Production and detection of carbon dioxide on Iapetus

Icarus

Volumn 212, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 807-818

  Palmer, Eric E ^a   Brown, Robert H ^b  

^a PLANETARY SCIENCE INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

Iapetus; Ices; Photochemistry; Spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952897742     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.12.007     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Allamandola L.J., Sandford S.A., Valero G.J. Photochemical and thermal evolution of interstellar/precometary ice analogs. Icarus 1988, 76:225-252.
2. Bell J.F., Cruikshank D.P., Gaffey M.J. The composition and origin of the Iapetus dark material. Icarus 1985, 61:192-207.
3. Blake D., Allamandola L., Sandford S., Hudgins D., Freund F. Clathrate hydrate formation in amorphous cometary ice analogs in vacuo. Science 1991, 254:548-551.
4. Brown, G.N., Ziegler, W.T., 1979. Vapor pressure and heats of vaporization and sublimation of liquids and solids of interest in cryogenics below 1-atm pressure. In: Timmerhaus, K., Snyder, H.A. (Eds.), Adv. Cryogenic Eng., 25, pp. 662-670.
5. Brown R.H., et al. The Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) investigation. Space Sci. Rev. 2004, 115:111-168.
6. Brown R.H., et al. Composition and physical properties of Enceladus' surface. Science 2006, 311:1425-1428.
7. Buratti B.J., Mosher J.A. The dark side of Iapetus: Additional evidence for an exogenous origin. Icarus 1995, 115:219-227.
8. Buratti B.J., et al. Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer observations of Iapetus: Detection of CO2. Astrophys. J. 2005, 622:L149-L152.
9. Butler J.C., King E.A. Analysis of the grain size-frequency distributions of lunar fines. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1974, 5:829-841.
10. Carlson R.W. A tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Callisto. Science 1999, 283:820-821.
11. Carlson R., et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy and spectral mapping of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites: Results from Galileo's initial orbit. Science 1996, 274:385-388.
12. Casella G., Berger R.L. Statistical Inference 2002, Duxbury Press.
13. Chan W.F., Cooper G., Brion C.E. The electronic-spectrum of carbon-dioxide - Discrete and continuum photoabsorption oscillator-strengths (6-203 Ev). Chem. Phys. 1993, 178:401-413.
14. Clark R.N., Steele A., Brown R.H., Owensby P.D. Saturn's satellites - Near-infrared spectrophotometry (0.65-2.5microns) of the leading and trailing sides and compositional implications. Icarus 1984, 58:265-281.
15. Clark R.N., et al. Compositional maps of Saturn's moon Phoebe from imaging spectroscopy. Nature 2005, 435:66-69.
16. Clark R.N., et al. Compositional mapping of Saturn's satellite Dione with Cassini VIMS and implications of dark material in the Saturn system. Icarus 2008, 193:372-386.
17. Clark, R.N. et al., 2009. The composition of Iapetus: Mapping results from Cassini VIMS. Icarus, submitted for publication.
18. Cooper P.D., Moore M.H., Hudson R.L. Radiation chemistry of H2O+O2 ices. Icarus 2008, 194:379-388.
19. Cottin H., Moore M.H., Bénilan Y. Photodestruction of relevant interstellar molecules in ice mixtures. Astrophys. J. 2003, 590:874-881.
20. Cruikshank D.P., Bell J.F., Gaffey M.J., Brown R.H., Howell R., Beerman C., Rognstad M. The dark side of Iapetus. Icarus 1983, 53:90-104.
21. Cruikshank D.P., Brown R.H., Calvin W.M., Roush T.L., Bartholomew M.J. Ices on the satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. Solar Syst. Ices 1998, 227:579.
22. Cruikshank D.P., et al. Surface composition of Hyperion. Nature 2007, 448:54-56.
23. Cruikshank D.P., et al. Hydrocarbons on Saturn's satellites Iapetus and Phoebe. Icarus 2008, 193:334-343.
24. Cruikshank D.P., et al. Carbon dioxide on the satellites of Saturn: Results from the Cassini VIMS investigation and revisions to the VIMS wavelength scale. Icarus 2010, 206:561-572.
25. Denk T., Spencer J.R. Iapetus: A two-step explanation for its unique global appearance. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 2008, 40:510.
26. Dougherty M.K., et al. Cassini magnetometer observations during Saturn orbit insertion. Science 2005, 307:1266-1270.
27. Ehrenfreund P., Boogert A.C.A., Gerakines P.A., Tielens A.G.G.M., van Dishoeck E.F. Infrared spectroscopy of interstellar apolar ice analogs. Astron. Astrophys. 1997, 328:649-669.
28. Fine G.J., Stolper E.M. Dissolved carbon dioxide in basaltic glasses: Concentrations and speciation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1985, 76:263-278.
29. Fink U., Larson H.P., Gautier T.N., Treffers R.R. Infrared spectra of the satellites of Saturn - Identification of water ice on Iapetus, Rhea, Dione, and Tethys. Astrophys. J. 1976, 207:L63-L67.
30. Gálvez Ó., Maté B., Herrero V.J., Escribano R. Trapping and adsorption of CO2 in amorphous ice: A FTIR study. Icarus 2008, 197:599-605.
31. Gerakines P.A., Schutte W.A., Ehrenfreund P. Ultraviolet processing of interstellar ice analogs. I. Pure ices. Astron. Astrophys. 1996, 312:289-305.
32. Giese B., Denk T., Neukum G., Roatsch T., Helfenstein P., Thomas P.C., Turtle E.P., McEwen A., Porco C.C. The topography of Iapetus' leading side. Icarus 2008, 193:359-371.
33. Hansen G.B., McCord T.B. Amorphous and crystalline ice on the Galilean satellites: A balance between thermal and radiolytic processes. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2004, 109:E01012. 1-19.
34. Hibbitts C.A., Szanyi J. Physisorption of CO2 on non-ice materials relevant to icy satellites. Icarus 2007, 191:371-380.
35. Hibbitts C.A., Klemaszewski J.E., McCord T.B., Hansen G.B., Greeley R. CO2-rich impact craters on Callisto. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 2002, 107(E10). 5084. 10.1029/2000JE1412.
36. Hodyss R., Johnson P.V., Stern J.V., Goguen J.D., Kanik I. Photochemistry of methane water ices. Icarus 2009, 200:338-342.
37. Huang K. Statistical Mechanics 1963, Wiley, New York.
38. Hudson R.L., Moore M.H. Radiation chemical alterations in Solar System ices: An overview. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:33275-33284.
39. Keesom W.H., Koehler J.W.L. The lattice constant and expansion coefficient of solid carbon dioxide. Physica 1934, 1:655-658.
40. Khare B.N., Sagan C., Arakawa E.T., Suits F., Callcott T.A., Williams M.W. Optical constants of organic tholins produced in a simulated titanian atmosphere - From soft X-ray to microwave frequencies. Icarus 1984, 60:127-137.
41. Kumi G., Malyk S., Hawkins S., Reisler H., Wittig C. Amorphous solid water films: Transport and guest-host interactions with CO2 and N2O dopants. J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110:2097-2105.
42. Lang K.R. Astrophysical Data I. Planets and Stars 1992, Springer-Verlag, New York.
43. Lebofsky L.A. Stability of frosts in Solar-System. Icarus 1975, 25:205-217.
44. Lebofsky L.A., Feierberg M.A., Tokunaga A.T. Infrared observations of the dark side of Iapetus. Icarus 1982, 49:382-386.
45. Lewis B.R., Carver J.H. Temperature dependence of the carbon dioxide photoabsorption cross section between 1200 and 1970 Angstroms. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 1983, 30:297-309.
46. Loeffler M.J., Baratta G.A., Palumbo M.E., Strazzulla G., Baragiola R.A. CO2 synthesis in solid CO by Lyman-alpha photons and 200keV protons. Astron. Astrophys. 2005, 435:587-594.
47. Lunine J.I., Stevenson D.J. Thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer Solar System. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 1985, 58:493-531.
48. McCord T.B., et al. Organics and other molecules in the surfaces of Callisto and Ganymede. Science 1997, 278:271-275.
49. McCord T.B., et al. Non-water-ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilean satellites from the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer investigation. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:8603-8626.
50. Mennella V., Palumbo M.E., Baratta G.A. Formation of CO and CO2 molecules by ion irradiation of water ice-covered hydrogenated carbon grains. Astrophys. J. 2004, 615:1073-1080.
51. Mennella V., Baratta G.A., Palumbo M.E., Bergin E.A. Synthesis of CO and CO2 molecules by UV irradiation of water ice-covered hydrogenated carbon grains. Astrophys. J. 2006, 643:923-931.
52. Moore M.H., Hudson R.L. Infrared study of ion-irradiated water-ice mixtures with hydrocarbons relevant to comets. Icarus 1998, 135:518-527.
53. Owen T.C., Cruikshank D.P., Dalle Ore C.M., Geballe T.R., Roush T.L., de Bergh C., Meier R., Pendleton Y.J., Khare B.N. Decoding the Domino: The dark side of Iapetus. Icarus 2001, 149:160-172.
54. Palmer E.E., Brown R.H. The stability and transport of carbon dioxide on Iapetus. Icarus 2008, 195:434-446.
55. Sandford S.A., Allamandola L.J. The volume- and surface-binding energies of ice systems containing CO, CO2, and H2O. Icarus 1990, 87:188-192.
56. Shemansky D.E. CO2 Extinction coefficient 1700-3000 Angstroms. J. Chem. Phys. 1972, 56:1582-1587.
57. Smith B.A., et al. A new look at the Saturn system: The Voyager 2 images. Science 1982, 215:505-537.
58. Sorter, S., 1974. Brightness of Iapetus. IAU Colloquium 28. Cornell University.
59. Spencer J.R., Denk T. Formation of Iapetus' extreme albedo dichotomy by exogenically triggered thermal ice migration. Science 2010, 327:432-435.
60. Spencer, J.R., Pearl, J.C., Segura, M., Team, C.C., 2005a. Cassini CIRS observations of Iapetus' thermal emission. Lunar Planet. Sci. 36, 2305.
61. Spencer J.R., Pearl J.C., Segura M., Cassini C.T. Iapetus surface temperatures, and the influence of sublimation on the albedo dichotomy: Cassini CIRS constraints. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 2005, 37:706.
62. Squyres S.W., Sagan C. Albedo asymmetry of Iapetus. Nature 1983, 303:782-785.
63. Squyres S.W., Buratti B., Veverka J., Sagan C. Voyager photometry of Iapetus. Icarus 1984, 59:426-435.
64. Strazzulla G., Palumbo M.E. Evolution of icy surfaces: An experimental approach. Planet. Space Sci. 1998, 46:1339-1348.
65. Thomas P.C., et al. Hyperion's sponge-like appearance. Nature 2007, 448:50-56.
66. Veeder G.J., Matson D.L. The relative reflectance of Iapetus at 1.6 and 2.2 microns. Astron. J. 1980, 85:969-972.
67. Vilas F., Larson S.M., Stockstill K.R., Gaffey M.J. Unraveling the Zebra: Clues to the Iapetus dark material composition. Icarus 1996, 124:262-267.
68. Warren S.G. Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave. Appl. Opt. 1984, 23:1206-1225.
69. Warren S.G. Optical constants of carbon dioxide ice. Appl. Opt. 1986, 25:2650-2674.
70. Watson K., Murray B.C., Brown H. The stability of volatiles in the Solar System. Icarus 1963, 1:317-327.
71. Woods T.N., Rottman G.J., Bailey S.M., Solomon S.C., Worden J.R. Solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance measurements during solar cycle 22. Solar Phys. 1998, 177:133-146.
72. Yabushita A., Kanda D., Kawanaka N., Kawasaki M., Ashfold M.N.R. Photodissociation of polycrystalline and amorphous water ice films at 157 and 193 nm. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125:3406. 1-7.
73. Yi W., Park J., Lee J. Photodissociation dynamics of water at Lyman alpha (121.6 nm). Chem. Phys. Lett. 2007, 439:46-49.
74. Zubko V.G., Mennella V., Colangeli L., Bussoletti E. Optical constants of cosmic carbon analogue grains - I. Simulation of clustering by a modified continuous distribution of ellipsoids. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 1996, 282:1321-1329.