotthoefer, A.M.1
  • 29
    • 79953156992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildlife diseases: from individuals to ecosystems
    • In Press
    • Tompkins, D.M. et al 2010. Wildlife diseases: from individuals to ecosystems. J. Animal. Ecolo. In Press
    • (2010) J. Animal. Ecolo.
    • Tompkins, D.M.1
  • 30
    • 28344442815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The novel and endemic pathogen hypotheses: competing explanations for the origin of emerging infectious diseases of wildlife
    • Rachowicz, L.J. et al 2005. The novel and endemic pathogen hypotheses: competing explanations for the origin of emerging infectious diseases of wildlife. Conserv. Biol. 19: 1441-1448.
    • (2005) Conserv. Biol. , vol.19 , pp. 1441-1448
    • Rachowicz, L.J.1
  • 31
    • 3042698680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasites in the food web: linking amphibian malformations and aquatic eutrophication
    • Johnson, P.T.J. & J.M. Chase 2004. Parasites in the food web: linking amphibian malformations and aquatic eutrophication. Ecol. Lett. 7: 521-526.
    • (2004) Ecol. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 521-526
    • Johnson, P.T.J.1    Chase, J.M.2
  • 32
    • 55249109440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining amphibian species
    • Rohr, J.R. et al 2008. Agrochemicals increase trematode infections in a declining amphibian species. Nature 455: 1235-1239.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.455 , pp. 1235-1239
    • Rohr, J.R.1
  • 33
    • 0035810170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex causes of amphibian population declines
    • Kiesecker, J.M. et al 2001. Complex causes of amphibian population declines. Nature 410: 681-684.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 681-684
    • Kiesecker, J.M.1
  • 34
    • 48749108798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the effects of ultraviolet B radiation and other stressors on survival in amphibians
    • Bancroft, B.A. et al 2008. A meta-analysis of the effects of ultraviolet B radiation and other stressors on survival in amphibians. Conserv. Biol. 22: 987-996.
    • (2008) Conserv. Biol. , vol.22 , pp. 987-996
    • Bancroft, B.A.1
  • 35
    • 0028179663 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenic fungus contributes to amphibian losses in the Pacific Northwest
    • Blaustein, A.R., et al. 1994. Pathogenic fungus contributes to amphibian losses in the Pacific Northwest. Biol. Conserv. 67: 251-254.
    • (1994) Biol. Conserv. , vol.67 , pp. 251-254
    • Blaustein, A.R.1
  • 36
    • 0034906378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transfer of a pathogen from fish to amphibians
    • Kiesecker, J.M. et al 2001. The transfer of a pathogen from fish to amphibians. Conserv. Biol. 15: 1064-1070.
    • (2001) Conserv. Biol. , vol.15 , pp. 1064-1070
    • Kiesecker, J.M.1
  • 37
    • 41749095114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riding the wave: reconciling the roles of disease and climate change in amphibian declines
    • Lips, K.R. et al 2008. Riding the wave: reconciling the roles of disease and climate change in amphibian declines. Plos Biol. 6: 441-454.
    • (2008) Plos Biol. , vol.6 , pp. 441-454
    • Lips, K.R.1
  • 38
    • 1542320961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians
    • Piotrowski, J. et al 2004. Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia 96: 9-15.
    • (2004) Mycologia , vol.96 , pp. 9-15
    • Piotrowski, J.1
  • 39
    • 54549094818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-history trade-offs influence disease in changing climates: strategies of an amphibian pathogen
    • Woodhams, D.C. et al 2008. Life-history trade-offs influence disease in changing climates: strategies of an amphibian pathogen. Ecology 89: 1627-1639.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 1627-1639
    • Woodhams, D.C.1
  • 40
    • 34249908518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and outbreaks of amphibian chytridiomycosis in a montane area of central Spain: is there a link?
    • Bosch, J. et al 2006. Climate change and outbreaks of amphibian chytridiomycosis in a montane area of central Spain: is there a link? Proc. R. Soc. (B) 274: 253-260.
    • (2006) Proc. R. Soc. (B) , vol.274 , pp. 253-260
    • Bosch, J.1
  • 41
    • 33645364934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of climatic and geographic factors affecting the presence of chytridiomycosis in Australia
    • Drew, A. et al 2006. Analysis of climatic and geographic factors affecting the presence of chytridiomycosis in Australia. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 68: 245-250.
    • (2006) Dis. Aquat. Organ. , vol.68 , pp. 245-250
    • Drew, A.1
  • 42
    • 70350566240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global warming and biodiversity: evidence of climate-linked amphibian declines in Italy
    • D'Amen, M. & P. Bombi 2009. Global warming and biodiversity: evidence of climate-linked amphibian declines in Italy. Biol. Conserv. 142: 3060-3067.
    • (2009) Biol. Conserv. , vol.142 , pp. 3060-3067
    • D'Amen, M.1    Bombi, P.2
  • 43
    • 30544434293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming
    • Pounds, A. et al 2006. Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439: 161-167.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , pp. 161-167
    • Pounds, A.1
  • 44
    • 77952346608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking global climate and temperature variability to widespread amphibian declines putatively caused by disease
    • Rohr, J.R. & T.R. Raffel 2010. Linking global climate and temperature variability to widespread amphibian declines putatively caused by disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 8269-8274.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.107 , pp. 8269-8274
    • Rohr, J.R.1    Raffel, T.R.2
  • 45
    • 79953129338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian extinctions: disease not the whole story
    • Retrieved from
    • Parmesan, C. & M.C. Singer 2008. Amphibian extinctions: disease not the whole story. Plos Biol. Retrieved from.
    • (2008) Plos Biol.
    • Parmesan, C.1    Singer, M.C.2
  • 48
    • 0001268988 scopus 로고
    • Energy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, New Hampshire
    • Burton, T.M. & G.E. Likens 1975. Energy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, New Hampshire. Ecology 56: 1068-1080.
    • (1975) Ecology , vol.56 , pp. 1068-1080
    • Burton, T.M.1    Likens, G.E.2
  • 49
    • 0035024703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of removal sampling for determining salamander density and biomass: a case study in an Appalachian streamside community
    • Petranka, J.W. & S.M. Murray 2001. Effectiveness of removal sampling for determining salamander density and biomass: a case study in an Appalachian streamside community. J. Herpetol. 35: 36-44.
    • (2001) J. Herpetol. , vol.35 , pp. 36-44
    • Petranka, J.W.1    Murray, S.M.2
  • 50
    • 1442265052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neotropical tadpoles influence stream benthos: evidence for the ecological consequences of decline in amphibian populations
    • Ranvestel, A.W. et al 2004. Neotropical tadpoles influence stream benthos: evidence for the ecological consequences of decline in amphibian populations. Freshwater Biol. 49: 274-285.
    • (2004) Freshwater Biol. , vol.49 , pp. 274-285
    • Ranvestel, A.W.1
  • 51
    • 15944420578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities
    • Relyea, R.A. 2005. The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities. Ecol. Appl. 15: 618-627.
    • (2005) Ecol. Appl. , vol.15 , pp. 618-627
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 52
    • 56349123670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in stream primary producer communities resulting from large-scale catastrophic amphibian declines: can small-scale experiments predict effects of tadpole loss?
    • Connelly, S. et al 2008. Changes in stream primary producer communities resulting from large-scale catastrophic amphibian declines: can small-scale experiments predict effects of tadpole loss? Ecosystems 11: 1262-1276.
    • (2008) Ecosystems , vol.11 , pp. 1262-1276
    • Connelly, S.1
  • 53
    • 61649121306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing ecological responses to catastrophic amphibian declines: patterns of macroinvertebrate production and food web structure in upland Panamanian streams
    • Colón-Gaud, C. et al 2009. Assessing ecological responses to catastrophic amphibian declines: patterns of macroinvertebrate production and food web structure in upland Panamanian streams. Limnol. Oceanol. 54: 331-343.
    • (2009) Limnol. Oceanol. , vol.54 , pp. 331-343
    • Colón-Gaud, C.1
  • 54
    • 0032874846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogen mediated competition in larval amphibians
    • Kiesecker, J.M. & A.R. Blaustein 1999. Pathogen mediated competition in larval amphibians. Ecology 80: 2442-2448.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 2442-2448
    • Kiesecker, J.M.1    Blaustein, A.R.2
  • 55
    • 11844297868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fungal pathogen causes competitive and developmental stress in larval amphibian communities
    • Parris, M.J. & T.O. Cornelius 2004. Fungal pathogen causes competitive and developmental stress in larval amphibian communities. Ecology 85: 3385-3395.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 3385-3395
    • Parris, M.J.1    Cornelius, T.O.2
  • 56
    • 4544295344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chytridiomycosis impacts predator-prey interactions in larval amphibian communities
    • Parris, M.J. & J.G. Beaudoin 2004. Chytridiomycosis impacts predator-prey interactions in larval amphibian communities Oecologia 140: 626-632.
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.140 , pp. 626-632
    • Parris, M.J.1    Beaudoin, J.G.2
  • 57
    • 56749107238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ancient behaviors of larval amphibians in response to an emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
    • Han, B.A. et al 2008. Ancient behaviors of larval amphibians in response to an emerging fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63: 241-250.
    • (2008) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.63 , pp. 241-250
    • Han, B.A.1
  • 58
    • 35649025770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviour of Australian rainforest stream frogs may affect the transmission of chytridiomycosis
    • Rowley, J.J.L. & Alford R.A. 2007. Behaviour of Australian rainforest stream frogs may affect the transmission of chytridiomycosis. Dis. Aquat. Org. 77: 1-9.
    • (2007) Dis. Aquat. Org. , vol.77 , pp. 1-9
    • Rowley, J.J.L.1    Alford, R.A.2
  • 59
    • 33645372270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of species diversity on disease risk
    • Keesing, F. et al 2006. Effects of species diversity on disease risk. Ecol. Lett. 9: 485-498.
    • (2006) Ecol. Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 485-498
    • Keesing, F.1
  • 60
    • 53649099021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread occurrence of an emerging pathogen in amphibian communities of the Venezuelan Andes
    • Sanchez, D. et al 2008. Widespread occurrence of an emerging pathogen in amphibian communities of the Venezuelan Andes. Biol. Conserv. 141: 2898-2905.
    • (2008) Biol. Conserv. , vol.141 , pp. 2898-2905
    • Sanchez, D.1
  • 61
    • 33748667048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emerging amphibian pathogen Batarchochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana
    • Garner, T.W.J. et al 2006 The emerging amphibian pathogen Batarchochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biol. Lett. 2: 455-459.
    • (2006) Biol. Lett. , vol.2 , pp. 455-459
    • Garner, T.W.J.1
  • 62
    • 33748742425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: a review and synthesis in freshwater systems
    • Relyea, R.A. & J.T. Hoverman 2006. Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: a review and synthesis in freshwater systems. Ecol. Lett. 9: 1157-1171.
    • (2006) Ecol. Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 1157-1171
    • Relyea, R.A.1    Hoverman, J.T.2
  • 63
    • 79953146519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple stressors and indirect food web effects of contaminants on herptofauna
    • 2nd ed. D.W. Sparling, G. Linder, C.A. Bishop, amp; S.K. Krest, Eds.: SETAC Press. Pensacola, FL
    • Relyea, R.A. 2010. Multiple stressors and indirect food web effects of contaminants on herptofauna. In Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles, 2nd ed. D.W. Sparling, G. Linder, C.A. Bishop, & S.K. Krest, Eds.: 475-486. SETAC Press. Pensacola, FL.
    • (2010) Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles , pp. 475-486
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 64
    • 33747874176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pesticide mixtures, endocrine disruption, and amphibian declines: are we underestimating the impact?
    • Hayes, T.B. et al Pesticide mixtures, endocrine disruption, and amphibian declines: are we underestimating the impact? Environ. Health Perspect. 114: 40-50.
    • Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.114 , pp. 40-50
    • Hayes, T.B.1
  • 65
    • 55949100739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An unforeseen chain of events: lethal effects of pesticides at sublethal concentrations
    • Relyea, R.A. & N. Diecks 2008. An unforeseen chain of events: lethal effects of pesticides at sublethal concentrations. Ecol. Appl. 18: 1728-1742
    • (2008) Ecol. Appl. , vol.18 , pp. 1728-1742
    • Relyea, R.A.1    Diecks, N.2
  • 66
    • 34248228750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian population declines: evolutionary considerations
    • Blaustein, A.R. & B.A. Bancroft 2007. Amphibian population declines: evolutionary considerations. Biol. Sci. 57: 437-444.
    • (2007) Biol. Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 437-444
    • Blaustein, A.R.1    Bancroft, B.A.2
  • 67
    • 28444458116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific variation in susceptibility of frog tadpoles to the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
    • Blaustein, A.R. et al 2005. Interspecific variation in susceptibility of frog tadpoles to the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Conserv. Biol. 19: 1460-1468.
    • (2005) Conserv. Biol. , vol.19 , pp. 1460-1468
    • Blaustein, A.R.1
  • 68
    • 0033452279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric ozone depletion: a review of concepts and history
    • Solomon, S. 1999. Stratospheric ozone depletion: a review of concepts and history. Rev. Geophys. 37: 275-316.
    • (1999) Rev. Geophys. , vol.37 , pp. 275-316
    • Solomon, S.1
  • 69
    • 0037266949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian defenses against UV-B radiation
    • Blaustein, A.R. & L.K. Belden 2003. Amphibian defenses against UV-B radiation. Evol. Dev. 5: 89-97.
    • (2003) Evol. Dev. , vol.5 , pp. 89-97
    • Blaustein, A.R.1    Belden, L.K.2
  • 70
    • 0002601728 scopus 로고
    • Overview, introductions, extinctions, exterminations, and invasions
    • Eds.. In Harper & Row. New York
    • Diamond, J.M. & T.J. Case. Eds. 1986. Overview, introductions, extinctions, exterminations, and invasions. In Community Ecology. Harper & Row. New York.
    • (1986) Community Ecology
    • Diamond, J.M.1    Case, T.J.2
  • 71
    • 67649352731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collapse of the amphibian community of the Paul do Boquilobo natural reserve (central Portugal) after the arrival of the exotic American crayfish Procambarus clarkii
    • Cruz, M.J. et al 2008. Collapse of the amphibian community of the Paul do Boquilobo natural reserve (central Portugal) after the arrival of the exotic American crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Herpetol. J. 18: 197-204.
    • (2008) Herpetol. J. , vol.18 , pp. 197-204
    • Cruz, M.J.1
  • 72
    • 0034238279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonindigenous crayfishes threaten North American freshwater biodiversity: lessons from Europe
    • Lodge, D.M. et al 2000. Nonindigenous crayfishes threaten North American freshwater biodiversity: lessons from Europe. Fisheries 25: 7-20.
    • (2000) Fisheries , vol.25 , pp. 7-20
    • Lodge, D.M.1
  • 73
    • 72549094695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate predator recognition and the problem of introduced trout
    • Gall, B.G. & A. Mathis 2010. Innate predator recognition and the problem of introduced trout. Ethol. 116: 47-58.
    • (2010) Ethol. , vol.116 , pp. 47-58
    • Gall, B.G.1    Mathis, A.2
  • 74
    • 4944249704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced defences in an endangered amphibian in response to an introduced snake predator
    • Moore, R.D. et al 2004. Induced defences in an endangered amphibian in response to an introduced snake predator. Oecologia 141: 139-147.
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.141 , pp. 139-147
    • Moore, R.D.1
  • 75
    • 77953414077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency medicine for frogs
    • Lubick, N. 2010. Emergency medicine for frogs. Nature 465: 680-681.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.465 , pp. 680-681
    • Lubick, N.1
  • 76


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.