메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 100, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 8-13

Bridging therapies and liver transplantation in acute liver failure

Author keywords

Acute liver failure; Albumin dialysis; Artificial liver assist device; Hepatic encephalopathy; Liver transplantation; MARS; Molecular adsorbent recirculating system

Indexed keywords


EID: 79952914564     PISSN: 14574969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/145749691110000103     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 70349095559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albumin dialysis MARS: Knowledge from 10 years of clinical investigation
    • Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, et al: Albumin dialysis MARS: knowledge from 10 years of clinical investigation. ASAIO J 2009;55:498-502
    • (2009) ASAIO J , vol.55 , pp. 498-502
    • Mitzner, S.R.1    Stange, J.2    Klammt, S.3
  • 3
    • 42249102412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute liver failure: Summary of a workshop
    • Lee WM, Squires RH, Jr, Nyberg SL, et al: Acute liver failure: Summary of a workshop. Hepatology 2008;47:1401-1415
    • (2008) Hepatology , vol.47 , pp. 1401-1415
    • Lee, W.M.1    Squires Jr., R.H.2    Nyberg, S.L.3
  • 4
    • 0014709011 scopus 로고
    • The management of fulminant hepatic failure
    • Trey C, Davidson CS: The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis 1970;3:282-298
    • (1970) Prog Liver Dis , vol.3 , pp. 282-298
    • Trey, C.1    Davidson, C.S.2
  • 5
    • 0027293230 scopus 로고
    • Acute liver failure: Redefining the syndromes
    • O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R: Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet 1993;342(8866):273-275
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , Issue.8866 , pp. 273-275
    • O'Grady, J.G.1    Schalm, S.W.2    Williams, R.3
  • 6
    • 43049121406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on liver failure: Past and future
    • Riordan SM, Williams R: Perspectives on liver failure: past and future. Semin Liver Dis 2008;28):137-141
    • (2008) Semin Liver Dis , vol.28 , pp. 137-141
    • Riordan, S.M.1    Williams, R.2
  • 7
    • 43049137743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiologies of acute liver failure
    • Lee WM: Etiologies of acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 2008;28:142-153
    • (2008) Semin Liver Dis , vol.28 , pp. 142-153
    • Lee, W.M.1
  • 8
    • 0037126649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States
    • Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, et al: Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Inter Med 2002;137:947-954
    • (2002) Ann Inter Med , vol.137 , pp. 947-954
    • Ostapowicz, G.1    Fontana, R.J.2    Schiodt, F.V.3
  • 9
    • 0036853129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant hepatic failure: Outcome after listing for highly urgent liver transplantation-12 years experience in the Nordic countries
    • Brandsaeter B, Hockerstedt K, Friman S, et al: Fulminant hepatic failure: outcome after listing for highly urgent liver transplantation-12 years experience in the Nordic countries. Liver Transpl 2002;8:1055-1062
    • (2002) Liver Transpl , vol.8 , pp. 1055-1062
    • Brandsaeter, B.1    Hockerstedt, K.2    Friman, S.3
  • 10
    • 70349763748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of albumin dialysis with MARS in patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure
    • LB1
    • Saliba F, Camus C, Durand F, et al: Randomized controlled multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of albumin dialysis with MARS in patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology 2008;48:4 (Suppl 1):LB1
    • (2008) Hepatology , vol.48 , Issue.4 SUPPL. 1
    • Saliba, F.1    Camus, C.2    Durand, F.3
  • 11
    • 58149289835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome after waitlisting for emergency liver transplantation in acute liver failure: A single centre experience
    • Bernal W, Cross TJ, Auzinger G, et al: Outcome after waitlisting for emergency liver transplantation in acute liver failure: a single centre experience. J Hepatol 2009;50:306-313
    • (2009) J Hepatol , vol.50 , pp. 306-313
    • Bernal, W.1    Cross, T.J.2    Auzinger, G.3
  • 12
    • 17744402528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is a 3-day limit forhighly urgent liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure appropriate, and is the diagnosis in some cases incorrect?
    • Bjøro K, Kirkegaard P, Ericzon BG, et al: Is a 3-day limit forhighly urgent liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure appropriate, and is the diagnosis in some cases incorrect? Transplant Proc 2001;33:2511-2513
    • (2001) Transplant Proc , vol.33 , pp. 2511-2513
    • Bjøro, K.1    Kirkegaard, P.2    Ericzon, B.G.3
  • 13
    • 0024340940 scopus 로고
    • Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure
    • O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al: Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1989;97:439-445
    • (1989) Gastroenterology , vol.97 , pp. 439-445
    • O'Grady, J.G.1    Alexander, G.J.2    Hayllar, K.M.3
  • 14
    • 0037253103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to acetaminophen poisoning: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic criteria determining the need for liver transplantation
    • Bailey B, Amre DK, Gaudreault P: Fulminant hepatic failure secondary to acetaminophen poisoning: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic criteria determining the need for liver transplantation. Crit Care Med 2003;31:299-305
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 299-305
    • Bailey, B.1    Amre, D.K.2    Gaudreault, P.3
  • 15
    • 77955852502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of performance of Kings's College Hospital Criteria in prediction of outcome in non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure
    • McPhail MJ, Wendon JA, Bernal W: Meta-analysis of performance of Kings's College Hospital Criteria in prediction of outcome in non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2010;53(3):492-499
    • (2010) J Hepatol , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 492-499
    • McPhail, M.J.1    Wendon, J.A.2    Bernal, W.3
  • 16
    • 43049101714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of prognosis in acute liver failure
    • Polson J: Assessment of prognosis in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 2008;28:218-226
    • (2008) Semin Liver Dis , vol.28 , pp. 218-226
    • Polson, J.1
  • 17
    • 0022552543 scopus 로고
    • Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B
    • Bernuau J, Goudeau A, Poynard T, et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B. Hepatology 1986;6:648-651
    • (1986) Hepatology , vol.6 , pp. 648-651
    • Bernuau, J.1    Goudeau, A.2    Poynard, T.3
  • 18
    • 0037116856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: A cohort study
    • Bernal W, Donaldson N, Wyncoll D, Wendon J: Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study. Lancet 2002;359(9306):558-563
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , Issue.9306 , pp. 558-563
    • Bernal, W.1    Donaldson, N.2    Wyncoll, D.3    Wendon, J.4
  • 19
    • 11244353296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha-fetoprotein is a predictor of outcome in acetaminophen-induced liver injury
    • Schmidt LE, Dalhoff K: Alpha-fetoprotein is a predictor of outcome in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2005;41:26-31
    • (2005) Hepatology , vol.41 , pp. 26-31
    • Schmidt, L.E.1    Dalhoff, K.2
  • 21
    • 0028907383 scopus 로고
    • Pretransplantation clinical status and outcome of emergency transplantation for acute liver failure
    • Devlin J, Wendon J, Heaton N, et al: Pretransplantation clinical status and outcome of emergency transplantation for acute liver failure. Hepatology 1995;21:1018-1024
    • (1995) Hepatology , vol.21 , pp. 1018-1024
    • Devlin, J.1    Wendon, J.2    Heaton, N.3
  • 22
    • 72949088803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of acute liver failure in the elderly
    • Schiodt FV, Chung RT, Schilsky ML, et al: Outcome of acute liver failure in the elderly. Liver Transpl 2009;15:1481-1487
    • (2009) Liver Transpl , vol.15 , pp. 1481-1487
    • Schiodt, F.V.1    Chung, R.T.2    Schilsky, M.L.3
  • 23
    • 77955016202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute liver failure
    • Bernal W, Auzinger G, Dhawan A, et al Acute liver failure. Lancet 2010;376(9736):190-201
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , Issue.9736 , pp. 190-201
    • Bernal, W.1    Auzinger, G.2    Dhawan, A.3
  • 24
    • 0041327808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operative morbidity of living liver donors in Japan
    • Umeshita K, Fujiwara K, Kiyosawa K, et al: Operative morbidity of living liver donors in Japan. Lancet 2003;362(9385):687-690
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , Issue.9385 , pp. 687-690
    • Umeshita, K.1    Fujiwara, K.2    Kiyosawa, K.3
  • 25
    • 57849131229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auxiliary transplantation for acute liver failure: Histopathological study of native liver regeneration
    • Quaglia A, Portmann BC, Knisely AS, et al: Auxiliary transplantation for acute liver failure: Histopathological study of native liver regeneration. Liver Transpl 2008;14:1437-1448
    • (2008) Liver Transpl , vol.14 , pp. 1437-1448
    • Quaglia, A.1    Portmann, B.C.2    Knisely, A.S.3
  • 26
    • 0038521242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: Experience with more than 200 patients over a 17-year period
    • Farmer DG, Anselmo DM, Ghobrial RM, et al: Liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: experience with more than 200 patients over a 17-year period. Ann Surg 2003;237:666-675
    • (2003) Ann Surg , vol.237 , pp. 666-675
    • Farmer, D.G.1    Anselmo, D.M.2    Ghobrial, R.M.3
  • 27
    • 61649114283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The systemic inflammatory response syndrome is predictive of renal dysfunction in patients with non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure
    • Leithead JA, Ferguson JW, Bates CM, et al: The systemic inflammatory response syndrome is predictive of renal dysfunction in patients with non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. Gut 2009;58:443-449
    • (2009) Gut , vol.58 , pp. 443-449
    • Leithead, J.A.1    Ferguson, J.W.2    Bates, C.M.3
  • 28
    • 0022645851 scopus 로고
    • Controlled hyperventilation in the prevention of cerebral oedema in fulminant hepatic failure
    • Ede RJ, Gimson AE, Bihari D, et al: Controlled hyperventilation in the prevention of cerebral oedema in fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1986;2:43-51
    • (1986) J Hepatol , vol.2 , pp. 43-51
    • Ede, R.J.1    Gimson, A.E.2    Bihari, D.3
  • 30
    • 67650341235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic hypothermia for acute liver failure
    • Stravitz RT, Larsen FS: Therapeutic hypothermia for acute liver failure. Crit Care Med 2009;37(7 Suppl):S258-S264
    • (2009) Crit Care Med , vol.37 , Issue.SUPPL. 7
    • Stravitz, R.T.1    Larsen, F.S.2
  • 32
    • 11144356892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure
    • Demetriou AA, Brown RS, Jr, Busuttil RW, et al: Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure. Ann Surg 2004;239:660-670
    • (2004) Ann Surg , vol.239 , pp. 660-670
    • Demetriou, A.A.1    Brown Jr., R.S.2    Busuttil, R.W.3
  • 33
    • 3242740190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems
    • Van de Kerkhove MP, Hoekstra R, Chamuleau RA, et al: Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems. Ann Surg 2004;240:216-230
    • (2004) Ann Surg , vol.240 , pp. 216-230
    • van de Kerkhove, M.P.1    Hoekstra, R.2    Chamuleau, R.A.3
  • 34
    • 0023920204 scopus 로고
    • Controlled trials of charcoal hemoperfusion and prognostic factors in fulminant hepatic failure
    • O'Grady JG, Gimson AE, O'Brien CJ, et al: Controlled trials of charcoal hemoperfusion and prognostic factors in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1988;94:1186-1192
    • (1988) Gastroenterology , vol.94 , pp. 1186-1192
    • O'Grady, J.G.1    Gimson, A.E.2    O'Brien, C.J.3
  • 35
    • 78651228613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver assisting with high-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure
    • Larsen FS, Wendon J, Hockerstedt K, et al: Liver assisting with high-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 2010;52(Suppl 1):376A114
    • (2010) Hepatology , vol.52 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Larsen, F.S.1    Wendon, J.2    Hockerstedt, K.3
  • 36
    • 0032962124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: A novel system for blood purification to remove albumin bound substances
    • Falkenhagen D, Strobl W, Vogt G, et al: Fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: a novel system for blood purification to remove albumin bound substances. Artif Organs 1999;23:81-86
    • (1999) Artif Organs , vol.23 , pp. 81-86
    • Falkenhagen, D.1    Strobl, W.2    Vogt, G.3
  • 37
    • 77956274872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The treatment of acute liver failure with fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: Experience in 85 applications
    • Senturk E, Esen F, Ozcan PE, et al: The treatment of acute liver failure with fractionated plasma separation and adsorption system: Experience in 85 applications. J Clin Apher 2010;25:195-201
    • (2010) J Clin Apher , vol.25 , pp. 195-201
    • Senturk, E.1    Esen, F.2    Ozcan, P.E.3
  • 38
    • 70350496676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of treatment of acute liver failure patients with use of the Prometheus FPSA system
    • Grodzicki M, Kotulski M, Leonowicz D, et al: Results of treatment of acute liver failure patients with use of the Prometheus FPSA system. Transplant Proc 2009;41:3079-3081
    • (2009) Transplant Proc , vol.41 , pp. 3079-3081
    • Grodzicki, M.1    Kotulski, M.2    Leonowicz, D.3
  • 39
    • 34547829437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major coagulation disturbances during fractionated plasma separation and adsorption
    • Meijers BK, Verhamme P, Nevens F, et al: Major coagulation disturbances during fractionated plasma separation and adsorption. Am J Transplant 2007;7:2195-2199
    • (2007) Am J Transplant , vol.7 , pp. 2195-2199
    • Meijers, B.K.1    Verhamme, P.2    Nevens, F.3
  • 40
    • 27744470558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on pathophysiological parameters in patients with acute liver failure
    • Lai WK, Haydon G, Mutimer D, et al: The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on pathophysiological parameters in patients with acute liver failure. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1544-1549
    • (2005) Intensive Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 1544-1549
    • Lai, W.K.1    Haydon, G.2    Mutimer, D.3
  • 41
    • 26044434362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome from molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) liver dialysis following drug-induced liver failure
    • Lee KH, Lee MK, Sutedja DS, et al: Outcome from molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) liver dialysis following drug-induced liver failure. Liver Int 2005;25:973-977
    • (2005) Liver Int , vol.25 , pp. 973-977
    • Lee, K.H.1    Lee, M.K.2    Sutedja, D.S.3
  • 42
    • 2542431501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical experience with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) in patients with drug-induced liver failure
    • Zhou XM, Miao JY, Yang Y, et al: Clinical experience with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) in patients with drug-induced liver failure. Artif Organs 2004;28:483-486
    • (2004) Artif Organs , vol.28 , pp. 483-486
    • Zhou, X.M.1    Miao, J.Y.2    Yang, Y.3
  • 43
    • 49649128643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on survival, native liver recovery, and need for liver transplantation in acute liver failure patients
    • Kantola T, Koivusalo A, Höckerstedt K, et al: The effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on survival, native liver recovery, and need for liver transplantation in acute liver failure patients. Transpl Int 2008;21:857-866
    • (2008) Transpl Int , vol.21 , pp. 857-866
    • Kantola, T.1    Koivusalo, A.2    Höckerstedt, K.3
  • 44
    • 71949125030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver transplantation avoided in patients with fulminant hepatic failure who received albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system while on the waiting list: Impact of the duration of therapy
    • Camus C, Lavoue S, Gacouin A, et al: Liver transplantation avoided in patients with fulminant hepatic failure who received albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system while on the waiting list: impact of the duration of therapy. Ther Apher Dial 2009;13:549-555
    • (2009) Ther Apher Dial , vol.13 , pp. 549-555
    • Camus, C.1    Lavoue, S.2    Gacouin, A.3
  • 45
    • 25144460740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One hundred sixteen cases of acute liver failure treated with MARS
    • Novelli G, Rossi M, Pretagostini M, et al: One hundred sixteen cases of acute liver failure treated with MARS. Transplant Proc 2005;37:2557-2559
    • (2005) Transplant Proc , vol.37 , pp. 2557-2559
    • Novelli, G.1    Rossi, M.2    Pretagostini, M.3
  • 46
    • 0036383754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experiences with MARS liver support therapy in liver failure: Analysis of 176 patients of the International MARS Registry
    • Steiner C, Mitzner S: Experiences with MARS liver support therapy in liver failure: analysis of 176 patients of the International MARS Registry. Liver 2002;22(Suppl 2):20-25
    • (2002) Liver , vol.22 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 20-25
    • Steiner, C.1    Mitzner, S.2
  • 47
    • 33750201370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular adsorbent recirculating system dialysis in patients with acute liver failure who are assessed for liver transplantation
    • Camus C, Lavoue S, Gacouin A, et al: Molecular adsorbent recirculating system dialysis in patients with acute liver failure who are assessed for liver transplantation. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:1817-1825
    • (2006) Intensive Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 1817-1825
    • Camus, C.1    Lavoue, S.2    Gacouin, A.3
  • 48
    • 60749102384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albumin dialysis improves hepatic encephalopathy and decreases circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and severe liver failure
    • Parés A, Deulofeu R, Cisneros L, et al: Albumin dialysis improves hepatic encephalopathy and decreases circulating phenolic aromatic amino acids in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and severe liver failure. Crit Care 2009;13:R8
    • (2009) Crit Care , vol.13
    • Parés, A.1    Deulofeu, R.2    Cisneros, L.3
  • 49
    • 10744220983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System to remove NO and cytokines in severe liver failure patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
    • Guo LM, Liu JY, Xu DZ, et al: Application of Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System to remove NO and cytokines in severe liver failure patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Liver Int 2003;23(Suppl 3):16-20
    • (2003) Liver Int , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 16-20
    • Guo, L.M.1    Liu, J.Y.2    Xu, D.Z.3
  • 50
    • 70349787014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is it possible to gain extra waiting time to liver transplantation in acute liver failure patients using albumin dialysis?
    • Koivusalo AM, Kantola T, Arola J, et al: Is it possible to gain extra waiting time to liver transplantation in acute liver failure patients using albumin dialysis? Ther Apher Dial 2009;13:413-418
    • (2009) Ther Apher Dial , vol.13 , pp. 413-418
    • Koivusalo, A.M.1    Kantola, T.2    Arola, J.3
  • 51
    • 55149101338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albumin dialysis has a favorable effect on amino acid profile in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Koivusalo AM, Teikari T, Höckerstedt K, et al: Albumin dialysis has a favorable effect on amino acid profile in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2008;23:387-398
    • (2008) Metab Brain Dis , vol.23 , pp. 387-398
    • Koivusalo, A.M.1    Teikari, T.2    Höckerstedt, K.3
  • 52
    • 67651242225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival predictors in patients treated with a molecular adsorbent recirculating system
    • Kantola T, Koivusalo AM, Parmanen S, et al: Survival predictors in patients treated with a molecular adsorbent recirculating system. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:3015-3024
    • (2009) World J Gastroenterol , vol.15 , pp. 3015-3024
    • Kantola, T.1    Koivusalo, A.M.2    Parmanen, S.3
  • 53
    • 77952616099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-utility of molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment in acute liver failure
    • Kantola T, Mäklin S, Koivusalo AM, et al: Cost-utility of molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment in acute liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:2227-2234
    • (2010) World J Gastroenterol , vol.16 , pp. 2227-2234
    • Kantola, T.1    Mäklin, S.2    Koivusalo, A.M.3
  • 54
    • 12344251906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes following liver transplantation for seronegative acute liver failure: Experience during a 12-year period with more than 100 patients
    • Wigg AJ, Gunson BK, Mutimer DJ: Outcomes following liver transplantation for seronegative acute liver failure: experience during a 12-year period with more than 100 patients. Liver Transpl 2005;11:27-34
    • (2005) Liver Transpl , vol.11 , pp. 27-34
    • Wigg, A.J.1    Gunson, B.K.2    Mutimer, D.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.