New information on the braincase of the North American therizinosaurian (Theropoda, Maniraptora) Falcarius utahensis

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 387-404

  Smith, David K ^a   Zanno, Lindsay E ^b   Sanders, R Kent ^c   Deblieux, Donald D ^d   Kirkland, James I ^d  

^a Northland Pioneer College   (United States)

^b FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF UTAH HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^d UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BONE; CRANIUM; CRETACEOUS; DINOSAUR; IDENTIFICATION KEY; MORPHOLOGY; NEW RECORD; TAXONOMY; TYPE SPECIMEN;

CEDAR MOUNTAIN; UNITED STATES; UTAH;

AVES; MANIRAPTORA; THEROPODA;

EID: 79953002684     PISSN: 02724634     EISSN: 19372809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2011.549442     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Allain, R. 2002. Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:548-563. (Pubitemid 35212279)
2. Barsbold, R. 1976. [New data on Therizinosaurus (Therizinosauridae, Theropoda)]. Transactions, Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition 3:68-75. [Russian]
3. Barsbold, R., and H. Osmólska. 1999. The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 44:189-219. (Pubitemid 29473514)
4. Baumel, J., and L. Witmer. 1993. Osteologia; pp. 45-132 in J. Baumel (ed.), Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2nd edition. Publications of the Nuttal Ornithological Club. Nuttal Ornithological Club, Cambridge, U. K.
5. Baumel, J., A. King, J. Breazile, H. Evans, and J. Vanden Berge. 1993. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomia Anatomica Avium, 2nd edition. Publications of the Nuttal Ornithological Club. Nuttal Ornithological Club, Cambridge, U. K., 779 pp.
6. Bock, W. J. 1964. Kinetics of the avian skull. Journal of Morphology 114:1-42.
7. Brinkman, D. L., R. L. Cifelli, and N. J. Czaplewski. 1998. First occurrence of Deinonychus antirrhopus from the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Aptian-Albian) of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 146:1-27.
8. Brochu, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7:1-138.
9. Brusatte, S., and P. Sereno. 2007. A new species of Carcharodontosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger and a revision of the genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:902-916.
10. Burnham, D. A. 2004. New information on Bambiraptor feinbergi (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Montana; pp. 67-111 in P. Currie, E. Koppelhus, M. Shugar, and J. Wright (eds.), Feathered Dragons. University of Indiana Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
11. Burnham, D. A., K. L. Derstler, P. J. Currie, R. T. Bakker, Z. Zhou, and J. H. Ostrom. 2000. Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 13:1-14.
12. Castanhinha, R., and O. Mateus. 2006. On the left-right asymmetry in dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (3, Supplement): 48A.
13. Chatterjee, S. 1991. Cranial anatomy and relationships of a new Triassic bird from Texas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B 309:395-460.
14. Chiappe, L. M., M. A. Norell, and J. M. Clark. 2002. The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvarezsauridae, Mononykus and its kin; pp. 87-120 in L. Chiappe and L. Witmer (eds.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
15. Chiasson, R. 1962. Laboratory Anatomy of the Alligator. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, 56 pp.
16. Chure, D., and J. Madsen. 1996. Variation in aspects of tympanic pneumatic system in a population of Allosaurus fragilis from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16:63-66.
17. Chure, D., and J. Madsen. 1998. An unusual braincase (?Stokesosaurus clevelandi) from the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Utah (Morrison Formation; Late Jurassic). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:115-125.
18. Clark, J. M., T. Maryanska, and R. Barsbold. 2004. Therizinosauroidea; pp. 151-164 in D. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
19. Clark, J. M., M. A. Norell, and T. Rowe. 2002. Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria) and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops. American Museum Novitates 3364:1-24.
20. Clark, J. M., A. Perle, and M. A. Norell. 1994. A skull of Erlicosaurus andrewsi, a Late Cretaceous 'segnosaur' from Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3115:1-39.
21. Colbert, E. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 57:1-160.
22. Coria, R., and P. J. Currie. 2002. The braincase of Giganotosaurus carolinii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:802-811. (Pubitemid 44550812)
23. Currie, P. J. 1985. Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22:1643-1658.
24. Currie, P. J. 1995. New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:576-591.
25. Currie, P. J. 1997. Braincase anatomy; pp. 81-85 in K. Padian and P. Currie (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
26. Currie, P. J. 1999. Theropods; pp. 216-233 in J. Farlow and M. Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
27. Currie, P. J., and X.-J. Zhao. 1993. A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 30:2231-2247. (Pubitemid 24425859)
28. Curry, T., J. Dowdey, J., and R. Murray. 1990. Christensen's Physics of Diagnostic Radiology, 4th edition. Lea and Feberger, Philadelphia, 522 pp.
29. De Beer, G. R. 1937. The Development of the Vertebrate Skull. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U. K., 550 pp.
30. Dominguez-Alonso, P., Milner, A. C., Ketchum, R. A., Cookson, M. J., and Rowe, T. B. 2004. The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx. Nature 430:666-669. (Pubitemid 39061679)
31. Dufeau, D., and L. Witmer. 2008. Morphological patterns and phylogenetic trends in theropod braincase pneumaticity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (3, Supplement): 73A.
32. Galton, P. M., and L. D. Martin. 2002. Enaliornis, an early Cretaceous hesperornithiform bird from England, with comments on other Hesperornithiformes; pp. 317-338 in L. Chiappe and L. Witmer (eds.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
33. Gillette, D. D., and B. L. Albright. 2001. Discovery and paleogeographic implications of a therizinosaurid dinosaur from the Turonian (Late Cretaceous) of southern Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (3, Supplement): 54A.
34. Gleich, O., R. Dooling, and G. Manley. 2005. Audiogram, body mass, and papilla length: correlations in birds and predictions for extinct archosaurs. Naturwissenschaften 92:595-598. (Pubitemid 41720266)
35. Gleich, O., F. Fischer, C. Köppl, and G. Manley. 2004. Hearing organ evolution and specialization: Archosaurs; pp. 224-255 in G. Manley, A. Popper, and R. Fay (eds.), Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System. Springer, New York.
36. Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2000. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia 15:5-61.
37. Hopson, J. 1979. Paleoneurology; pp. 39-146 in C. Gans, R. Northcutt, and P. Ulinski (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia (Neurology A), Vol. 9. Academic Press, New York.
38. Hyman, L., and M. Wake. 1979. Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy, 3rd edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 795 pp.
39. Kirkland, J., and D. Wolfe. 2001. First definitive therizinosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:410-414.
40. Kirkland, J., D. Smith, and D. Wolfe. 2005. Holotype braincase of Nothronychus mckinleyi Kirkland and Wolfe, 2001 (Theropoda, Therizinosauridae); pp. 87-96 in K. Carpenter (ed.), The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
41. Kirkland, J., L. Zanno, S. Sampson, J. Clark, and D. DeBlieux. 2005. A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the early Cretaceous of Utah. Nature 435:84-87. (Pubitemid 40655911)
42. Kobayashi, Y., and R. Barsbold. 2005. A reexamination of the primitive ornithomimosaur Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42:1510-1521.
43. Kundrát, M., and J. Janáček. 2007. Cranial pneumatization and auditory perceptions of the oviraptorid dinosaur Conchoraptor gracilis (Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Naturwissenschaften 94:769-778. (Pubitemid 47222896)
44. Kurzanov, S. M. 1976. [Braincase structure of the carnosaur Itemirus gen. nov. and some problems of the cranial anatomy of dinosaurs]. Paleontological Journal 10:361-369. [Russian]
45. Li, D., C. Peng, H. You, M. Lamanna, J. Harris, K. Lacovara, and J. Zhang. 2007. A large therizinosauroid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of northwestern China. Acta Geologica Sinica 81:539-549.
46. Madsen, J. H., Jr. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey 109:1-163.
47. Madsen, J. H., Jr., and S. Welles. 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Publication 2:1-80.
48. Makovicky, P., and M. Norell. 1998. A partial ornithomimid braincase from Ukhaa Tolgod (Upper Cretaceous, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3247:1-16.
49. Makovicky, P., and H.-D. Sues. 1998. Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the lower Cretaceous of Montana. American Museum Novitates 3240:1-27.
50. Makovicky, P., M. Norell, J. Clark, and T. Rowe. 2003. Osteology and relationships of Byronosaurus jaffei (Theropoda: Troodontidae). American Museum Novitates 3402:1-32.
51. Maleev, E. 1954. [New turtle-like reptile in Mongolia]. Priroda 3:106-108. [Russian]
52. Norell, M. A., P. J. Makovicky, and J. M. Clark. 2004. The braincase of Velociraptor; pp. 133-143 in P. Currie, E. Koppelhus, M. Shugar, and J. Wright (eds.), Feathered Dragons. University of Indiana Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
53. Norell, M. A., J. M. Clark, A. H. Turner, P. J. Makovicky, R. Barsbold, and T. Rowe. 2006. A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Ömnögov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3545:1-51.
54. Norell, M. A., P. Makovicky, G. Bever, A. Balanoff, J. Clark, R. Barsbold, and T. Rowe. 2009. A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda). American Museum Novitates 3654:1-63.
55. Osmólska, H. 2004. Evidence on relation of brain to endocranial cavity in oviraptorid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49:321-324. (Pubitemid 38587344)
56. Osmólska, H., E. Roniewisz, and R. Barsbold, R. 1972. A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus, n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 27:103-143.
57. Perle, A. 1979. [Segnosauridae-a new family of theropods from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Transactions, Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions 8:45-55. [Russian]
58. Perle, A. 1981. [A new segnosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Transactions. Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions 15:50-59. [Russian]
59. Rauhut, O. W. M. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Paleontology 69:1-213.
60. Rauhut, O. W. M. 2004. Braincase structure of the Middle Jurassic theropod dinosaur Piatnitzkysaurus. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41:1109-1122. (Pubitemid 39547006)
61. Rauhut, O. W. M., and R. Fechner. 2005. Early development of the facial region in a non-avian theropod. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272:1179-1183. (Pubitemid 41020278)
62. Rogers, S. W. 1999. Allosaurus, crocodiles, and birds: evolutionary clues from spiral computed tomography of an endocast. The Anatomical Record 257:162-173. (Pubitemid 29521676)
63. Russell, D. 1997. Therizinosauria; pp. 729-730 in P. Currie and K. Padian (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
64. Russell, D., and Z. Dong. 1993. The affinities of a new theropod dinosaur from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30:2107-2127. (Pubitemid 24425858)
65. Sampson, S., and L. Witmer. 2007. Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8:32-102. (Pubitemid 47044694)
66. Sanders, R. K., and D. Smith. 2005. The endocranium of Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50:601-616. (Pubitemid 41410667)
67. Senter, P. 2007. A new look at the phylogeny of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5:429-463. (Pubitemid 351651090)
68. Senter, P. 2008. Homology between and antiquity of stereotyped communicatory behaviors of crocodilians. Journal of Herpetology 42:352-360.
69. Sereno, P. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284:2137-2147. (Pubitemid 29297468)
70. Sereno, P., and S. Brusatte. 2008. Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontid theropods the lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53:15-46. (Pubitemid 351338436)
71. Smith, C. 1985. Inner ear; pp. 273-310 in A. King and J. McLellan (eds.), Form and Function in Birds. Academic Press, New York.
72. Smith, D. 1992. The type specimen of Oviraptor philoceratops, a theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paleontologie Abhandlungen 186:365-388.
73. Smith, D., and F. Lisak. 2001. An unusual specimen of Allosaurus from southeastern Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 46:93-98. (Pubitemid 34045523)
74. Smith, D., D. Wolfe, and K. Sanders. 2007. The endocranium and associated structures of the ceratopsian Zuniceratops christopheri (Turonian, New Mexico). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (3 Supplement): 149A.
75. Starck, J. 1995. Comparative anatomy of the external and middle ear of palaeognathous birds; pp. 1-137 in F. Beck, W. Kris, J. Pauly, Y. Sano, and T. Schlieber (eds.), Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology, Vol 13. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
76. Sues, H.-D. 1997. On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17:698-716.
77. Taylor, L., M. Wedel, and D. Naish. 2009. Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54:213-220.
78. Walsh, S., P. Barrett, A. Milner, G. Manley, and L. Witmer. 2008. Inner ear anatomy is a proxy for deducing inner ear capability and behaviour in reptiles and birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1390:1-6.
79. Wedel, M. J., R. L. Cifelli, and R. K. Sanders. 2000. Osteology, paleobiology, and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45:343-388. (Pubitemid 32013292)
80. Wever, E. 1978. The Reptile Ear: Its Structure and Function. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
81. Witmer, L. 1997a. The evolution of the antorbital cavity of archosaurs: a study of soft tissue reconstruction in the fossil record with an analysis of the function of pneumaticity. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 3:1-73.
82. Witmer, L. 1997b. Craniofacial air sinus systems; pp. 151-158 in P. Currie and K. Padian (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
83. Witmer, L., and R. Ridgely. 2008. The paranasal air sinuses of predatory and armored dinosaurs (Dinosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and their contribution to cephalic structure. The Anatomical Record 291:1362-1388.
84. Witmer, L., and R. Ridgely. 2008. Structure of the brain cavity and inner ear of the centrosaurine dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus; pp. 117-144 in P. Currie, W. Langston, and D. Tanke (eds.), A New Horned Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Bonebed in Alberta. National Research Council of Canada Monograph. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
85. Witmer, L., and R. Ridgely. 2009. New insights into the brain, braincase, and ear regions of tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with implications for sensory organization and behavior. The Anatomical Record 292:1266-1296.
86. Witmer, L., R. Ridgely, D. Dufeau, and M. Semones. 2008. Using CT to peer into the past: 3D visualization of the brain and ear regions of birds, crocodiles, and nonavian dinosaurs; pp. 67-87 in R. Frey and H. Endo (eds.), Anatomical Imaging: Towards a New Morphology. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, Japan.
87. Xu, X., Y.-N. Cheng, X.-L. Wang, and C.-H. Chang. 2002. An unusual oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from China. Nature 419:291-293.
88. Xu, X., M. Norell, X.-L. Wang, P. Makovicky, and X.-C. Wu. 2002. A basal troodontid from the middle Cretaceous of China. Nature 413:780-784. (Pubitemid 34150497)
89. Xu, X., X. Zhang, P. Sereno, X. Zhao, X. Kuang, J. Han, and L. Tan. 2002. A new therizinosauroid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 40:228-240.
90. Zanno, L. E. 2004a. The pectoral girdle and forelimb of a primitive therizinosauroid (Theropoda: Maniraptora) with phylogenetic implications. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Geology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
91. Zanno, L. E. 2004b. The pectoral girdle and forelimb of a primitive therizinosauroid (Theropoda: Maniraptora): new information on the phylogenetics and evolution of therizinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (3, Supplement): 134A.
92. Zanno, L. E. 2006. The pectoral girdle and forelimb of the primitive therizinosauroid Falcarius utahensis (Theropoda, Maniraptora): analyzing evolutionary trends within the Therizinosauroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26:636-650. (Pubitemid 44509101)
93. Zanno, L. E. 2010. A taxonomic and phylogenetic reevaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria:Maniraptora). Journal of Systematic Paleontology 8(4):503-543.
94. Zanno, L. E., and G. M. Erickson. 2006. Ontogeny and life history of Falcarius utahensis, a primitive therizinosauroid from the early Cretaceous of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (3 Supplement): 143A.
95. Zanno, L. E., D. D. Gillette, L. B. Albright, and A. L. Titus. 2009. A new North American therizinosaurid and the role of herbivory in 'predatory' dinosaur evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2009:1-7.
96. Zhang, X., X. Xu, X. Zhao, P. Sereno, X. Kuang, and L. Tan. 2001. A long-necked therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol, Peoples Republic of China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 39:282-290.