Conflict and human African trypanosomiasis

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 72, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 398-407

  Berrang Ford, Lea ^a   Lundine, Jamie ^a   Breau, Sebastien ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Africa; Conflict; GIS; Sleeping sickness; Spatial analysis; Trypanosomiasis; Violence; War

Indexed keywords

DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE INCIDENCE; GIS; MITIGATION; POLITICAL CONFLICT; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL CONFLICT; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TRYPANOSOMIASIS; VIOLENCE; WAR;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS; ARTICLE; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CONFLICT; DATA ANALYSIS; DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NONHUMAN; POLITICS; POPULATION RESEARCH; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUANTITATIVE STUDY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SOCIAL STRESS; TERRORISM; TRYPANOSOMA GAMBIENSE; TRYPANOSOMA RHODESIENSE; UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS; ENDEMIC DISEASE; VIOLENCE; WAR;

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ENDEMIC DISEASES; HUMANS; POLITICS; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; SPACE-TIME CLUSTERING; TERRORISM; TRYPANOSOMIASIS, AFRICAN; VIOLENCE; WAR;

EID: 79953015791     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: 18735347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Abel P.M., Kiala G., Loa V., Behrend M., Musolf J., Fleischmann H., et al. Retaking sleeping sickness control in Angola. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2004, 9(1):141-148.
2. Agarwal D.K., Gelfand A.E., Citron-Pousty S. Zero-inflated models with application to spatial count data. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 2003, 9:341-355.
3. Balasegaram M., Harris S., Checchi F., Ghorashian S., Hamel C., Karunakara U. Melarsoprol versus eflornithine for treating late-stage Gambian trypanosomiasis in the Republic of the Congo. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2006, 84:783-791.
4. Berrang-Ford L. Civil conflict and sleeping sickness in Africa in general and Uganda in particular. Conflict and Health 2007, 1:6.
5. Berrang-Ford L., Berke O., Abdelrahman L., Waltner-Toews D., McDermott J. Spatial analysis of sleeping sickness in south-eastern Uganda, 1970-2003. Emerging Infectious Disease 2006, 12(5):813-820.
6. Berrang-Ford L., Berke O., Sweeney S., Abdelrahman L. Sleeping sickness in south-eastern Uganda: a spatio-temporal analysis of disease risk, 1970-2003. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2010, 10:1-12.
7. Berrang-Ford L., Waltner-Toews D., Charron D., Odiit M., McDermott J., Smit B. Sleeping sickness in southeastern Uganda: a systems approach. EcoHealth 2005, 2:183-194.
8. Biberson P. Epidemics in the wake of conflict. Populations in danger 1999, 135-137. John Libby and Company Ltd, London. F. Jean (Ed.).
9. Cattand P., Jannin J., Lucas P. Sleeping sickness surveillance: an essential step towards elimination. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2001, 6(5):348-361.
10. Cecchi G., Paone M., Franco J., Fevre E., Diarra A., Ruiz J., et al. Towards the Atlas of human African trypanosomiasis. International Journal of Health Geographics 2009, 8:15.
11. Checchi F., Gayer M., Grais R.F., Mills E. Public health in crisis affected populations: A practical guide for decision-makers, N. 61, December 2007 2007, Humanitarian Practice Network, Overseas Development Institute, London.
12. Collier P. On the economic consequences of civil war. Oxford Economic Papers New Series 1999, 51(1):168-183.
13. Connolly M., Gayer M., Ryan M., Salama P., Spiegel P., Heymann D. Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impacts and challenges. The Lancet 2004, 364:1974-1983.
14. Cordon-Obras C., Berzosa P., Ndong-Mabale N., Bobuakasi L., Buatiche J., Ndongo-Asumu P., et al. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in domestic livestock of Kogo and Mbini foci (Equatorial Guinea). Tropical Medicine and International Health 2009, 14(5):535-541.
15. Dobbie M.J., Welsh A.H. Modelling correlated zero-inflated count data. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics 2001, 43(4):431-444.
16. Edberg S. Global infectious diseases and epidemiology network (GIDEON): a world wide web-based program for diagnosis and informatics in infectious diseases. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005, 40:123-126.
17. Ekwanzala M., Pepin J., Khonde N., Molisho S., Bruneel H., de Wals P. In the heart of darkness: the sleeping sickness in Zaire. Lancet 1996, 348(9039):1427-1430.
18. Fèvre E.M., Coleman P.G., Odiit M., Magona J.W., Welburn S.C., Woolhouse M.E.J. The origins of a new Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness outbreak in eastern Uganda. The Lancet 2001, 358(9282):625-628.
19. Garfield R.M., Neugat A.I. Epidemiologic analysis of warfare: a historical review. Journal of the American Medical Association 1991, 266(5):688-692.
20. Ghobarah H., Huth P., Russett B. Civil wars kill and maim people - long after the shooting stops. American Political Science Review 2003, 97(2):189-202.
21. Ghobarah H., Huth P., Russett B. The post-war public health effects of civil conflict. Social Science & Medicine 2004, 59:869-884.
22. Gibney M., Cornett L., Wood R. Political terror scale 1976-2006 Political terror scale on-line at. http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/.
23. GIDEON Gideon infectious disease and epidemiology network database available on-line at http://www.gideononline.com.
24. Gisselquist D. Impact of long-term civil disorders and wars on the trajectory of HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS 2004, 1:114-127.
25. Grebaut P., Bodo J.M., Assona A., Ngane V.F., Njiokou F., Ollivier G., et al. Recherche des facteurs de risque de la trypanosomiase humaine africaine dans le foyer de Bipindi au Cameroun. Medecine Tropicale 2001, 61(4-5):377-383.
26. Guha-Sapir D., vanPanhuis W. Conflict-related mortality: an analysis of 37 datasets. Disasters 2004, 28(4):418-428.
27. Hoddie M., Smith J. Forms of civil war violence and their consquences for future public health. International Studies Quarterly 2009, 53:175-202.
28. Iqbal Z. Health and human security: the public health impact of violent conflict. International Studies Quarterly 2006, 50:631-649.
29. Kaba D., Dje N., Courtin F., OKe E., Koffi M., Garcia A., et al. L'impact de la guerre sur l'evolution de la THA dans le centre-ouest de la cote d'ivoire. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2006.
30. Kulldorff M., Athas W., Feuer E., Miller B., Key C. Evaluating cluster alarms: a space-time scan statistic and brain cancer in Los Alamos. American Journal of Public Health 1998, 88:1377-1380.
31. Leak S.G.A. Tsetse biology and ecology: Their role in the epidemiology and control of trypanosomosis 1999, CABI Publishing in Association With The International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, Wallingford, UK.
32. Li Q., Wen M. The immediate and lingering effects of armed conflict on adult mortality: a time-series cross-national analysis. Journal of Peace Research 2005, 42(4):471-492.
33. Long J.S., Freese J. Regression models for categorical dependent variables using stata 2001, Stata Press, College Station, Texas.
34. Lutumba P., Makieya E., Shaw A., Meheus F., Boelaert M. Human African trypanosomiasis in a rural community, Democratic Republic of Congo. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2007, 13:248-254.
35. Lyons M. Sleeping sickness, colonial medicine and imperialism: some connections in the Belgian Congo. Disease, medicine and empire: Perspectives on western medicine and the experience of European expansion 1988, 242-256. Routledge, London/New York. R. Macleod, M. Lewis (Eds.).
36. Mattioli R.C., Feldmann U., Hendrickx G., Wint W., Jannin J., Slingenbergh J. Tsetse and trypanosomiasis intervention policies supporting sustainable animal-agricultural development. Food, Agriculture & Environment 2004, 2(2):310-314.
37. Molyneux D.H. Vector-borne parasitic diseases-an overview of recent changes. International Journal for Parasitology 1998, 28(6):927-934.
38. Moore A., Richer M. Re-emergence of epidemic sleeping sickness in southern Sudan. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2001, 6(5):342-347.
39. Moore A., Richer M., Enrile M., Losio E., Roberts J., Levy D. Resurgence of sleeping sickness in Tambura County, Sudan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999, 61(2):315-318.
40. Muller G., Grebaut P., Gouteux J.P. An agent-based model of sleeping sickness: simulation trials of a forest focus in southern Cameroon. Comptes Rendus Biologies 2004, 327(1):1-11.
41. Murdoch J., Sandler T. Civil wars and economic growth: spatial dispersion. American Journal of Political Science 2004, 48(1):138-151.
42. Murray C., King G., Lopez A., Tomijima N., Krug E. Armed conflict as a public health problem. British Medical Journal 2002, 324:346-349.
43. Newman E. The 'New Wars' debate: a historical perspective is needed. Security Dialogue 2004, 35:173-189.
44. Patz J., Daszak P., Tabor G., Aguirre A., Pearl M., Epstein J., et al. Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations on land use change and infectious disease emergence. Environmental Health Perspectives 2004, 112:1092-1098.
45. Penchenier L., Grébaut P., Eyenga V.E.o., Bodo J., Njiokou F., Binzouli J., et al. Le foyer de trypanosomose humaine de Campo (Cameroun): historique et situation de l'endémie en 1998. Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique 1999, 92(3):185-190.
46. Rogers W. Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Technical Bulletin 1993, 13:19-23. Reprinted in Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, 13, 88-94.
47. Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. International Journal of Epidemiology 2001, 30:427-432.
48. Salama P., Speigel P., Talley L., Waldman R. Lessons learned from complex emergencies over the past decade. The Lancet 2004, 364:1801-1813.
49. Schull M., Shanks L. Complex emergencies: expected and unexpected consequences. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2001, 1:192-196.
50. Simmaro P., Jannin J., Cattand P. Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: where do we stand and what comes next?. PLOS Medicine 2008, 5(2):174-180.
51. Simmaro P., Sima F., Mir M., Mateo M., Roche J. La lute contre la trypanosomiase humaine africaine dans le foyer de Luba en Guinée équatoriale: bilan de trios méthodes. Bulletin De l'Organization mondials De La Santé 1991, 69(4):451-457.
52. Smith D.H., Pépin J., Stich A.H.R. Human African trypanosomiasis: an emerging public health crisis. British Medical Bulletin 1998, 54(2):341-355.
53. Sonne W. Historique de l'installation et de la propagation de la maladie du sommeil à Bipindi (Sud-Cameroun), de 1896 à nos jours. Medecine Tropicale 2001, 61(4-5):384-389.
54. Stanghellini A., Josenando T. The situation of sleeping sickness in Angola: a calamity. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2001, 6:330-334.
55. UCDP Uppsala conflict database program 2008, Uppsala University, Available online at. http://www.pcr.uu.se/gpdatabase.
56. UCDP/PRIO Armed conflict dataset codebook, version 4-2008 Available at. http://www.ucdp.uu.se.
57. UNDP World population prospects: the 2008 revision population database Available on-line at. http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp:United%20Nations%20Population%20Division.
58. Weiss R., McMichael A. Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nature Medicine 2004, 10:S70-S76.
59. WHO Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): epidemiological update. World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiological Record 2006, 81:69-80.
60. WHO Report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases. African trypanosomiasis 2000, World Health Organization, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, Available on-line at. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/WHO_CDS_CSR_ISR_2000_2001/en/.
61. WHO Control of human African trypanosomiasis: A strategy for the African region 2005, World Health Organization, Geneva, Available on-line. http://www.who.int/entity/%20trypanosomiasis_african/%20resources/%20afro_tryps_strategy.pdf.
62. Williams R. A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data. Biometrics 2000, 56:645-646.
63. Wispelaere G.d Contribution of satellite remote sensing to the mapping of land use and of potential Glossina biotopes 1994, Case study of the Adamawa plateaux in Cameroon, FAO, Rome, A Systematic Approach to Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control (Proceedings of the FAO Panels of Experts, Rome, 1-3 December 1993).