Why do humans have chins? Testing the mechanical significance of modern human symphyseal morphology with finite element analysis

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 144, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 593-606

  Gröning, Flora ^a   Liu, Jia ^b   Fagan, Michael J ^b   O'Higgins, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Chin; Finite element analysis; Mandible; Neanderthals

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHIN; DENTITION; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; MANDIBLE; MASTICATION;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; CHIN; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; FOSSILS; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; MASTICATION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; TOMOGRAPHY SCANNERS, X-RAY COMPUTED; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 79952773335     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21447     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Andersen KL, Pedersen EH, Melsen B. 1991. Material parameters and stress profiles within the periodontal ligament. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 99:427-440.
2. Arendts FJ, Sigolotto C. 1989. Standardabmessungen. Elastizitä tskennwerte und Festigkeitsverhalten des Human-Unterkiefers, ein Beitrag zur Darstellung der Biomechanik der Unterkiefer - Teil I. Biomed Tech (Berlin) 34:248-255.
3. Arendts FJ, Sigolotto C. 1990. Mechanische Kennwerte des Human-Unterkiefers und Untersuchung zum "in-vivo"-Verhalten des kompakten Knochengewebes, ein Beitrag zur Darstellung der Biomechanik des Unterkiefers - Teil II. Biomed Tech (Berlin) 35:123-130.
4. Ascenzi A, Segre AG. 1971. A new Neandertal child mandible from an Upper Pleistocene site in southern Italy. Nature 233: 280-283.
5. Ashman RB, van Buskirk WC. 1987. The elastic properties of a human mandible. Adv Dent Res 1:64-67.
6. Beek M, Koolstra JH, van Ruijven LJ, van Eijden TM. 2000. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human temporomandibular joint disc. J Biomech 33:307-316.
7. Brace CL. 1979. Krapina, "Classic" Neanderthals, and the evolution of the European face. J Hum Evol 8:527-550. (Pubitemid 9246593)
8. Chen J, Akyuz U, Xu L, Pidaparti RM. 1998. Stress analysis of the human temporomandibular joint. Med Eng Phys 20:565-572. (Pubitemid 29003248)
9. Coleman MN, Colbert MW. 2007. Technical note: CT thresholding protocols for taking measurements on three-dimensional models. Am J Phys Anthropol 133:723-725. (Pubitemid 46668475)
10. Currey JD. 2002. Bones: structure and mechanics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
11. Daegling DJ. 1990. Geometry and biomechanics of hominoid mandibles, PhD Thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
12. Daegling DJ. 1993. Functional morphology of the human chin. Evol Anthropol 1:170-177.
13. Daegling DJ. 2001. Biomechanical scaling of the hominoid mandibular symphysis. J Morphol 250:12-23. (Pubitemid 32965075)
14. Dechow PC, Nail GA, Schwartz-Dabney CL, Ashman RB. 1993. Elastic properties of human supraorbital and mandibular bone. Am J Phys Anthropol 90:291-306. (Pubitemid 23087624)
15. Doblaré M, García JM, Gómez MJ. 2004. Modelling bone tissue fracture and healing: a review. Eng Fract Mech 71:1809-1840. (Pubitemid 38459637)
16. Dobson SD, Trinkaus E. 2002. Cross-sectional geometry and morphology of the mandibular symphysis in Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo. J Hum Evol 43:67-87. (Pubitemid 34842534)
17. Dorow C, Krstin N, Sander F-G. 2003. Determination of the mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament in a uniaxial tensional experiment. J Orofac Orthop 64:100-107. (Pubitemid 36410871)
18. DuBrul LE, Sicher H. 1954. The adaptive chin. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
19. Dumont ER, Grosse IR, Slater GJ. 2009. Requirements for comparing the performance of finite element models of biological structures. J Theor Biol 256:96-103.
20. Fagan MJ, Curtis N, Dobson CA, Karunanayake JH, Kupczik K, Moazen M, Page L, Phillips R, O'Higgins P. 2007. Voxel-based finite element analysis: working directly with microCT scan data. J Morphol 268:1071.
21. Franciscus RG, Trinkaus E. 1995. Determinants of retromolar space presence in Pleistocene Homo mandibles. J Hum Evol 28:577-595.
22. Fukase H. 2007. Functional significance of bone distribution in the human mandibular symphysis. Anthropol Sci 115:55-62.
23. Fukase H, Suwa G. 2008. Growth-related changes in prehistoric Jomon and modern Japanese mandibles with emphasis on cortical bone distribution. Am J Phys Anthropol 136:441-454. (Pubitemid 352032325)
24. Gröning F. 2009. The mechanical significance of anatomically modern human and Neanderthal mandibular morphology: a study using voxel-based finite element modeling, PhD Thesis, University of York, UK.
25. Gröning F, Fagan MJ, O'Higgins P. 2009a. Variation in mandibular morphology within late Homo and its relevance to masticatory load resistance. J Vertebr Paleontol 29 (Suppl): 109A.
26. Gröning F, Liu J, Fagan MJ, O'Higgins P. 2009b. Validating a voxel-based finite element model of a human mandible using digital speckle pattern interferometry. J Biomech 42:1224-1229.
27. Hansson T, Oberg T, Carlsson GE, Kopp S. 1977. Thickness of the soft tissue layers and the articular disk in the temporomandibular joint. Acta Odontol Scand 35:77-83. (Pubitemid 8096489)
28. Hylander WL. 1984. Stress and strain in the mandibular symphysis of primates: a test of competing hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol 64:1-46.
29. Hylander WL. 1985. Mandibular function and biomechanical stress and scaling. Am Zool 25:315-330.
30. Hylander WL, Johnson KR. 1994. Jaw muscle function and wishboning of the mandible during mastication in macaques and baboons. Am J Phys Anthropol 94:523-547. (Pubitemid 24237407)
31. Hylander WL, Johnson KR, Crompton AW. 1987. Loading patterns and jaw movements during mastication in Macaca fascicularis: a bone-strain, electromyographic, and cineradiographic analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 72:287-314. (Pubitemid 17037264)
32. Ichim I, Kieser J, Swain MV. 2007. Tongue contractions during speech may have led to the development of the bony geometry of the chin following the evolution of human language: a mechanobiological hypothesis for the development of the human chin. Med Hypotheses 69:20-24. (Pubitemid 46686972)
33. Ichim I, Swain MV, Kieser JA. 2006a. Mandibular biomechanics and development of the human chin. J Dent Res 85:638-642. (Pubitemid 44085955)
34. Ichim I, Swain MV, Kieser JA. 2006b. Mandibular stiffness in humans: numerical predictions. J Biomech 39:1903-1913. (Pubitemid 43946428)
35. Jones ML, Hickman J, Middleton J, Knox J, Volp C. 2001. A validated finite element method study of orthodontic tooth movement in the human subject. J Orthod 28:29-38.
36. Koolstra JH, van Eijden TM. 2005. Combined finite-element and rigid-body analysis of human jaw joint dynamics. J Biomech 38:2431-2439. (Pubitemid 41427237)
37. KoriothTW, Hannam AG. 1994. Deformation of the human mandible during simulated tooth clenching. J Dent Res 73:56-66.
38. Korioth TW, Romilly DP, Hannam AG. 1992. Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis of the dentate human mandible. Am J Phys Anthropol 88:69-96.
39. Lam YM, Pearson OM, Smith CM. 1996. Chin morphology and sexual dimorphism in the fossil hominid mandible sample from Klasies River Mouth. Am J Phys Anthropol 100:545-557.
40. Lieberman DE. 1995. Testing hypotheses about recent human evolution from skulls: integrating morphology, function, development, and phylogeny. Curr Anthropol 36:159-197.
41. Marinescu R, Daegling DJ, Rapoff AJ. 2005. Finite-element modeling of the anthropoid mandible: the effects of altered boundary conditions. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 283A:300-309. (Pubitemid 40478316)
42. McCown TD, Keith A. 1939. The stone age of Mount Carmel: the fossil remains from the Levalloiso-Mousterian. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
43. Misch CE, Qu Z, Bidez MW. 1999. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the human mandible: implications for dental implant treatment planning and surgical placement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 57:700-706. (Pubitemid 29269607)
44. Møller E. 1966. The chewing apparatus. An electromyographic study of the action of the muscles of mastication and its correlation to facial morphology. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 280:1-229.
45. Nalla RK, Kinney JH, Ritchie RO. 2003. Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone. Nat Mater 2: 164-168.
46. Nelson GJ. 1986. Three dimensional computer modeling of the human mandibular biomechanics, MSc Thesis. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.
47. O'Connor CF, Franciscus RG, Holton NE. 2005. Bite force production capability and efficiency in Neandertals and modern humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 127:129-151. (Pubitemid 40664274)
48. Poppe M, Bourauel C, Jager A. 2002. Determination of the elasticity parameters of the human periodontal ligament and the location of the center of resistance of single-rooted teeth a study of autopsy specimens and their conversion into finite element models. J Orofac Orthop 63:358-370.
49. Ravosa MJ. 1991. Structural allometry of the prosimian mandibular corpus and symphysis. J Hum Evol 20:3-20.
50. Rayfield EJ. 2007. Finite element analysis and understanding the biomechanics and evolution of living and fossil organisms. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 35:541-576. (Pubitemid 46930403)
51. Richmond BG, Wright BW, Grosse L, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Spencer MA, Strait DS. 2005. Finite element analysis in functional morphology. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 283A:259-274. (Pubitemid 40478313)
52. Riesenfeld A. 1969. The adaptive mandible: an experimental study. Acta Anat (Basel) 72:246-262.
53. Rosas A. 1995. Seventeen new mandibular specimens from the Atapuerca/Ibeas Middle Pleistocene hominids sample (1985- 1992). J Hum Evol 28:533-559.
54. Schwartz JH, Tattersall I. 2000. The human chin revisited: what is it and who has it? J Hum Evol 38:367-409.
55. Schwartz-Dabney CL, Dechow PC. 2003. Variations in cortical material properties throughout the human dentate mandible. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:252-277. (Pubitemid 36249780)
56. Smith FH. 1984. Fossil hominids from the Upper Pleistocene of Central Europe and the origin of modern Europeans. In: Smith FH, Spencer F, editors. The origins of modern humans: a world survey of the fossil evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss. p 137-209.
57. Spoor CF, Zonneveld FW, Macho GA. 1993. Linear measurements of cortical bone and dental enamel by computed tomography: applications and problems. Am J Phys Anthropol 91: 469-484. (Pubitemid 23215093)
58. Stefan VH, Trinkaus E. 1998a. Discrete trait and dental morphometric affinities of the Tabun 2 mandible. J Hum Evol 34: 443-468. (Pubitemid 28415945)
59. Stefan VH, Trinkaus E. 1998b. La Quina 9 and Neandertal mandibular variability. Bull Mém Soc Anthropol Paris 10: 293-324.
60. Strait DS, Wang Q, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Spencer MA, Patel BA. 2005. Modeling elastic properties in finite element analysis: how much precision is needed to produce an accurate model? Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 283A:275-287.
61. Tanne K, Sakuda M, Burstone CJ. 1987. Three-dimensional finite element analysis for stress in the periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 92:499-505.
62. Tanne K, Tanaka E, Sakuda M. 1991. The elastic modulus of the temporomandibular joint disc from adult dogs. J Dent Res 70:1545-1548.
63. van Eijden TM. 2000. Biomechanics of the mandible. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11:123-136.
64. van Eijden TM, Koolstra JH, Brugman P. 1995. Architecture of the human pterygoid muscles. J Dent Res 74:1489-1495.
65. van Eijden TM, Koolstra JH, Brugman P. 1996. Three-dimensional structure of the human temporalis muscle. Anat Rec 246:565-572. (Pubitemid 26415303)
66. van Rietbergen B, Weinans H, Huiskes R, Polman BJW. 1996. Computational strategies for iterative solutions of large FEM applications employing voxel data. Int J Numer Meth Eng 39: 2743-2767. (Pubitemid 126648046)
67. van Spronsen PH, Weijs WA, Valk J, Prahl-Andersen B, van Ginkel FC. 1989. Comparison of jaw-muscle bite-force cross-sections obtained by means of magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution CT scanning. J Dent Res 68:1765-1770.
68. Walkhoff O. 1904. Die menschliche Sprache in ihrer Bedeutung fü r die funktionelle Gestalt des Unterkiefers. Anat Anz 24: 129-139.
69. Weijs WA, Hillen B. 1985. Cross-sectional areas and estimated intrinsic strength of the human jaw muscles. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand 23:267-274. (Pubitemid 17144900)
70. White TD. 1977. The anterior mandibular corpus of early African Hominidae: functional significance of shape and size, PhD Thesis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
71. Wolpoff MH. 1999. Paleoanthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
72. Wolpoff MH, Smith FH, Malez M, Radovcic J, Rukavina D. 1981. Upper Pleistocene human remains from Vindija Cave. Am J Phys Anthropol 54:499-545. (Pubitemid 11021501)
73. Young WC. 1989. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. New York: McGraw-Hill.