Phthalates and their metabolites in breast milk - Results from the Bavarian Monitoring of Breast Milk (BAMBI)

Environment International

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 715-722

  Fromme, H ^a   Gruber, L ^b   Seckin, E ^a   Raab, U ^a   Zimmermann, S ^b   Kiranoglu, M ^a   Schlummer, M ^b   Schwegler, U ^a   Smolic, S ^b   Volkel W ^a  

^a Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority   (Germany)

^b FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR PROCESS ENGINEERING AND PACKAGING IVV   (Germany)

Author keywords

Breast milk; DBP; DEHP; DINP; MEHP; Phthalates

Indexed keywords

BIOMOLECULES; HEALTH RISKS; METABOLITES; PLASTIC PRODUCTS; POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS; SOLVENTS;

BREAST MILK; DEHP; DINP; MEHP; PHTHALATES;

ESTERS;

DIISOBUTYLPHTHALATE; PHTHALIC ACID 2 ETHYLHEXYL MONOESTER; PHTHALIC ACID 2 PROPYLHEPTYL MONOESTER; PHTHALIC ACID BIS(2 ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID BUTYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PHTHALIC ACID DI N PENTYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIALLYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIBUTYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DICYCLOHEXYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIETHYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIISODECYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIISONONYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIOCTYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIPHENYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIPROPYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID ISOBUTYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID ISONONYL ESTER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BODY FLUID; BREASTFEEDING; METABOLITE; MILK; PHTHALATE;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL MILK; BODY WEIGHT; BREAST FEEDING; BREAST MILK; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; GERMANY; HEALTH HAZARD; INFANT NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;

GERMANY;

EID: 79952902286     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.008     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Albro P.W., Thomas R., Fishbein L. Metabolism of diethylhexyl phthalate by rats. Isolation and characterization of the urinary metabolites. J Chromatogr 1973, 28:321-330.
2. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) Toxicological Profile for Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Atlanta, GA: U.S 2002.
3. Benson R. Hazard to the developing male reproductive system from cumulative exposure to phthalate esters - dibutyl phthalate, diiosobutyl phthalate, butylbezyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dipenbtyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009, 53:90-101.
4. Blount B.C., Silva M.J., Caudill S.P., Needham L.L., Pirkle J.L., Sampson E.J., et al. Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect 2000, 108:979-982.
5. Bruns-Weller E., Pfordt J. Bestimmung von phthalsäureestern in lebensmitteln, frauenmilch, hausstaub und textilien. UWSF-Z Umweltchem Ökotox 2000, 12:125-130.
6. Calafat A.M., Slakman A.R., Silva M.J., Herbert A.R., Needham L.L. Automated solid phase extraction and quantitative analysis of human milk for 13 phthalate metabolites. J Chromatogr B 2004, 805:49-56.
7. CERHR (Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction) Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) evaluation. Alexandria, VA, U.S 2000.
8. CERHR (Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction) Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) evaluation. Alexandria, VA, U.S 2006.
9. Chen J., Liu H., Qiu Z., Shu W. Analysis of di-n-butyl phthalate and other organic pollutants in Chongqing women undergoing parturition. Environ Pollut 2008, 156:849-853.
10. Christiansen S., Boberg J., Axelstad M., Dalgaard M., Vinggaard A.M., Metzdorff S.B., et al. Low-dose perinatal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces anti-androgenic effects in male rats. Reprod Toxicol 2010, 30:313-321.
11. ECB (European Chemicals Bureau, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection) European union risk assessment report. Dibutyl phthalate. Vol. 29. Final report. Ispra, Italy 2003.
12. ECB European Union risk assessment report: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, DI-C8-10-branched alkylesters, C9-rich and Di-isononyl phthalate. Vol. 30. Final Report. Ispra, Italy 2003.
13. ECB European Union risk assessment report. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Consolidated Final Report. Ispra, Italy 2008.
14. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Statement of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the commission on the possibility of allocating a group-TDI for butylbenzylphthalate (BBP), di-butylphthalate (DBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-isononylphthalate (DINP) and di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) 2005, Minute expressed on 28 June 2005.
15. Engel S.M., Zhu C., Berkowitz G.S., Calafat A.M., Silva M.J., Miodovnik A., et al. Prenatal phthalate exposure and performance on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale in a multiethnic birth cohort. Neurotoxicology 2009, 30:522-528.
16. Fromme H., Albrecht M., Angerer J., Drexler H., Gruber L., Schlummer M., et al. Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES). Exposure to persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals in Bavaria, Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007, 210:345-349.
17. Fromme H., Gruber L., Boehmer S., Angerer J., Mayer R., Liebl B., et al. Intake of different phthalate esters, Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate. Results from a duplicate diet study and biomonitoring data of an adult population. Environ Int 2007, 33:1012-1020.
18. Fromme H., Bolte G., Koch H.M., Angerer J., Boehmer S., Drexler H., et al. Occurrence and daily variation of phthalate metabolites in the urine of an adult population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007, 210:21-33.
19. Fromme H., Raab U., Fürst P., Vieht B., Völkel W., Albrecht M., et al. Occurrence and relevance to health of persistent organic substances and phthalates in breast milk. Gesundheitwesen 2011, 73:e27-e43. [in German]. 10.1055/s-0030-1268452.
20. Gruber L., Wolz G., Piringer O. Untersuchung von Phthalaten in Babynahrung. Dtsch Lebensmitt-Rundsch 1998, 94:177-179.
21. Hines E.P., Calafat A.M., Silva M.J., Mendola P., Fenton S.E. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in milk, urine, saliva, and serum. Environ Health Perspect 2009, 117:86-92.
22. Högberg J., Hanberg A., Berglund M., Skerfving S., Remberger M., Calafat A.M., et al. Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood or serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116:334-339.
23. Howdeshell K., Wilson V., Furr J., Lambright C., Rider C., Blystone C., et al. A mixture of five phthalate esters inhibits fetal testicular testosterone production in the Sprague-Dawley rat in a cumulative, dose additive manner. Toxicol Sci 2008, 105:153-165.
24. Huang P.-C., Kuo P.-L., Chou Y.-Y., Lin S.-J., Lee C.-C. Association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and the health of newborns. Environ Int 2009, 35:14-30.
25. Kamrin M.A. Phthalate risks, phthalate regulation, and public health: a review. J Toxicol Environ Health B 2009, 12:157-174.
26. Koch H.M., Rossbach B., Drexler H., Angerer J. Internal exposure of the general population to DEHP and other phthalates - determination of secondary and primary phthalate monoester metabolites in urine. Environ Res 2003, 93:177-185.
27. Koch H.M., Bolt H.M., Angerer J. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in human urine and serum after single oral dose of deuterium-labelled DEHP. Arch Toxicol 2004, 78:123-130.
28. Kohlhuber M., Rebhan B., Schwegler U., Koletzko B., Fromme H. Breastfeeding rates and duration in Germany: a Bavarian cohort study. Br J Nutr 2008, 99:1127-1132.
29. Kwack S.J., Kim K.B., Kim H.S., Lee B.M. Comparative toxicological evaluation of phthalate diesters and metabolites in Sprague-Dawley male rats for risk assessment. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2009, 72:1446-1454.
30. LaKind J.S., Fenton S.E., Dórea J.G. Human milk biomonitoring of phthalates: expanding our understanding of infant exposure is compatible with supporting breastfeeding. Environ Int 2009, 35:994-995.
31. Latini G., Wittassek M., Del Vecchio A., Presta G., De Felice C., Angerer J. Lactational exposure to phthalates in Southern Italy. Environ Int 2009, 35:236-239.
32. Lottrup G., Andersson A.-M., Leffers H., Mortensen G.K., Toppari J., Skakkebaek N.E., et al. Possible impact of phthalates on infant reproductive health. Int J Androl 2006, 29:172-180.
33. MAFF Phthalates in infant formulae. Food surveillance information sheet No. 83 1996, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, UK, London.
34. Main K.M., Mortensen G.K., Kaleva M.M., Boisen K.A., Damgaard I.N., Chellakooty M., et al. Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:270-276.
35. Mortensen G.K., Main K.M., Andersson A.-M., Leffers H., Skakkebaek H. Determination of phthalate monoesters in human milk, consumer milk, and infant formula by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2005, 382:1084-1092.
36. NCEH (National Center for Environmental Health) Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Atlanta, Georgia 2005.
37. NICNAS (National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme) Existing chemical hazard assessment report. Phthalates hazard compendium 2008, Commonwealth of Australia, Sydney, Australia.
38. Petersen J.H., Breindahl T. Plasticizers in total diet samples, baby food and infant formulae. Food Addit Contam 2000, 17:133-141.
39. Pfordt J. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat (DEHP) und Dibutylphthalate in einigen Lebensmitteln mit Kunststoffverpackungen und in Frauenmilch. Deut Lebensm Rundsch 2004, 100:431-436.
40. Raab U., Preiss U., Albrecht M., Shahin N., Parlar H., Fromme H. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother's milk from Germany (Bavaria). Chemosphere 2008, 72:87-94.
41. Rider C., Furr J., Wilson V., Gray E. A mixture of seven antiandrogens induces reproductive malformations in the rat. Int J Androl 2008, 31:249-262.
42. Rider C.V., Wilson V.S., Howdeshell K.L., Hotchkiss A.K., Furr J.R., Lambright C.R., et al. Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of "antiandrogens" on male rat reproductive development. Toxicol Pathol 2009, 37:100-113.
43. Seckin E., Fromme H., Völkel W. Determination of total and free mono-n-butyl phthalate in human urine samples after medication of a di-n-butyl phthalate containing capsule. Toxicol Lett 2009, 188:33-37.
44. Sievers E., Haase S., Oldigs H.-D., Schaub J. The impact of peripartum factors on the onset and duration of lactation. Biol Neonate 2003, 83:246-252.
45. Skakkebæk N.E., Rajpert-De Meyts E., Main K.M. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 2001, 16:972-978.
46. Suzuki Y., Niwa M., Yoshinaga J., Mizumoto Y., Serizawa S., Shiraishi H. Prenatal exposure to phthalate esters and PAHs and birth outcomes. Environ Int 2010, 36:699-704.
47. Swan S., Main K., Liu F., Stewart S., Kruse R., Calafat A., et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:1056-1061.
48. Takatori S., Okamoto Y., Kitagawa Y., Hori S., Izumi S., Makino T., et al. Simulated neonatal exposure to DEHP and MEHP from PVC enteral nutrition products. Int J Pharm 2008, 20:139-145.
49. Whyatt R.M., Adibi J.J., Calafat A.M., Camann D.E., Rauh V., Bhat H.K., et al. Prenatal di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exposure and length of gestation among an inner-city cohort. Pediatrics 2009, 124:e1213-e1220.
50. Wolff M.S., Engel S.M., Berkowitz G.S., Ye X., Silva M.J., Zhu C., et al. Prenatal phenol and phthalate exposures and birth outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116:1092-1097.
51. Yano K., Hirosawa N., Sakamoto Y., Katayama H., Moriguchi T., Asaoka K. Phthalate levels in baby milk powders sold in several countries. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2005, 74:373-379.
52. Zhu J., Phillips S.P., Feng Y.L., Yang X. Phthalate esters in human milk: concentration variations over a 6-month postpartum time. Environ Sci Technol 2006, 40:5276-5281.
53. Zimmermann S, Gruber L, Schlummer M, Smolic S, Fromme H. Determination of phthalic acid diesters in human breast milk at low ppb levels. J Chromatography B submitted for publication.