메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue , 2011, Pages 17-28

Clearing the complexity: Immune complexes and their treatment in lupus nephritis

Author keywords

Immune complex; Nephritis; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Therapy

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; FLUDARABINE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; RITUXIMAB;

EID: 79952944239     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11787058     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/IJNRD.S10233     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (35)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 40049093765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of disease: Systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Rahman A, Isenberg DA. Mechanisms of disease: systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:929-939.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 929-939
    • Rahman, A.1    Isenberg, D.A.2
  • 2
    • 2442707797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleosomes are exposed at the cell surface in apoptosis
    • Radic M, Marion T, Monestier M. Nucleosomes are exposed at the cell surface in apoptosis. J Immunol. 2004;172:6692-6700.
    • (2004) J Immunol , vol.172 , pp. 6692-6700
    • Radic, M.1    Marion, T.2    Monestier, M.3
  • 3
    • 0019786317 scopus 로고
    • Renal localization of the membrane attack complex in systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis
    • Biesecker G, Katz S, Koffler D. Renal localization of the membrane attack complex in systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. J Exp Med. 1981;154:1779-1794.
    • (1981) J Exp Med , vol.154 , pp. 1779-1794
    • Biesecker, G.1    Katz, S.2    Koffler, D.3
  • 4
    • 77951242133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lupus nephritis: Pathologic features, epidemiology, and a guide to therapeutic decisions
    • Ortega LM, Schultz DR, Lenz O, et al. Lupus nephritis: pathologic features, epidemiology, and a guide to therapeutic decisions. Lupus. 2010;19:557-574.
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , pp. 557-574
    • Ortega, L.M.1    Schultz, D.R.2    Lenz, O.3
  • 5
    • 1642480050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited
    • Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM, et al. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. Kidney Int. 2004;65:521-530.
    • (2004) Kidney Int , vol.65 , pp. 521-530
    • Weening, J.J.1    D'Agati, V.D.2    Schwartz, M.M.3
  • 6
    • 0035021077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of histologic patterns of glomerular injury upon long-term prognosis in severe lupus glomerulonephritis
    • Najafi CC, Korbet SM, Lewis EJ, et al. Significance of histologic patterns of glomerular injury upon long-term prognosis in severe lupus glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 2001;59:2156-2163.
    • (2001) Kidney Int , vol.59 , pp. 2156-2163
    • Najafi, C.C.1    Korbet, S.M.2    Lewis, E.J.3
  • 7
    • 4444291079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving the butterfly and the wolf: Mortality trends in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Borchers AT, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y, et al. Surviving the butterfly and the wolf: mortality trends in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2004;3:423-453.
    • (2004) Autoimmun Rev , vol.3 , pp. 423-453
    • Borchers, A.T.1    Keen, C.L.2    Shoenfeld, Y.3
  • 8
    • 0141891339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: A comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients
    • Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: a comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:299-308.
    • (2003) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.82 , pp. 299-308
    • Cervera, R.1    Khamashta, M.A.2    Font, J.3
  • 9
    • 0017367766 scopus 로고
    • Serum immune complexes and disease activity in lupus nephritis
    • Levinsky RJ, Cameron JS, Soothill JF. Serum immune complexes and disease activity in lupus nephritis. Lancet. 1977;1:564-567.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 564-567
    • Levinsky, R.J.1    Cameron, J.S.2    Soothill, J.F.3
  • 10
    • 65249171440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nephritogenic potential of anti-DNA antibodies against necrotic nucleosomes
    • Mortensen ES, Rekvig OP. Nephritogenic potential of anti-DNA antibodies against necrotic nucleosomes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20: 696-704.
    • (2009) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.20 , pp. 696-704
    • Mortensen, E.S.1    Rekvig, O.P.2
  • 11
    • 0016738246 scopus 로고
    • Immune complex deposits in systemic lupus erythematosus kidney without histological or functional alterations
    • Cruchaud A, Chenais F, Fournie GJ, et al. Immune complex deposits in systemic lupus erythematosus kidney without histological or functional alterations. Eur J Clin Invest. 1975;1975:297-309.
    • (1975) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.1975 , pp. 297-309
    • Cruchaud, A.1    Chenais, F.2    Fournie, G.J.3
  • 12
    • 16744362427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of anti-dsDNA antibody isotypes: IgG/IgM ratio of anti-dsDNA antibodies as a prognostic marker for lupus nephritis
    • Forger F, Matthias T, Oppermann M, et al. Clinical significance of anti-dsDNA antibody isotypes: IgG/IgM ratio of anti-dsDNA antibodies as a prognostic marker for lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2004;13: 36-44.
    • (2004) Lupus , vol.13 , pp. 36-44
    • Forger, F.1    Matthias, T.2    Oppermann, M.3
  • 13
    • 0034085617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antinucleosome antibodies of the IgG3 subclass are markers of renal pathogenicity in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Amoura Z, Koutouzov S, Chabre H, et al. Antinucleosome antibodies of the IgG3 subclass are markers of renal pathogenicity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:76-84.
    • (2000) Arthritis Rheum , vol.43 , pp. 76-84
    • Amoura, Z.1    Koutouzov, S.2    Chabre, H.3
  • 14
    • 0036100449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IgG subclass distribution of autoantibodies differs between renal and extra-renal relapses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Bijl M, Dijstelbloem HM, Oost WW, et al. IgG subclass distribution of autoantibodies differs between renal and extra-renal relapses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41:62-67.
    • (2002) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.41 , pp. 62-67
    • Bijl, M.1    Dijstelbloem, H.M.2    Oost, W.W.3
  • 15
    • 0037266279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-dsDNA antibody avidity determination by a simple reliable ELISA method for SLE diagnosis and monitoring
    • Villalta D, Romelli PB, Savina C, et al. Anti-dsDNA antibody avidity determination by a simple reliable ELISA method for SLE diagnosis and monitoring. Lupus. 2003;12:31-36.
    • (2003) Lupus , vol.12 , pp. 31-36
    • Villalta, D.1    Romelli, P.B.2    Savina, C.3
  • 16
    • 33745817065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-dsDNA antibody subtypes and anti-C1q antibodies: Toward a more reliable diagnosis and monitoring of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis
    • Jaekel H-P, Trabandt A, Grobe N, et al. Anti-dsDNA antibody subtypes and anti-C1q antibodies: toward a more reliable diagnosis and monitoring of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2006;15:335-345.
    • (2006) Lupus , vol.15 , pp. 335-345
    • Jaekel, H.-P.1    Trabandt, A.2    Grobe, N.3
  • 17
    • 77649325116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pure anti-dsDNA mAbs need chromatin structures to promote glomerular mesangial deposits in BALB/c mice
    • Fenton KA, Tommeras B, Marion TN, et al. Pure anti-dsDNA mAbs need chromatin structures to promote glomerular mesangial deposits in BALB/c mice. Autoimmunity. 2010;43:179-188.
    • (2010) Autoimmunity , vol.43 , pp. 179-188
    • Fenton, K.A.1    Tommeras, B.2    Marion, T.N.3
  • 18
    • 0031807290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly cationic anti- DNA antibodies in patients with lupus nephritis analyzed by twodimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting
    • Kohro-Kawata J, Wang P, Kawata Y, et al. Highly cationic anti- DNA antibodies in patients with lupus nephritis analyzed by twodimensional electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Electrophoresis. 1998;19:1511-1515.
    • (1998) Electrophoresis , vol.19 , pp. 1511-1515
    • Kohro-Kawata, J.1    Wang, P.2    Kawata, Y.3
  • 19
    • 0035060979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lupus anti-DNA autoantibodies cross-react with a glomerular structural protein: A case for tissue injury by molecular mimicry
    • Mostoslavsky G, Fischel R, Yachimovich N, et al. Lupus anti-DNA autoantibodies cross-react with a glomerular structural protein: a case for tissue injury by molecular mimicry. Eur J Immunol. 2001;31: 1221-1227.
    • (2001) Eur J Immunol , vol.31 , pp. 1221-1227
    • Mostoslavsky, G.1    Fischel, R.2    Yachimovich, N.3
  • 20
    • 40549095677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced fragmentation of apoptotic chromatin is associated with nephritis in lupus-prone (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice
    • Zykova SN, Seredkina N, Benjaminsen J, et al. Reduced fragmentation of apoptotic chromatin is associated with nephritis in lupus-prone (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58: 813-825.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.58 , pp. 813-825
    • Zykova, S.N.1    Seredkina, N.2    Benjaminsen, J.3
  • 21
    • 67049165185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fcgamma receptor IIB and IIIB polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: A meta-analysis
    • Lee YH, Ji JD, Song GG. Fcgamma receptor IIB and IIIB polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis. Lupus. 2009;18(8):727-734.
    • (2009) Lupus , vol.18 , Issue.8 , pp. 727-734
    • Lee, Y.H.1    Ji, J.D.2    Song, G.G.3
  • 22
    • 33750837175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FcR-bearing myeloid cells are responsible for triggering murine lupus nephritis
    • Bergtold A, Gavhane A, D'Agati V, et al. FcR-bearing myeloid cells are responsible for triggering murine lupus nephritis. J Immunol. 2006;177:7287-7295.
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.177 , pp. 7287-7295
    • Bergtold, A.1    Gavhane, A.2    D'Agati, V.3
  • 23
    • 60549110867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased expression of FcγRI/CD64 on circulating monocytes parallels ongoing inflammation and nephritis in lupus
    • Li Y, Lee PY, Sobel ES, et al. Increased expression of FcγRI/CD64 on circulating monocytes parallels ongoing inflammation and nephritis in lupus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11:R6.
    • (2009) Arthritis Res Ther , vol.11
    • Li, Y.1    Lee, P.Y.2    Sobel, E.S.3
  • 24
    • 22344452484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of immune response in pristane-induced lupus by expression of activation and inhibitory Fc receptors
    • Clynes R, Calvani N, Croker BP, et al. Modulation of immune response in pristane-induced lupus by expression of activation and inhibitory Fc receptors. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;141:230-237.
    • (2005) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.141 , pp. 230-237
    • Clynes, R.1    Calvani, N.2    Croker, B.P.3
  • 25
    • 27344454342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complement and systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Karp DR. Complement and systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17:538-542.
    • (2005) Curr Opin Rheumatol , vol.17 , pp. 538-542
    • Karp, D.R.1
  • 26
    • 56349159793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune complex clearance by complement receptor type 1 in SLE
    • Kavai M. Immune complex clearance by complement receptor type 1 in SLE. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8:160-164.
    • (2008) Autoimmun Rev , vol.8 , pp. 160-164
    • Kavai, M.1
  • 27
    • 23744457094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-C1q autoantibodies in lupus nephritis: Prevalence and clinical significance
    • Sinico RA, Ikehata M, Giammarresi G, et al. Anti-C1q autoantibodies in lupus nephritis: prevalence and clinical significance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1050:193-200.
    • (2005) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1050 , pp. 193-200
    • Sinico, R.A.1    Ikehata, M.2    Giammarresi, G.3
  • 28
    • 33750016891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of anti-C1q antibodies in biopsy-proven active lupus nephritis
    • Trendelenburg M, Lopez-Trascasa M, Potlukova E, et al. High prevalence of anti-C1q antibodies in biopsy-proven active lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:3115-3121.
    • (2006) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.21 , pp. 3115-3121
    • Trendelenburg, M.1    Lopez-Trascasa, M.2    Potlukova, E.3
  • 29
    • 4944245001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-C1q autoantibodies desposit in glomeruli but are only pathogenic in combination with glomerular C1q-containing immune complexes
    • Trouw LA, Groeneveld TWL, Seelen MA, et al. Anti-C1q autoantibodies desposit in glomeruli but are only pathogenic in combination with glomerular C1q-containing immune complexes. J Clin Invest. 2004;114: 679-688.
    • (2004) J Clin Invest , vol.114 , pp. 679-688
    • Trouw, L.A.1    Groeneveld, T.W.L.2    Seelen, M.A.3
  • 30
    • 3042548183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor 9-dependent and -independent dendritic cell activation by chromatinimmunoglobulin G complexes
    • Boule MW, Broughton C, Mackay F, et al. Toll-like receptor 9-dependent and -independent dendritic cell activation by chromatinimmunoglobulin G complexes. J Exp Med. 2004;199:1631-1640.
    • (2004) J Exp Med , vol.199 , pp. 1631-1640
    • Boule, M.W.1    Broughton, C.2    Mackay, F.3
  • 31
    • 77956520680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basophils and nephritis in lupus
    • Kaveri SV, Mouthon L, Bayry J. Basophils and nephritis in lupus. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1080-1082.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.363 , pp. 1080-1082
    • Kaveri, S.V.1    Mouthon, L.2    Bayry, J.3
  • 32
    • 33750964016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: Effect on autoantibody and antimicrobial antibody profiles
    • Cambridge G, Leandro MJ, Teodorescu M, et al. B cell depletion therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: effect on autoantibody and antimicrobial antibody profiles. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54: 3612-3622.
    • (2006) Arthritis Rheum , vol.54 , pp. 3612-3622
    • Cambridge, G.1    Leandro, M.J.2    Teodorescu, M.3
  • 33
    • 81855168613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of rituximab in subjects with active proliferative lupus nephritis (LN): Results from the randomized, double-blind phase III LUNAR study
    • Furie R, Looney R, Rovin B, et al, editors, Philadelphia (PA), Oct 17-21. Abstract 1149
    • Furie R, Looney R, Rovin B, et al, editors. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in subjects with active proliferative lupus nephritis (LN): results from the randomized, double-blind phase III LUNAR study. American College of Rheumatology National Meeting 2009; Philadelphia (PA). 2009 Oct 17-21. Abstract 1149.
    • (2009) American College of Rheumatology National Meeting 2009
  • 34
    • 77949970200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B cell-targeted therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus: An update on clinical trial data
    • Looney RJ. B cell-targeted therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus: an update on clinical trial data. Drugs. 2010;70:529-540.
    • (2010) Drugs , vol.70 , pp. 529-540
    • Looney, R.J.1
  • 35
    • 74849131972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: The randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial
    • Merrill JT, Neuwelt CM, Wallace DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately-to-severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: the randomized, double-blind, phase II/III systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial. Arthritis Rheum. 62:222-233.
    • Arthritis Rheum , vol.62 , pp. 222-233
    • Merrill, J.T.1    Neuwelt, C.M.2    Wallace, D.J.3
  • 36
    • 77955379986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from 136 patients from the French AutoImmunity and Rituximab registry
    • Terrier B, Amoura Z, Ravaud P, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from 136 patients from the French AutoImmunity and Rituximab registry. Arthritis Rheum. 62:2458-2466.
    • Arthritis Rheum , vol.62 , pp. 2458-2466
    • Terrier, B.1    Amoura, Z.2    Ravaud, P.3
  • 37
    • 79952927037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roche and Biogen Idec decide to suspend ocrelizumab treatment - rheumatoid arthritis development programme on hold
    • Accessed 2010 Oct 12
    • Roche and Biogen Idec decide to suspend ocrelizumab treatment - rheumatoid arthritis development programme on hold. Biogen Idec, 2010. http://www.biogenidec.com/PRESS_RELEASE_DETAILS.aspx?ID=5981&ReqId=1400446. Accessed 2010 Oct 12.
    • (2010) Biogen Idec
  • 38
    • 77953182426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B cells as therapeutic targets in SLE
    • Sanz I, Lee FE. B cells as therapeutic targets in SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6:326-337.
    • (2010) Nat Rev Rheumatol , vol.6 , pp. 326-337
    • Sanz, I.1    Lee, F.E.2
  • 39
    • 69749120918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Wallace DJ, Stohl W, Furie RA, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2009;61:1168-1178.
    • (2009) Arthritis Care Res , vol.61 , pp. 1168-1178
    • Wallace, D.J.1    Stohl, W.2    Furie, R.A.3
  • 40
    • 74849122596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term belimumab treatment on B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: Extension of a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study
    • Jacobi AM, Huang W, Wang T, et al. Effect of long-term belimumab treatment on B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: extension of a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:201-210.
    • (2010) Arthritis Rheum , vol.62 , pp. 201-210
    • Jacobi, A.M.1    Huang, W.2    Wang, T.3
  • 41
    • 53749095799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial clinical trial of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 antibody) for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Dorner T, Kaufmann J, Wegener WA, et al. Initial clinical trial of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 antibody) for immunotherapy of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8:R74.
    • (2006) Arthritis Res Ther , vol.8
    • Dorner, T.1    Kaufmann, J.2    Wegener, W.A.3
  • 42
    • 77952555902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How best to use new therapies in multiple myeloma
    • Dingli D, Rajkumar SV. How best to use new therapies in multiple myeloma. Blood Rev. 2010;24:91-100.
    • (2010) Blood Rev , vol.24 , pp. 91-100
    • Dingli, D.1    Rajkumar, S.V.2
  • 43
    • 46749088320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib depletes plasma cells and protects mice with lupus-like disease from nephritis
    • Neubert K, Meister S, Moser K, et al. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib depletes plasma cells and protects mice with lupus-like disease from nephritis. Nat Med. 2008;14:748-755.
    • (2008) Nat Med , vol.14 , pp. 748-755
    • Neubert, K.1    Meister, S.2    Moser, K.3
  • 44
    • 14844346513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Very low-dose tolerance with nucleosomal peptides controls lupus and induces regulatory T cell subsets
    • Kang H-K, Michaels MA, Berner BR, et al. Very low-dose tolerance with nucleosomal peptides controls lupus and induces regulatory T cell subsets. J Immunol. 2005;174:3247-3255.
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.174 , pp. 3247-3255
    • Kang, H.-K.1    Michaels, M.A.2    Berner, B.R.3
  • 45
    • 49449093009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abetimus sodium for renal flare in systemic lupus erythematosus: Results of a randomized, controlled phase III trial
    • Cardiel MH, Tumlin JA, Furie RA, et al. Abetimus sodium for renal flare in systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a randomized, controlled phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2470-2480.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.58 , pp. 2470-2480
    • Cardiel, M.H.1    Tumlin, J.A.2    Furie, R.A.3
  • 46
    • 48749104624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody-β2- glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers
    • Rand JH, Wu X-X, Quinn AS, et al. Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody-β2- glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers. Blood. 2008;112: 1687-1695.
    • (2008) Blood , vol.112 , pp. 1687-1695
    • Rand, J.H.1    Wu, X.-X.2    Quinn, A.S.3
  • 47
    • 79952934650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydroxychloroquine reduces binding of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies in vitro
    • Toong C, Wienholt L, Adelstein S. Hydroxychloroquine reduces binding of anti-double stranded DNA antibodies in vitro. Intern Med J. 2010;40(Suppl 4):17.
    • (2010) Intern Med J , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 17
    • Toong, C.1    Wienholt, L.2    Adelstein, S.3
  • 48
    • 0027152178 scopus 로고
    • Plasma protein binding of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine and metabolites
    • McLachlan AJ, Cutler DJ, Tett SE. Plasma protein binding of the enantiomers of hydroxychloroquine and metabolites. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;44:481-484.
    • (1993) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.44 , pp. 481-484
    • McLachlan, A.J.1    Cutler, D.J.2    Tett, S.E.3
  • 49
    • 0027607819 scopus 로고
    • Differential binding of the enantiomers of chloroquine and quinacrine to polynucleotides: Implications for stereoselective metabolism
    • Scaria PV, Craig JC, Shafer RH. Differential binding of the enantiomers of chloroquine and quinacrine to polynucleotides: implications for stereoselective metabolism. Biopolymers. 1993;33:887-895.
    • (1993) Biopolymers , vol.33 , pp. 887-895
    • Scaria, P.V.1    Craig, J.C.2    Shafer, R.H.3
  • 50
    • 0025070185 scopus 로고
    • Sequence preference of chloroquine binding to DNA and prevention of Z-DNA formation
    • Kwakye-Berko F, Meshnick S. Sequence preference of chloroquine binding to DNA and prevention of Z-DNA formation. Mol Biochem Paristol. 1990;39:275-278.
    • (1990) Mol Biochem Paristol , vol.39 , pp. 275-278
    • Kwakye-Berko, F.1    Meshnick, S.2
  • 51
    • 78651080630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclease deficiencies promote end-stage lupus nephritis but not nephritogenic autoimmunity in (NZBxNZW) F1 mice
    • Jun 15
    • Fismen S, Mortensen ES, Rekvig OP. Nuclease deficiencies promote end-stage lupus nephritis but not nephritogenic autoimmunity in (NZBxNZW) F1 mice. Immunol Cell Biol. 2010 Jun 15.
    • (2010) Immunol Cell Biol
    • Fismen, S.1    Mortensen, E.S.2    Rekvig, O.P.3
  • 52
    • 0033043318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human Dnase I (rhDNase) in patients with lupus nephritis
    • Davis JC Jr, Manzi S, Yarboro C, et al. Recombinant human Dnase I (rhDNase) in patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus. 1999;8:68-76.
    • (1999) Lupus , vol.8 , pp. 68-76
    • Davis Jr., J.C.1    Manzi, S.2    Yarboro, C.3
  • 54
    • 49249125962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term clinical outcomes of synchronized therapy with plasmapheresis and intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in the treatment of steroid-resistant lupus nephritis
    • Yamaji K, Kim YJ, Tsuda H, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of synchronized therapy with plasmapheresis and intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in the treatment of steroid-resistant lupus nephritis. Ther Apher Dial. 2008;12(4):298-305.
    • (2008) Ther Apher Dial , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 298-305
    • Yamaji, K.1    Kim, Y.J.2    Tsuda, H.3
  • 55
    • 0036320066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synchronised therapy and highdose cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis
    • Danieli MG, Palmieri C, Salvi A, et al. Synchronised therapy and highdose cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. J Clin Apher. 2002;17:72-77.
    • (2002) J Clin Apher , vol.17 , pp. 72-77
    • Danieli, M.G.1    Palmieri, C.2    Salvi, A.3
  • 56
    • 33646248091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoadsorption plasmapheresis using a phenylalanine column as an effective treatment for lupus nephritis
    • Sugimoto K, Yamaji K, Yang KS, et al. Immunoadsorption plasmapheresis using a phenylalanine column as an effective treatment for lupus nephritis. Ther Apher Dial. 2006;10:187-192.
    • (2006) Ther Apher Dial , vol.10 , pp. 187-192
    • Sugimoto, K.1    Yamaji, K.2    Yang, K.S.3
  • 57
    • 36649034885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoadsorbent apheresis eliminates pathogenic IgG in childhood lupus nephritis
    • Takahashi S, Wada N, Harada K. Immunoadsorbent apheresis eliminates pathogenic IgG in childhood lupus nephritis. Pediatr Int. 2007;49:817-821.
    • (2007) Pediatr Int , vol.49 , pp. 817-821
    • Takahashi, S.1    Wada, N.2    Harada, K.3
  • 58
    • 33750378268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus: All roads lead to type I interferons
    • Pascual V, Farkas L, Banchereau J. Systemic lupus erythematosus: all roads lead to type I interferons. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006;18: 676-682.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.18 , pp. 676-682
    • Pascual, V.1    Farkas, L.2    Banchereau, J.3
  • 59
    • 33750297108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimalarial agents: Closing the gate on Toll-like receptors?
    • Lafyatis R, York M, Marshak-Rothstein A. Antimalarial agents: closing the gate on Toll-like receptors? Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3068-3070.
    • (2006) Arthritis Rheum , vol.54 , pp. 3068-3070
    • Lafyatis, R.1    York, M.2    Marshak-Rothstein, A.3
  • 60
    • 84866374885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sparing steroids in lupus
    • Fulmer T. Sparing steroids in lupus. SciBX. 2010;3:1-2.
    • (2010) SciBX , vol.3 , pp. 1-2
    • Fulmer, T.1
  • 61
    • 66449097622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralizaiton of interferon-α/β- inducible genes and downstream effect in a phase I trial of an antiinteferon-α monoclonal antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Yao Y, Richman L, Higgs BW, et al. Neutralizaiton of interferon-α/β- inducible genes and downstream effect in a phase I trial of an antiinteferon-α monoclonal antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1785-1796.
    • (2009) Arthritis Rheum , vol.60 , pp. 1785-1796
    • Yao, Y.1    Richman, L.2    Higgs, B.W.3
  • 62
    • 0023277281 scopus 로고
    • Murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to glomerular antigens and form immune deposits
    • Madaio MP, Carlson J, Cataldo J, et al. Murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to glomerular antigens and form immune deposits. J Immunol. 1987;138:2883-2889.
    • (1987) J Immunol , vol.138 , pp. 2883-2889
    • Madaio, M.P.1    Carlson, J.2    Cataldo, J.3
  • 63
    • 0036232276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesangial cell-binding anti-DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Chan TM, Leung JK, Ho SK, et al. Mesangial cell-binding anti-DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:1219-1229.
    • (2002) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.13 , pp. 1219-1229
    • Chan, T.M.1    Leung, J.K.2    Ho, S.K.3
  • 64
    • 33745160347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-reaction of anti-DNA autoantibodies with membrane proteins of human glomerular mesangial cells in sera from patients with lupus nephritis
    • Du H, Chen M, Zhang Y, et al. Cross-reaction of anti-DNA autoantibodies with membrane proteins of human glomerular mesangial cells in sera from patients with lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;145:21-27.
    • (2006) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.145 , pp. 21-27
    • Du, H.1    Chen, M.2    Zhang, Y.3
  • 65
    • 0028015572 scopus 로고
    • Anti-nucleosome antibodies complexed to nucleosomal antigens show anti-DNA reactivity and bind to rat glomerular basement membrane in vivo
    • Kramers C, Hylkema MN, van Bruggen MCJ, et al. Anti-nucleosome antibodies complexed to nucleosomal antigens show anti-DNA reactivity and bind to rat glomerular basement membrane in vivo. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:568-577.
    • (1994) J Clin Invest , vol.94 , pp. 568-577
    • Kramers, C.1    Hylkema, M.N.2    van Bruggen, M.C.J.3
  • 66
    • 0029901303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-DNA antibody derived from a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient forms histone- DNA-anti-DNA complexes that bind to rat glomeruli in vivo
    • Morioka T, Fujigaki Y, Batsford SR, et al. Anti-DNA antibody derived from a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient forms histone- DNA-anti-DNA complexes that bind to rat glomeruli in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996;104:92-96.
    • (1996) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.104 , pp. 92-96
    • Morioka, T.1    Fujigaki, Y.2    Batsford, S.R.3
  • 67
    • 0026691662 scopus 로고
    • Failed self-tolerance and autoimmunity in IgG anti-DNA transgenic mice
    • Tsao BP, Ohnishi K, Cheroutre H, et al. Failed self-tolerance and autoimmunity in IgG anti-DNA transgenic mice. J Immunol. 1992; 149:350-358.
    • (1992) J Immunol , vol.149 , pp. 350-358
    • Tsao, B.P.1    Ohnishi, K.2    Cheroutre, H.3
  • 68
    • 0024506642 scopus 로고
    • Anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to renal antigens and induce kidney dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat kidney
    • Raz E, Brezis M, Rosenmann E, et al. Anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to renal antigens and induce kidney dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat kidney. J Immunol. 1989;142:3076-3082.
    • (1989) J Immunol , vol.142 , pp. 3076-3082
    • Raz, E.1    Brezis, M.2    Rosenmann, E.3
  • 69
    • 0029086996 scopus 로고
    • Human IgG anti-DNA antibodies deposit in kidneys and induce proteinuria in SCID mice
    • Ehrenstein MR, Katz DR, Griffiths MH, et al. Human IgG anti-DNA antibodies deposit in kidneys and induce proteinuria in SCID mice. Kidney Int. 1995;48:705-711.
    • (1995) Kidney Int , vol.48 , pp. 705-711
    • Ehrenstein, M.R.1    Katz, D.R.2    Griffiths, M.H.3
  • 70
    • 0031964947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic, structural and functional properties of an IgG DNA-binding monoclonal antibody from a lupus patient with nephritis
    • Ravirajan CT, Rahman MA, Papadaki L, et al. Genetic, structural and functional properties of an IgG DNA-binding monoclonal antibody from a lupus patient with nephritis. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28:339-350.
    • (1998) Eur J Immunol , vol.28 , pp. 339-350
    • Ravirajan, C.T.1    Rahman, M.A.2    Papadaki, L.3
  • 71
    • 33947660078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glomerular apoptotic nucleosomes are central target structures for nephritogenic antibodies in human SLE nephritis
    • Kalaaji M, Fenton KA, Mortensen ES, et al. Glomerular apoptotic nucleosomes are central target structures for nephritogenic antibodies in human SLE nephritis. Kidney Int. 2007;71:664-672.
    • (2007) Kidney Int , vol.71 , pp. 664-672
    • Kalaaji, M.1    Fenton, K.A.2    Mortensen, E.S.3
  • 72
    • 0003188715 scopus 로고
    • Significance of antibody to DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Casals SP, Friou GJ, Myers LL. Significance of antibody to DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1964;7:379-390.
    • (1964) Arthritis Rheum , vol.7 , pp. 379-390
    • Casals, S.P.1    Friou, G.J.2    Myers, L.L.3
  • 73
    • 0037404913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-chromatin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: A useful marker for lupus nephropathy
    • Cervera R, Vinas O, Ramos-Casals M, et al. Anti-chromatin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a useful marker for lupus nephropathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:431-434.
    • (2003) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.62 , pp. 431-434
    • Cervera, R.1    Vinas, O.2    Ramos-Casals, M.3
  • 74
    • 0025374697 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of increases in anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels as a predictor of disease exacerbation in systemic lupus erythematosus: A long-term, prospective study
    • ter Borg EJ, Horst G, Hummel EJ, et al. Measurement of increases in anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels as a predictor of disease exacerbation in systemic lupus erythematosus: A long-term, prospective study. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(5):634-643.
    • (1990) Arthritis Rheum , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 634-643
    • ter Borg, E.J.1    Horst, G.2    Hummel, E.J.3
  • 75
    • 0016840718 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of DNA- binding capacity patterns in patients with lupus nephritis
    • Adler MK, Baumgarten A, Hecht B. Prognostic significance of DNA- binding capacity patterns in patients with lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975;34:444-450.
    • (1975) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.34 , pp. 444-450
    • Adler, M.K.1    Baumgarten, A.2    Hecht, B.3
  • 76
    • 67650682701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abetimus sodium: A medication for the prevention of lupus nephritis flares
    • Horowitz DM, Furie RA. Abetimus sodium: a medication for the prevention of lupus nephritis flares. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10: 1501-1507.
    • (2009) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.10 , pp. 1501-1507
    • Horowitz, D.M.1    Furie, R.A.2
  • 77
    • 0018118982 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide
    • Donadio JVJ, Holley KE, Ferguson RH, et al. Treatment of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:1151-1155.
    • (1978) N Engl J Med , vol.299 , pp. 1151-1155
    • Donadio, J.V.J.1    Holley, K.E.2    Ferguson, R.H.3
  • 78
    • 0036673864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: The Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide
    • Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy in lupus nephritis: the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial, a randomized trial of low-dose versus high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2121-2131.
    • (2002) Arthritis Rheum , vol.46 , pp. 2121-2131
    • Houssiau, F.A.1    Vasconcelos, C.2    D'Cruz, D.3
  • 79
    • 73449086703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide
    • Houssiau FA, Vasconcelos C, D'Cruz D, et al. The 10-year follow-up data of the Euro-Lupus Nephritis Trial comparing low-dose and high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69: 61-64.
    • (2010) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.69 , pp. 61-64
    • Houssiau, F.A.1    Vasconcelos, C.2    D'Cruz, D.3
  • 80
    • 77951727819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose cyclophosphamide versus monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus: A prospective randomized trial
    • Petri M, Brodsky RA, Jones RJ, et al. High-dose cyclophosphamide versus monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide for systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective randomized trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2010; 62:1487-1493.
    • (2010) Arthritis Rheum , vol.62 , pp. 1487-1493
    • Petri, M.1    Brodsky, R.A.2    Jones, R.J.3
  • 81
    • 11144356023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EULAR randomised controlled trial of pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone versus continuous cyclophosphamide and prednisolone followed by azathioprine and prednisolone in lupus nephritis
    • Yee CS, Gordon C, Dostal C, et al. EULAR randomised controlled trial of pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone versus continuous cyclophosphamide and prednisolone followed by azathioprine and prednisolone in lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;63: 525-529.
    • (2003) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.63 , pp. 525-529
    • Yee, C.S.1    Gordon, C.2    Dostal, C.3
  • 82
    • 34447327210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of combination treatment with fludarabine and low-dose pulse cyclophosphamide in patients with lupus nephritis
    • Illei GG, Yarboro CH, Kuroiwa T, et al. Long-term effects of combination treatment with fludarabine and low-dose pulse cyclophosphamide in patients with lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46: 952-956.
    • (2007) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.46 , pp. 952-956
    • Illei, G.G.1    Yarboro, C.H.2    Kuroiwa, T.3
  • 83
    • 28144433147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis
    • Ginzler EM, Dooley MA, Aranow C, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2219-2228.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2219-2228
    • Ginzler, E.M.1    Dooley, M.A.2    Aranow, C.3
  • 84
    • 65649140169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis
    • Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:1103-1112.
    • (2009) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.20 , pp. 1103-1112
    • Appel, G.B.1    Contreras, G.2    Dooley, M.A.3
  • 85
    • 73349129039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous cyclophosphamide are similar as induction therapy for class V lupus nephritis
    • Radhakrishnan J, Moutzouris D-A, Ginzler EM, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil and intravenous cyclophosphamide are similar as induction therapy for class V lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2010;77:152-160.
    • (2010) Kidney Int , vol.77 , pp. 152-160
    • Radhakrishnan, J.1    Moutzouris, D.-A.2    Ginzler, E.M.3
  • 86
    • 28444437000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis
    • Ong LM, Hooi LS, Lim TO, et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide versus mycophenolate mofetil in the induction therapy of proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrology. 2005;10:504-510.
    • (2005) Nephrology , vol.10 , pp. 504-510
    • Ong, L.M.1    Hooi, L.S.2    Lim, T.O.3
  • 87
    • 34547830199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil in induction and maintenance therapy of severe lupus nephritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Zhu B, Chen N, Lin Y, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in induction and maintenance therapy of severe lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22: 1933-1942.
    • (2007) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.22 , pp. 1933-1942
    • Zhu, B.1    Chen, N.2    Lin, Y.3
  • 88
    • 77954040157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in lupus nephritis
    • Lanata CM, Mahmood T, Fine DM, et al. Combination therapy of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in lupus nephritis. Lupus. 2010;19:935-940.
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , pp. 935-940
    • Lanata, C.M.1    Mahmood, T.2    Fine, D.M.3
  • 89
    • 33747082349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azathioprine/methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trial
    • Grootscholten C, Ligtenberg G, Hagen EC, et al. Azathioprine/methylprednisolone versus cyclophosphamide in proliferative lupus nephritis. A randomized controlled trial. Kidney Int. 2006;70: 732-742.
    • (2006) Kidney Int , vol.70 , pp. 732-742
    • Grootscholten, C.1    Ligtenberg, G.2    Hagen, E.C.3
  • 90
    • 33947114890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with cyclophosphamide delays the progression of chronic lesions more effectively than does treatment with azathioprine plus methylprednisolone in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis
    • Grootscholten C, Bajema IM, Florquin S, et al. Treatment with cyclophosphamide delays the progression of chronic lesions more effectively than does treatment with azathioprine plus methylprednisolone in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:924-937.
    • (2007) Arthritis Rheum , vol.56 , pp. 924-937
    • Grootscholten, C.1    Bajema, I.M.2    Florquin, S.3
  • 91
    • 33947183874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histologic deterioration and more flares: The case against azathioprine plus methylprednisolone in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis
    • Chan TM. Histologic deterioration and more flares: the case against azathioprine plus methylprednisolone in the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:702-704.
    • (2007) Arthritis Rheum , vol.56 , pp. 702-704
    • Chan, T.M.1
  • 92
    • 78649756235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclosporine A or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis: The Cyclofa-Lune study
    • Zavada J, Pesickova S, Rysava R, et al. Cyclosporine A or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis: the Cyclofa-Lune study. Lupus. 2010;19:1281-1289.
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , pp. 1281-1289
    • Zavada, J.1    Pesickova, S.2    Rysava, R.3
  • 93
    • 67650606765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases
    • Ramos-Casals M, Soto MJ, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review of off-label use in 188 cases. Lupus. 2009;18:767-776.
    • (2009) Lupus , vol.18 , pp. 767-776
    • Ramos-Casals, M.1    Soto, M.J.2    Cuadrado, M.J.3
  • 94
    • 70149093654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is combination rituximab with cyclophosphamide better than rituximab alone in the treatment of lupus nephritis?
    • Li EK, Tam LS, Zhu TY, et al. Is combination rituximab with cyclophosphamide better than rituximab alone in the treatment of lupus nephritis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:892-898.
    • (2009) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.48 , pp. 892-898
    • Li, E.K.1    Tam, L.S.2    Zhu, T.Y.3
  • 95
    • 77951237518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of rituximab in the treatment of refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: Singapore experience
    • Lateef A, Lahiri M, Teng GG, et al. Use of rituximab in the treatment of refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: Singapore experience. Lupus. 2010;19:765-770.
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , pp. 765-770
    • Lateef, A.1    Lahiri, M.2    Teng, G.G.3
  • 96
    • 76049094173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti- CD20 therapy in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: A longitudinal analysis of 52 Hispanic patients
    • Garcia-Carrasco M, Mendoza-Pinto C, Sandoval-Cruz M, et al. Anti- CD20 therapy in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal analysis of 52 Hispanic patients. Lupus. 2010;19: 213-219.
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , pp. 213-219
    • Garcia-Carrasco, M.1    Mendoza-Pinto, C.2    Sandoval-Cruz, M.3
  • 97
    • 77954707963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical improvements in proliferative vs membranous lupus nephritis following B-cell depletion: Pooled data from two cohorts
    • Jonsdottir T, Gunnarsson I, Mourao AF, et al. Clinical improvements in proliferative vs membranous lupus nephritis following B-cell depletion: pooled data from two cohorts. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:1502-1504.
    • (2010) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.49 , pp. 1502-1504
    • Jonsdottir, T.1    Gunnarsson, I.2    Mourao, A.F.3
  • 98
    • 1442355581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis
    • Contreras G, Pardo V, Leclercq B, et al. Sequential therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:971-980.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 971-980
    • Contreras, G.1    Pardo, V.2    Leclercq, B.3
  • 99
    • 16244382368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis: Mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and intravenous cyclophosphamide
    • Contreras G, Tozman E, Nahar N, et al. Maintenance therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis: mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and intravenous cyclophosphamide. Lupus. 2005;14:s33-s38.
    • (2005) Lupus , vol.14
    • Contreras, G.1    Tozman, E.2    Nahar, N.3
  • 100
    • 54249110290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in the maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis
    • Sahin GM, Sahin S, Kiziltas S, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in the maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis. Renal Failure. 2008;30:865-869.
    • (2008) Renal Failure , vol.30 , pp. 865-869
    • Sahin, G.M.1    Sahin, S.2    Kiziltas, S.3
  • 101
    • 78649751475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The maintain Nephritis Trial Group. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: Results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial
    • Houssiau F, D'Cruz D, Sangle S, et al; the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial Group. Azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for long-term immunosuppression in lupus nephritis: results from the MAINTAIN Nephritis Trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2083-2089.
    • (2010) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.69 , pp. 2083-2089
    • Houssiau, F.1    D'Cruz, D.2    Sangle, S.3
  • 102
    • 77956025166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspreva Lupus Management Study maintenance results
    • (CS12.6)
    • Wofsy D, Appel GB, Dooley MA, et al. Aspreva Lupus Management Study maintenance results. Lupus. 2010;19(Suppl):27 (CS12.6).
    • (2010) Lupus , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 27
    • Wofsy, D.1    Appel, G.B.2    Dooley, M.A.3
  • 103
    • 34548454046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized pilot trial comparing cyclosporine and azathioprine for maintenance therapy in diffuse lupus nephritis over four years
    • Moroni G, Doria A, Mosca M, et al. A randomized pilot trial comparing cyclosporine and azathioprine for maintenance therapy in diffuse lupus nephritis over four years. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:925-932.
    • (2006) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.1 , pp. 925-932
    • Moroni, G.1    Doria, A.2    Mosca, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.