Diagnosis of tuberculosis infection using interferon-γ-based assays

Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica

Volumn 29, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2011, Pages 26-33

  Santín Cerezales, Miguel ^a   Benítez, José Domínguez ^b  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI DE BELLVITGE   (Spain)

^b INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

Author keywords

Interferon based assays; Latent tuberculosis infection; QuantiFERON TB Gold In Tube; T SPOT.TB; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE; CORTICOSTEROID; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR;

ARTICLE; BCG VACCINATION; BLOOD SAMPLING; BODY FLUID; CONTACT EXAMINATION; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; IMMUNE MEDIATED INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; IMMUNOASSAY; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INTERFERON GAMMA BASED ASSAY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LATENT TUBERCULOSIS; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS; TUBERCULOUS PLEURISY;

EID: 79952981807     PISSN: 0213005X     EISSN: 15781852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0213-005X(11)70015-5     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. R.M. Jasmer, P. Nahid, and P.C. Hopewell Clinical practice. Latent tuberculosis infection N Engl J Med 347 2002 1860 1866 (Pubitemid 35417778)
2. C.R. Horsburgh Jr Priorities for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States N Engl J Med 350 2004 2060 2067
3. P. Andersen, M.E. Munk, J.M. Pollock, and T.M. Doherty Specific immune-based diagnosis of tuberculosis Lancet 356 2000 1099 1104
4. I. Brock, K. Weldingh, E.M. Leyten, S.M. Arend, P. Ravn, and P. Andersen Specific T-cell epitopes for immunoassay-based diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection J Clin Microbiol 42 2004 2379 2387 (Pubitemid 38747478)
5. S.M. Arend, S.F. Thijsen, E.M. Leyten, J.J. Bouwman, W.P. Franken, and B.F. Koster Comparison of two interferon-gamma assays and tuberculin skin test for tracing TB contacts Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 2007 618 627 (Pubitemid 46438947)
6. R. Diel, R. Loddenkemper, K. Meywald-Walter, R. Gottschalk, and A. Nienhaus Comparative performance of tuberculin skin test, QuantiFERON-TB-Gold In Tube assay, and T-Spot.TB test in contact investigations for tuberculosis Chest 135 2009 1010 1018
7. J. Domínguez, J. Ruiz-Manzano, M. De Souza-Galvao, I. Latorre, C. Mil, and S. Blanco Comparison of two commercially available gamma interferon blood tests for immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis Clin Vaccine Immunol 15 2008 168 171 (Pubitemid 351966546)
8. A. Lalvani, A.A. Pathan, H. McShane, R.J. Wilkinson, M. Latif, and C.P. Conlon Rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by enumeration of antigenspecific T cells Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 2001 824 828 (Pubitemid 32275850)
9. J.P. Janssens, P. Roux-Lombard, T. Perneger, M. Metzger, R. Vivien, and T. Rochat Contribution of a IFN-gamma assay in contact tracing for tuberculosis in a low-incidence, high immigration area Swiss Med Wkly 138 2008 585 593
10. R. Menzies, B. Vissandjee, I. Rocher, and Y. St Germain The booster effect in two-step tuberculin testing among young adults in Montreal Ann Intern Med 120 1994 190 198
11. I. Casas, I. Latorre, M. Esteve, J. Ruiz-Manzano, D. Rodríguez, and C. Prat Evaluation of interferon-gamma release assays in the diagnosis of recent tuberculosis infection in health care workers PLoS One 4 2009 e6686
12. A. Nienhaus, A. Schablon, C.L. Bacle, B. Siano, and R. Diel Evaluation of the inter-ferongamma release assay in healthcare workers Int Arch Occup Environ Health 81 2008 295 300 (Pubitemid 350182815)
13. M. Pai, K. Gokhale, R. Joshi, S. Dogra, S. Kalantri, and D.K. Mendiratta Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in health care workers in rural India: comparison of a wholeblood interferon gamma assay with tuberculin skin testing JAMA 293 2005 2746 2755 (Pubitemid 40973379)
14. J.C. Choi, J.W. Shin, J.Y. Kim, I.W. Park, B.W. Choi, and M.K. Lee The effect of previous tuberculin skin test on the follow-up examination on whole-blood interferon-gamma assay in the screening for latent tuberculosis infection Chest 133 2008 1415 1420 (Pubitemid 351892999)
15. R.N. Van Zyl-Smit, M. Pai, K. Peprah, R. Meldau, J. Kieck, and J. Juritz Within-subject variability and boosting of T-cell interferon-gamma responses after tuberculin skin testing Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180 2009 49 58
16. D. Menzies, M. Pai, and G. Comstock Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research Ann Intern Med 146 2007 340 354 (Pubitemid 351650594)
17. G. Ferrara, M. Losi, R. D'Amico, P. Roversi, R. Piro, and M. Meacci Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study Lancet 367 2006 1328 1334
18. Y. Kobashi, K. Mouri, Y. Obase, M. Fukuda, N. Miyashita, and M. Oka Clinical evaluation of QuantiFERON TB-2G test for immunocompromised patients Eur Respir J 30 2007 945 950 (Pubitemid 351194799)
19. L. Richeldi, M. Losi, R. D'Amico, M. Luppi, A. Ferrari, and C. Mussini Performance of tests for latent tuberculosis in different groups of immunocompromised patients Chest 136 2009 198 204
20. S. Liebeschuetz, S. Bamber, K. Ewer, J. Deeks, A.A. Pathan, and A. Lalvani Diagnosis of tuberculosis in South African children with a T-cell-based assay: a prospective cohort study Lancet 364 2004 2196 2203 (Pubitemid 40018449)
21. A.M. Mandalakas, A.C. Hesseling, N.N. Chegou, H.L. Kirchner, X. Zhu, and B.J. Marais High level of discordant IGRA results in HIV-infected adults and children Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12 2008 417 423 (Pubitemid 351507255)
22. I. Brock, M. Ruhwald, B. Lundgren, H. Westh, L.R. Mathiesen, and P. Ravn Latent tuberculosis in HIV positive, diagnosed by the M. tuberculosis specific interferon-gamma test Respir Res 7 2006 56
23. S. Jones, D. De Gijsel, F.R. Wallach, A.C. Gurtman, Q. Shi, and H. Sacks Utility of QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube testing for latent TB infection in HIV-infected individuals Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11 2007 1190 1195 (Pubitemid 350146299)
24. C. Stephan, T. Wolf, U. Goetsch, O. Bellinger, G. Nisius, and G. Oremek Comparing QuantiFERON-tuberculosis gold T-SPOT tuberculosis and tuberculin skin test in HIV-infected individuals from a low prevalence tuberculosis country AIDS 22 2008 2471 2479
25. M.X. Rangaka, K.A. Wilkinson, R. Seldon, G. Van Cutsem, G.A. Meintjes, and C. Morroni Effect of HIV-1 infection on T-Cell-based and skin test detection of tuberculosis infection Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 2007 514 520 (Pubitemid 46354256)
26. S.A. Clark, S.L. Martin, A. Pozniak, A. Steel, B. Ward, and J. Dunning Tuberculosis antigen-specific immune responses can be detected using enzyme-linked immunospot technology in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 patients with advanced disease Clin Exp Immunol 150 2007 238 244 (Pubitemid 47609557)
27. I. Rivas, I. Latorre, A. Sanvisens, J. Domínguez, J. Tor, and C. Prat Prospective evaluation of latent tuberculosis with interferon-gamma release assays in drug and alcohol abusers Epidemiol Infect 137 2009 1342 1347
28. F. Karam, F. Mbow, H. Fletcher, C.S. Senghor, K.D. Coulibaly, and A.M. LeFevre Sensitivity of IFN-gamma release assay to detect latent tuberculosis infection is retained in HIV-infected patients but dependent on HIV/AIDS progression PLoS ONE 3 2008 e1441
29. J. Panes, F. Gomollón, C. Taxonera, J. Hinojosa, J. Clofent, and P. Nos Crohn's disease: a review of current treatment with a focus on biologics Drugs 67 2007 2511 2537 (Pubitemid 350159165)
30. M.A. Gardam, E.C. Keystone, R. Menzies, S. Manners, E. Skamene, and R. Long Anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and tuberculosis risk: mechanisms of action and clinical management Lancet Infect Dis 3 2003 148 155 (Pubitemid 36278124)
31. L. Carmona, J.J. Gómez-Reino, V. Rodríguez-Valverde, D. Montero, E. Pascual-Gómez, and E.M. Mola Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists Arthritis Rheum 52 2005 1766 1772 (Pubitemid 40852885)
32. J. Domínguez, and I. Latorre Role of the T-cell interferon-gamma release assays in preventing reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in immunosuppressed patients in treatment with anti-TNF agents J Crohn's & Colitis 2 2008 250 254
33. A. Lalvani, and K.A. Millington Screening for tuberculosis infection prior to initiation of anti-TNF therapy Autoimmun Rev 8 2008 147 152
34. M. Bocchino, A. Matarese, B. Bellofiore, P. Giacomelli, G. Santoro, and N. Balato Performance of two commercial blood IFN-gamma release assays for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in patient candidates for anti-TNF-alpha treatment Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27 2008 907 913
35. G. Matulis, P. Juni, P.M. Villiger, and S.D. Gadola Detection of latent tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune diseases: performance of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific interferon gamma assay Ann Rheum Dis 67 2008 84 90
36. D. Ponce de León, E. Acevedo-Vásquez, S. Alvizuri, C. Gutiérrez, M. Cucho, and J. Alfaro Comparison of an interferon-gamma assay with tuberculin skin testing for detection of tuberculosis (TB) infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a TB-endemic population J Rheumatol 35 2008 776 781 (Pubitemid 351747116)
37. N. Cobanoglu, U. Ozcelik, U. Kalyoncu, S. Ozen, S. Kiraz, and N. Gurcan Interferon-gamma assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection before using tumour necrosis factor-alpha blockers Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11 2007 1177 1182 (Pubitemid 350146297)
38. J. Martin, C. Walsh, A. Gibbs, T. McDonnell, U. Fearon, and J. Keane Comparison of interferon-{gamma}-release assays and conventional screening tests before tumour necrosis factor-{alpha} blockade in patients with inflammatory arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 69 2010 181 185
39. D. Vassilopoulos, N. Stamoulis, E. Hadziyannis, and A.J. Archimandritis Usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elispot) compared to tuberculin skin testing for latent tuberculosis screening in rheumatic patients scheduled for anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment. Addendum J Rheumatol 35 2008 1464 (Pubitemid 352000805)
40. H. Takahashi, K. Shigehara, M. Yamamoto, C. Suzuki, Y. Naishiro, and Y. Tamura Interferon gamma assay for detecting latent tuberculosis infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients during infliximab administration Rheumatol Int 27 2007 1143 1148 (Pubitemid 47373944)
41. F. Bartalesi, S. Vicidomini, D. Goletti, C. Fiorelli, G. Fiori, and D. Melchiorri QuantiFERON-TB Gold and the TST are both useful for latent tuberculosis infection screening in autoimmune diseases Eur Respir J 33 2009 586 593
42. A. Lalvani, and K.A. Millington T cell-based diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis infection Curr Opin Infect Dis 20 2007 264 271 (Pubitemid 46686008)
43. M.A. Davies, T. Connell, C. Johannisen, K. Wood, S. Pienaar, and K.A. Wilkinson Detection of tuberculosis in HIV-infected children using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay. AIDS 23 2009 961 969
44. N. Altet-Gómez, M. De Souza-Galvao, I. Latorre, C. Milá, M.A. Jiménez, and J. Solsona Diagnosing TB infection in children: analysis of discordances using in vitro tests and tuberculin skin test Eur Respir J 2010 doi:10.1183/09031936.00022710
45. T.G. Connell, N. Ritz, G.A. Paxton, J.P. Buttery, N. Curtis, and S.C. Ranganathan three-way comparison of tuberculin skin testing, QuantiFERON-TB gold and T-SPO.TB in children PLoS ONE 3 2008 e2624
46. B. Kampmann, E. Whittaker, A. Williams, S. Walters, A. Gordon, and N. Martínez-Alier Interferon-gamma release assays do not identify more children with active TB than TST Eur Respir J 33 2009 1374 1382
47. J. Lighter, M. Rigaud, R. Eduardo, C.H. Peng, and H. Pollack Latent tuberculosis diagnosis in children by using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test Pediatrics 123 2009 30 37
48. M.P. Nicol, M.A. Davies, K. Wood, M. Hatherill, L. Workman, and A. Hawkridge Comparison of T-SPOT.TB assay and tuberculin skin test for the evaluation of young children at high risk for tuberculosis in a community setting Pediatrics 123 2009 38 43
49. I. Latorre, M. De Souza-Galvao, J. Ruiz-Manzano, A. Lacoma, C. Prat, and N. Altet Evaluating the non-tuberculous mycobacteria effect in the tuberculosis infection diagnosis Eur Respir J 35 2010 338 342
50. T.G. Connell, N. Curtis, S.C. Ranganathan, and J.P. Buttery Performance of a whole blood interferon gamma assay for detecting latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in children Thorax 61 2006 616 620 (Pubitemid 44035143)
51. L. Richeldi, K. Ewer, M. Losi, B.M. Bergamini, P. Roversi, and J. Deeks T cell-based tracking of multidrug resistant tuberculosis infection after brief exposure Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 2004 288 295 (Pubitemid 38971414)
52. R. Diel, R. Loddenkemper, and A. Nienhaus Evidence-based comparison of commercial interferon-gamma release assays for detecting active TB: a metaanalysis Chest 137 2010 952 968
53. M. Sester, G. Sotgiu, C. Lange, C. Giehl, E. Girardi, and G.B. Migliori Interferon-{gamma} release assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis Eur Respir J 37 2011 100 111
54. J. Domínguez, M. De Souza-Galvao, J. Ruiz-Manzano, I. Latorre, C. Prat, and A. Lacoma T-cell responses to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens in active tuberculosis patients at the beginning, during, and after antituberculosis treatment Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 63 2009 43 51
55. D. Goletti, C. Stefania, O. Butera, M. Amicosante, M. Ernst, and I. Sauzullo Accuracy of immunodiagnostic tests for active tuberculosis using single and combined results: a multicenter TBNET-Study PLoS ONE 3 2008 e3417
56. J.Z. Metcalfe, A. Cattamanchi, E. Vittinghoff, C. Ho, J. Grinsdale, and C. Hopewell Evaluation of quantitative IFN-gamma response for risk stratification of active tuberculosis suspects Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181 2010 87 93
57. I. Latorre, M. De Souza-Galvao, J. Ruiz-Manzano, A. Lacoma, C. Prat, and L. Fuenzalida Quantitative evaluation of T-cell response after specific antigen stimulation in active and latent tuberculosis infection in adults and children Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 65 2009 236 246
58. M. Pai, and D. Menzies Interferon-gamma release assays: what is their role in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis? Clin Infect Dis 44 2007 74 77 (Pubitemid 44968988)
59. M.G. Aabye, P. Ravn, G. PrayGod, K. Jeremiah, A. Mugomela, and M. Jepsen The impact of HIV infection CD4 cell count on the performance of an interferon gamma release assay in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis PLoS ONE 4 2009 e4220
60. C.B. Chee, S.H. Gan, K.W. Khinmar, T.M. Barkham, C.K. Koh, and S. Liang Comparison of sensitivities of two commercial gamma interferon release assays for pulmonary tuberculosis J Clin Microbiol 46 2008 1935 1940 (Pubitemid 351831823)
61. E. Raby, M. Moyo, A. Devendra, J. Banda, P. De Haas, and H. Ayles The effects of HIV on the sensitivity of a whole blood IFN-gamma release assay in Zambian adults with active tuberculosis PLoS ONE 3 2008 e2489
62. S.J. Tsiouris, D. Coetzee, P.L. Toro, J. Austin, Z. Stein, and W. El-Sadr Sensitivity analysis and potential uses of a novel gamma interferon release assay for diagnosis of tuberculosis J Clin Microbiol 44 2006 2844 2850 (Pubitemid 44228579)
63. R. Markova, Y. Todorova, R. Drenska, I. Elenkov, M. Yankova, and D. Stefanova Usefulness of interferon-gamma release assays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected patients in Bulgaria Biotechnol & Biotechnol Eq 23 2009 1103 1108
64. L. Leidl, H. Mayanja-Kizza, G. Sotgiu, J. Baseke, M. Ernst, and C. Hirsch Relationship of immunodiagnostic assays for tuberculosis and numbers of circulating CD4+ T-cells in HIV infection Eur Respir J 35 2010 619 626
65. D. Vincenti, S. Carrara, O. Butera, F. Bizzoni, R. Casetti, and E. Girardi Response to region of difference 1 (RD1) epitopes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals enrolled with suspected active tuberculosis: a pilot study Clin Exp Immunol 150 2007 91 98 (Pubitemid 47383295)
66. M. García-Gasalla, V. Fernández-Baca, I. Mir-Viladrich, C. Cifuentes-Luna, A. Campins-Rosselló, and A. Payeras-Cifre Quantiferon-TB-Gold In Tube test in the diagnosis of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 2010 685 689
67. B. Syed Ahamed Kabeer, R. Sikhamani, S. Swaminathan, V. Peromal, P. Paramasivam, and A. Raja Role of interferon gamma release assay in active TB diagnosis among HIV infected individuals PLoS One 4 2009 e5718
68. A.K. Detjen, T. Keil, S. Roll, B. Hauer, H. Mauch, and U. Wahn Interferon-gamma release assays improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children in a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis Clin Infect Dis 45 2007 322 328 (Pubitemid 47101028)
69. A.R. Bamford, A.M. Crook, J.E. Clark, Z. Nademi, G. Dixon, and J.Y. Paton Comparison of interferon-{gamma} release assays and tuberculin skin test in predicting active tuberculosis (TB) in children in the UK: a paediatric TB network study Arch Dis Child 95 2010 180 186
70. Y. Kobashi, K. Mouri, S. Yagi, Y. Obase, N. Miyashita, and N. Okimoto Clinical utility of the QuantiFERON TB-2G test for elderly patients with active tuberculosis Chest 133 2008 1196 1202 (Pubitemid 351685526)
71. T. Mori, M. Sakatani, F. Yamagishi, T. Takashima, Y. Kawabe, and K. Nagao Specific detection of tuberculosis infection: an interferon-gamma-based assay using new antigens Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 2004 59 64 (Pubitemid 38997752)
72. Y. Kobashi, K. Mouri, N. Miyashita, N. Okimoto, T. Matsushima, and T. Kageoka QuantiFERON TB-2G test for patients with active tuberculosis stratified by age groups Scand J Infect Dis 41 2009 841 846
73. K.A. Wilkinson, R.J. Wilkinson, A. Pathan, K. Ewer, M. Prakash, and P. Klenerman Ex vivo characterization of early secretory antigenic target 6-specific T cells at sites of active disease in pleural tuberculosis Clin Infect Dis 40 2005 184 187 (Pubitemid 40053478)
74. C. Jafari, M. Ernst, B. Kalsdorf, U. Greinert, R. Diel, and D. Kirsten Rapid diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis by bronchoalveolar lavage enzyme-linked immunospot Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 2006 1048 1054 (Pubitemid 44684455)
75. C. Jafari, M. Ernst, A. Strassburg, U. Greinert, B. Kalsdorf, and D. Kirsten Local immunodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis by enzyme-linked immunospot Eur Respir J 31 2008 261 265
76. C. Jafari, S. Thijsen, G. Sotgiu, D. Goletti, J.A. Domínguez- Benítez, and M. Losi Bronchoalveolar lavage enzyme-linked immunospot for a rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis: a Tuberculosis Network European Trialsgroup study Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180 2009 666 673
77. A. Trajman, M. Pai, K. Dheda, R. Van Zyl Smit, A.A. Zwerling, and R. Joshi Novel tests for diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion: what works and what does not? Eur Respir J 31 2008 1098 1106
78. M. Losi, A. Bossink, L. Codecasa, C. Jafari, M. Ernst, and S. Thijsen Use of a T-cell interferon-{gamma} release assay for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy Eur Respir J 30 2007 1173 1179 (Pubitemid 351194766)
79. K. Baba, S. Sornes, A.A. Hoosen, J.M. Lekabe, M.J. Mpe, and M. Langeland Evaluation of immune responses in HIV infected patients with pleural tuberculosis by the QuantiFERON TB-Gold interferon-gamma assay BMC Infect Dis 8 2008 35
80. K. Dheda, R.N. Van Zyl-Smit, L.A. Sechi, M. Badri, R. Meldau, and S. Meldau Utility of quantitative T-cell responses versus unstimulated interferon-{gamma} for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis Eur Respir J 34 2009 1118 1126
81. M.M. Thomas, T.S. Hinks, S. Raghuraman, N. Ramalingam, M. Ernst, and R. Nau Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis by enumeration of cerebrospinal fluid antigen-specific T-cells Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12 2008 651 657 (Pubitemid 351846763)
82. S.H. Kim, K. Chu, S.J. Choi, K.H. Song, H.B. Kim, and N.J. Kim Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis by T-cell-based Assays on Peripheral Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Mononuclear cells Clin Vaccine Immunol 15 2008 1356 1362
83. S.H. Kim, O.H. Cho, S.J. Park, E.M. Lee, M.N. Kim, and S.O. Lee Rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis by T cell-based assays on peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells Clin Infect Dis 50 2010 1349 1358
84. V.B. Patel, R. Singh, C. Connolly, Y. Coovadia, A.K. Peer, and P. Parag Cerebrospinal T-cell responses aid in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis in a human immunodeficiency virus- and tuberculosis-endemic population Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182 2010 569 577
85. T.M. Doherty, A. Demissie, J. Olobo, D. Wolday, S. Britton, and T. Eguale Immune responses to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigen ESAT-6 signal subclinical infection among contacts of tuberculosis patients J Clin Microbiol 40 2002 704 706 (Pubitemid 34130912)
86. R. Diel, R. Loddenkemper, K. Meywald-Walter, S. Niemann, and A. Nienhaus Predictive value of a whole-blood IFN-gamma assay for the development of active TB disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 2008 1164 1170
87. R. Diel, R. Loddenkemper, S. Niemann, K. Meywald-Walter, and A. Nienhaus Negative and Positive Predictive Value of a Whole-Blood IGRA for Developing Active TB - An Update Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 2011 88 95
88. C.C. Leung, K.C. Chang, and C.H. Chau Is the whole-blood gamma interferon assay better than the tuberculin skin test in predicting active tuberculosis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178 2008 210 211 author reply 211 (Pubitemid 351957784)
89. S.V. Kik, W.P. Franken, M. Mensen, F.G. Cobelens, M. Kamphorst, and S.M. Arend Predictive value for progression to tuberculosis by IGRA and TST in immigrant contacts Eur Respir J 35 2010 1346 1353
90. P.C. Hill, D. Jackson-Sillah, A. Fox, R.H. Brookes, B.C. De Jong, and M.D. Lugos Incidence of tuberculosis and the predictive value of ELISPOT and Mantoux tests in Gambian case contacts PLoS ONE 3 2008 e.1379
91. M.C. Aichelburg, A. Rieger, F. Breitenecker, K. Pfistershammer, J. Tittes, and S. Eltz Detection and prediction of active tuberculosis disease by a whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay in HIV-1-infected individuals Clin Infect Dis 48 2009 954 962
92. M. Santín, S. Casas, M. Saumoy, A. Andreu, R. Moure, and F. Alcaide Detection of latent tuberculosis by the tuberculin skin test and a whole-blood inter-ferongamma release assay, and the development of active tuberculosis in HIV-seropositive persons Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 69 2011 59 65
93. M. Bakir, K.A. Millington, A. Soysal, J.J. Deeks, S. Efee, and Y. Aslan Prognostic value of a T-cell-based, interferon-gamma biomarker in children with tuberculosis contact Ann Intern Med 149 2008 777 787
94. K. Higuchi, N. Harada, T. Mori, and Y. Sekiya Use of QuantiFERON-TB Gold to investigate tuberculosis contacts in a high school Respirology 12 2007 88 92 (Pubitemid 44968205)
95. A. Lalvani, and K.A. Millington T-cell interferon-gamma release assays: can we do better? Eur Respir J 32 2008 1428 1430
96. A. Lalvani, and M. Pareek Interferon gamma release assays: principles and practice Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 2010 245 252
97. X.Q. Liu, D. Dosanjh, H. Varia, K. Ewer, P. Cockle, and G. Pasvol Evaluation of T-cell responses to novel RD1- and RD2-encoded Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene products for specific detection of human tuberculosis infection Infect Immun 72 2004 2574 2581 (Pubitemid 38542383)
98. M. Ruhwald, T. Bodmer, C. Maier, M. Jepsen, M.B. Haaland, and J. Eugen-Olsen Evaluating the potential of IP-10 and MCP-2 as biomarkers for the diagnosis of tuberculosis Eur Respir J 32 2008 1607 1615
99. K.A. Millington, J.A. Innes, S. Hackforth, T.S. Hinks, J.J. Deeks, and D.P. Dosanjh Dynamic relationship between IFN-gamma and IL-2 profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific T cells and antigen load J Immunol 178 2007 5217 5226 (Pubitemid 46595306)