Lone atrial fibrillation: What is known and what is to come

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 446-457

  Potpara, T S ^a   Lip, G Y H ^b  

^a CLINICAL CENTER OF SERBIA   (Serbia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2' (4 METHOXYPHENYLACETAMIDOMETHYL) N [2 (3 PYRIDYL)ETHYL] 2 BIPHENYLCARBOXAMIDE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMIODARONE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; APIXABAN; AZD 0837; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETRIXABAN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10A INHIBITOR; BUDIODARONE; CELIVARONE; DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE; DANEGAPTIDE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DRONEDARONE; ENDOXABAN; FLECAINIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PROPAFENONE; RANOLAZINE; RIVAROXABAN; ROTIGAPTIDE; SOTALOL; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERNAKALANT; WARFARIN; YM 150;

ANTICOAGULATION; ARRHYTHMOGENESIS; BLEEDING; CARDIOVERSION; CATHETER ABLATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; EMBOLISM; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ADULT; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79952770422     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02618.x     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Heeringa J, van der Kuip DAM, Hofman A et al. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 949-53.
2. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, McMurray JJ. Population prevalence, incidence, and predictors of atrial fibrillation in the Renfrew/Paisley study. Heart 2001; 86: 516-21. (Pubitemid 32999861)
3. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001; 285: 2370-5. (Pubitemid 32424106)
4. Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Gardin JM, Smith VE, Rautaharju PM. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 236-41. (Pubitemid 24239044)
5. Braunwald E. Shattuck Lecture. Cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1360.
6. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB, Levy D. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham heart study. Circulation 1998; 98: 946-52. (Pubitemid 28446646)
7. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991; 22: 983-8.
8. Menke J, Lüthje L, Kastrup A, Larsen J. Thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105: 502-10.
9. Chugh SS, Blackshear JL, Shen WK, Hammil SC, Gersh BJ. Epidemiology and natural history of atrial fibrillation: clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 371-8.
10. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D et al. Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003; 107: 2920-5. (Pubitemid 36736633)
11. Savelieva I, Camm AJ. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: natural history and pharmacological treatment. Europace 2004; 5: S5-19.
12. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 1994; 271: 840-4.
13. Ryder KM, Benjamin EJ. Epidemiology and significance of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 131R-8R.
14. Kopecky SL, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD et al. Lone atrial fibrillation in elderly persons. A marker for cardiovascular risk. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 1118-22.
15. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1979-2030. (Pubitemid 44313588)
16. Brand FN, Abbott RD, Kannel WB, Wolf PA. Characteristics and prognosis of lone atrial fibrillation. 30-year follow-up in the Framingham Study. JAMA 1985; 254: 3449-53.
17. Kopecky SL, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD et al. The natural history of lone atrial fibrillation. A population-based study over three decades. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 669-74. (Pubitemid 17138192)
18. Davidson E, Rotenberg Z, Weinberger I, Fuchs J, Agmon J. Diagnosis and characteristics of lone atrial fibrillation. Chest 1989; 95: 1048-50. (Pubitemid 19136998)
19. Rostagno C, Bacci F, Martelli M, Naldoni A, Bertini G, Gensini GF. Clinical course of lone atrial fibrillation since first symptomatic arrhythmic episode. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 837-9.
20. Scardi S, Mazzone C, Pandullo C, Goldstein D, Poletti A, Humar F. Lone atrial fibrillation: prognostic differences between paroxysmal and chronic forms after 10 years of follow-up. Am Heart J 1999; 137: 686-91.
21. Jahangir A, Lee V, Friedman PA et al. Long-term progression and outcomes with aging in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. A 30-year follow-up study. Circulation 2007; 115: 3050-6. (Pubitemid 46956493)
22. Potpara T, Grujic M, Marinkovic J, Vujisic-Tesic B, Ostojic M, Polovina M. Mortality of patients with lone and idiopathic atrial fibrillation is similar to mortality in general population of Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl 2010; 67: 132-5.
23. Jouven X, Desnos M, Guerot C, Ducimetiere P. Idiopathic atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for mortality. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 896-9. (Pubitemid 29253736)
24. Evans W, Swann P. Lone auricular fibrillation. Br Heart J 1954; 16: 189-94.
25. Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D et al. Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2004; 292: 2471-7. (Pubitemid 39552671)
26. Frost L, Hune LJ, Vestergaard P. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish diet, cancer, and health study. Am J Med 2005; 118: 489-95. (Pubitemid 40615472)
27. Dublin S, French B, Glazer NL et al. Risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in relation to body-mass index. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2322-8. (Pubitemid 44833356)
28. Wanahita N, Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Gami AS, Somers VK, Steinberg JS. Atrial fibrillation and obesity - results of a meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2008; 155: 310-5.
29. Watanabe H, Tanabe N, Watanabe T et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of development of atrial fibrillation. The Niigata Preventive Medicine Study. Circulation 2008; 117: 1255-60.
30. Chamberlain AM, Agarwal SK, Ambrose M, Folsom AR, Soliman EZ, Alonso A. Metabolic syndrome and incidence of atrial fibrillation among blacks and whites in the Atherosclerotic Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am Heart J 2010; 159: 850-6.
31. Roche F, Xuong AN, Court-Fortune I et al. Relationship among the severity of sleep apnea syndrome, cardiac arrhythmias, and autonomic imbalance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003; 26: 669-77. (Pubitemid 36399474)
32. Porthan KM, Melin JH, Kupila JT, Venho KK, Partinen MM. Prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome in lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Chest 2004; 125: 879-85. (Pubitemid 38367277)
33. Kanagala R, Murali NS, Friedman PA et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and the recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003; 107: 2589-94. (Pubitemid 36628941)
34. Gami AS, Hodge DO, Herges RM et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 565-71. (Pubitemid 46177437)
35. Rupprecht S, Hutschenreuther J, Brehm B, Figulla HR, Witte OW, Schwab M. Causality in the relationship between central sleep apnea and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Sleep Med 2008; 9: 462-4. (Pubitemid 351664075)
36. Ettinger PO, Wu CF, De La Cruz C Jr, Weisse AB, Ahmed SS, Regan TJ. Arrhythmias and the "Holiday Heart": alcohol-associated cardiac rhythm disorders. Am Heart J 1978; 95: 555-62.
37. Koksinen P, Kupari M, Leinonen H, Luomanmaki K. Alcohol and new onset atrial fibrillation: a case-control study of a current series. Br Heart J 1987; 57: 468-73. (Pubitemid 17069273)
38. Djousse L, Levy D, Benjamin EJ et al. Long-term alcohol consumption and the risk of atrial fibrillation in the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 710-3. (Pubitemid 38338559)
39. Frost L, Vestergaard P. Alcohol and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: a cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1993-8. (Pubitemid 39390555)
40. Mukamal KJ, Tolstrup JS, Friberg J, Jensen G, Gronbaek M. Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation in men and women: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circulation 2005; 112: 1736-42. (Pubitemid 41368149)
41. Mukamal KJ, Psaty BM, Rautaharju PM et al. Alcohol consumption and risk and prognosis of atrial fibrillation among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Am Heart J 2007; 153: 260-6. (Pubitemid 46096872)
42. Mont L, Sambola A, Brugada J et al. Long-lasting sport practice and lone atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 477-82. (Pubitemid 35204187)
43. Elosua R, Arquer A, Mont L et al. Sport practice and the risk of lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Int J Cardiol 2006; 108: 332-7. (Pubitemid 43339799)
44. Mont L, Tamborero D, Elosua R et al. Physical activity, height, and left atrial size are independent risk factors for lone atrial fibrillation in middle-aged healthy individuals. Europace 2008; 10: 15-20. (Pubitemid 351767264)
45. Molina L, Mont L, Marrugat J et al. Long-term endurance sport practice increases the incidence of lone atrial fibrillation in men: a follow-up study. Europace 2008; 10: 618-23. (Pubitemid 351775294)
46. Heidbuchel H, Anne W, Willems R, Adriaenssens B, van de Werf F, Ector H. Endurance sports is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation after ablation for atrial flutter. Int J Cardiol 2006; 107: 67-72. (Pubitemid 41767520)
47. Mitchell GF, Vasan RS, Keyes MJ et al. Pulse pressure and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2007; 297: 709-15. (Pubitemid 46294560)
48. Eaker ED, Sullivan LM, Kelly-Hayes M, D'Agostino RB Sr, Benjamin EJ. Anger and hostility predict the development of atrial fibrillation in men in the Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation 2004; 109: 1267-71. (Pubitemid 38372785)
49. Mattioli AV, Bonatti S, Zennaro M, Mattioli G. The relationship between personality, socioeconomic factors, acute life stress and the development, spontaneous conversion and recurrences of acute lone atrial fibrillation. Europace 2005; 7: 211-20. (Pubitemid 40614356)
50. Fox CS, Parise H, Vasan RS et al. Mitral annular calcification is a predictor for incident atrial fibrillation. Atherosclerosis 2004; 173: 291-4. (Pubitemid 38469798)
51. Lorenz MW, Marcus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness. Circulation 2007; 115: 459-67. (Pubitemid 46184197)
52. Allessie M, Ausma J, Schotten U. Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54: 230-46. (Pubitemid 34327903)
53. Boos CJ, Anderson RA, Lip GYH. Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disorder? Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 136-49.
54. Sitges M, Teijeira VA, Scalise A et al. Is there an anatomical substrate for idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation? A case-control echocardiographic study. Europace 2007; 9: 294-8. (Pubitemid 47079247)
55. Kourliouros A, Savelieva I, Kiotsekoglou A, Jahangiri M, Camm J. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 2009; 157: 243-52.
56. Roberts JD, Gollob MH. Impact of genetic discoveries on the classification of lone atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 705-12.
57. Schoonderwoerd BA, Smit MD, Pen L, Van Gelder IC. New risk factors for atrial fibrillation: causes of "not-so-lone atrial fibrillation'. Europace 2008; 10: 668-73. (Pubitemid 351775282)
58. Kozlowski D, Burdejko S, Lip GYH et al. Lone atrial fibrillation: what do we know? Heart 2010; 96: 498-503.
59. Lip GYH, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predcting stroke and thromboembolism using a novel risk factor-based approach. Chest 2010; 137: 263-72.
60. Levy S, Maarek M, Coumel P et al. Characterization of different subsets of atrial fibrillation in general practice in France. The ALFA Study. Circulation 1999; 99: 3028-35. (Pubitemid 29270433)
61. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation. The Framingham heart study. Circulation 2004; 110: 1042-6.
62. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population based estimates. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 2N-9N.
63. Chen LY, Herron KJ, Tai BC, Olson TM. Lone atrial fibrillation: influence of familial disease on gender predilection. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 802-6. (Pubitemid 352036649)
64. Wolff L. Familial auricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1943; 229: 396-7.
65. Brugada R, Tapscott T, Czernuszewicz GZ et al. Identification of a genetic locus for familial atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 905-11. (Pubitemid 27137190)
66. Ellinor PT, Shin JT, Moore RK, Yoerger DM, MacRae CA. Locus for atrial fibrillation maps to chromosome 6q14-16. Circulation 2003; 107: 2880-3. (Pubitemid 36736626)
67. Chen YH, Xu SJ, Bendahlou S et al. KCNQ1 gain-of-funkcion mutation in familial atrial fibrillation. Science 2003; 299: 251-4.
68. Oberti C, Wang L, Li L et al. Genome-wide linkage scan identifies a novel genetic locus on chromosome 5p13 for neonatal atrial fibrillation associated with sudden death and variable cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2004; 110: 3753-9. (Pubitemid 40023972)
69. Volders PG, Zhu Q, Timmermans C et al. Mapping a novel locus for familial atrial fibrillation on chromosome 10p11-q21. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4: 469-75. (Pubitemid 46610402)
70. Yang Y, Xia M, Jin Q et al. Identification of a KCNE2 gain-of-function mutation in patients with familial atrial fibrillation. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75: 899-905. (Pubitemid 39390498)
71. Olson M, Alekseev AE, Liu XK et al. Kv1.5 channelopathy due to KCNA5 loss-of-function mutation causes human atrial fibrillation. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15: 2185-91. (Pubitemid 43985509)
72. Darbar D, Kannankeril PJ, Donahue BS et al. Cardiac sodium channel (SCNA5) variants associated with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2008; 117: 1927-35. (Pubitemid 351543468)
73. Makiyama T, Akao M, Shizuta S et al. A novel SCN5A gain-of-function mutation M1875T associated with familial atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1326-34.
74. Fox CS, Parise H, D'Agostino RB et al. Parental atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in offspring. JAMA 2004; 291: 2851-55. (Pubitemid 38747806)
75. Elinor PT, Yoerger DM, Ruskin JM, MacRae CA. Familial aggregation in lone atrial fibrillation. Hum Genet 2005; 118: 179-84. (Pubitemid 41672080)
76. Christophersen IE, Ravn LS, Budtz-Joergensen E et al. Familial aggregation of atrial fibrillation. A Study of Danish Twins. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2009; 2: 378-83.
77. Arnar DO, Thorvaldsson S, Manolio TA et al. Familial aggregation of atrial fibrillation in Iceland. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 708-12.
78. Xia M, Jin Q, Bendahhaou S et al. A Kir2.1 gain-of-function mutation underlies familial atrial fibrillation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332: 1012-9. (Pubitemid 40798187)
79. Ravn LS, Aizawa Y, Pollevick GD et al. Gain-of-function in IKs secondary to a mutation in KCNE5 associated with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5: 427-35.
80. Ellinor PT, Nam EG, Shea MA, Milan DJ, Ruskin JN, MacRae CA. Cardiac sodium channel mutation in atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5: 99-105.
81. Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underlie a new clinical entity characterized by ST-segment elevation, short QT intervals, and sudden cardiac death. Circulation 2007; 115: 442-9. (Pubitemid 46184195)
82. Chaldoupi SM, Loh P, Hauer RN, de Bakker JM, van Rijen HV. The role of connexin40 in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84: 15-23.
83. Sabeh MK, MacRae CA. The genetics of atrial fibrillation. Curr Opin Cardiol 2010; 25: 186-91.
84. Parvez B, Darbar D. Lone AF - Etiologic factors and genetic insights into pathophysiology. J Atr Fibrillation 2010; 1: 675-84.
85. Brauch KM, Chen LY, Olson TM. Comprehensive mutation scanning of LMNA in 268 patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103: 1426-8.
86. Yang T, Yang P, Roden DM, Darbar D. A novel KCNA5 mutation implicates tyrosine kinase signaling in human atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2010; 7: 1246-52.
87. Allessie MA, Boyden PA, Camm JA et al. Pathophysiology and prevention of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001; 103: 769-77. (Pubitemid 32144209)
88. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 659-66. (Pubitemid 28402090)
89. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Dorland R, Allessie MA. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation 1995; 92: 1954-68.
90. Fynn SP, Todd DM, Hobbs WJ, Armstrong KL, Fitzpatrick AP, Garrat CJ. Clinical evaluation of a policy of early repeated internal cardioversion for reccurrence of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002; 13: 135-41. (Pubitemid 34211916)
91. Garratt CJ, Duytschaever M, Killian M, Dorland R, Mast F, Allessie MA. Repetitive electrical remodeling by paroxysms of atrial fibrillation in the goat: no cumulative effect on inducibility or stability of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999; 10: 1101-8.
92. Jais P, Hocini M, MacLe L et al. Distinctive electrophysiological properties of pulmonary veins in patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2002; 106: 2479-85. (Pubitemid 35278805)
93. Chen SA, Tai CT. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation originating from the non-pulmonary vein foci. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005; 16: 229-32.
94. Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Bellocci F, Morgante E, Russo MA, Maseri A. Histological substrate of atrial biopsies in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997; 96: 1180-4. (Pubitemid 27344221)
95. Skalidis EI, Hamilos MI, Karalis IK, Chlouverakis G, Kochiadakis GE, Vardas PE. Isolated atrial microvascular dysfunction in patients with lone recurrent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 2053-7. (Pubitemid 351680520)
96. Stiles MK, John B, Wong CX et al. Paroxysmal lone atrial fibrillation is associated with abnormal atrial substrate. Characterizing the "Second Factor".. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 1182-91.
97. Centurion OA, Isomoto S, Shimizu A. Electrophysiological changes of the atrium in patients with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Atr Fibrillation 2010; 1: 656-62.
98. Engelmann MDM, Svendsen JH. Inflammation in the genesis and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2083-92. (Pubitemid 41408600)
99. Patel P, Dokainish H, Tsai P, Lakkis P. Update on the association of inflammation and atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 1064-70.
100. Conway DS, Buggins P, Hughes E, Lip GY. Relationship of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein to the prothrombotic state in chronic atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 2075-82. (Pubitemid 38686805)
101. Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2003; 108: 3006-10. (Pubitemid 37553570)
102. Asselbergs FW, Van Den Berg MP, Diercks GF, Van Gilst WH, Van Veldhuisen DJ. C-reactive protein and microalbuminuria are associated with atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2005; 98: 73-7. (Pubitemid 40169856)
103. Hatzinikolaou-Kotsakou E, Tziakas D, Hotidis A et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to the first onset and the recurrence rate in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 659-61. (Pubitemid 43255035)
104. Kallergis EM, Manios EG, Kanoupakis EM et al. The role of the post-cardioversion time course of hs-CRP levels in clarifying the relationship between inflammation and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Heart 2008; 94: 200-4. (Pubitemid 351211730)
105. Marcus GM, Smith LM, Glidden DV et al. Markers of inflammation before and after curative ablation of atrial flutter. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5: 215-21. (Pubitemid 351187499)
106. Ellinor PT, Low A, Patton KK, Shea MA, MacRae CA. C-reactive protein in lone atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 1346-50.
107. Mihm MJ, Yu F, Carnes CA et al. Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001; 104: 174-80. (Pubitemid 32655834)
108. Rossi A, Enriquez-Sarano M, Burnett JC Jr, Lerman A, Abel MD, Seward JB. Natriuretic peptide levels in atrial fibrillation: a prospective hormonal and Doppler-echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1256-62.
109. Ellinor PT, Low AF, Patton KK, Shea MA, MacRae CA. Discordant atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels in lone atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 82-6. (Pubitemid 40052031)
110. Ellinor PT, Low AF, MacRae CA. Reduced apelin levels in lone atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 222-6. (Pubitemid 43069041)
111. Huang JL, Wen ZC, Lee WL, Chang MS, Chen SA. Changes of autonomic tone before the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 1998; 66: 275-83.
112. Zhou J, Scherlag B, Edwards J, Jackman W, Lazarra R, Po S. Gradient of atrial refractoriness and inducibility of atrial fibrillation due to stimulation of ganglionated plexi. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18: 83-90. (Pubitemid 44952750)
113. Hara M, Shvilkin A, Rosen MR, Danilo P Jr, Boyden PA. Steady-state and non-steady-state action potentials in fibrillating canine atrium: abnormal rate adaptation and its possible mechanisms. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 42: 455-69. (Pubitemid 29243171)
114. 2+ currents and human atrial fibrillation. Circ Res 1999; 85: 428-36.
115. Kostin S, Klein G, Szalay Z, Hein S, Bauer EP, Schaper J. Structural correlate of atrial fibrillation in human patients. Cardiovasc Res 2002; 54: 361-79. (Pubitemid 34327915)
116. Polontchouk L, Haefliger JA, Ebelt B et al. Effects of chronic atrial fibrillation on gap junction distribution in human and rat atria. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 883-91. (Pubitemid 32835768)
117. Nao T, Ohkusa T, Hisamatsu Y et al. Comparison of expression of connexin in right atrial myocardium in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation versus those in sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 678-83. (Pubitemid 36287457)
118. Chen YJ, Chen YC, Yeh HI, Lin CI, Chen SA. Electrophysiology and arrhythmogenic activity of single cardiomyocytes from canine superior vena cava. Circulation 2002; 105: 2679-85.
119. Spach MS, Kootsey JM, Sloan JD. Active modulation of electrical coupling between cardiac cells of the dog. A mechanism for transient and steady state variations in conduction velocity. Circ Res 1982; 51: 347-62.
120. Singh B. Atrial fibrillation: from ion channels to bedside treatment options. J Electrocardiol 2009; 42: 660-70.
121. Van der Hooft CS, Heeringa J, van Herpen G, Kors JA, Kingma JH, Stricker BH. Drug-induced atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 2117-24. (Pubitemid 39585198)
122. Katritsis DG, Toumpoulis IK, Giazitzoglou E et al. Latent arterial hypertension in apparently lone atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2005; 13: 203-7. (Pubitemid 41367257)
123. Osranek M, Bursi F, Bailey KR et al. Left atrial volume predicts cardiovascular events in patients originally diagnosed with lone atrial fibrillation: three-decade follow-up. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2556-61. (Pubitemid 41679360)
124. Camm JA, Kirchof P, Lip GYH et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. The Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2369-429.
125. Sato H, Ishikawa K, Kitabatake A et al. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of stroke in low-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Japan Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Trial. Stroke 2006; 37: 447-51. (Pubitemid 43732003)
126. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 857-67. (Pubitemid 351650486)
127. Freestone B, Chong AY, Nuttall S, Blann AD, Lip GYH. Soluble E-selectin, von Willebrand factor, soluble thrombomodulin, and total body nitrate/nitrite product as indices of endothelial damage/dysfunction in paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent atrial fibrillation. Chest 2007; 132: 1253-8. (Pubitemid 47621001)
128. Conolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1139-51.
129. Le Heuzey J, De Ferrari GM, Radzik D, Santini M, Zhu J, Davy JM. A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amioadrone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 597-605.
130. Jais P, Cauchemez B, Macle L et al. Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: the A4 study. Circulation 2008; 118: 2498-505.
131. Shah AN, Mittal S, Sichrovsky TC et al. Long-term outcome following successful pulmonary vein isolation: pattern and prediction of very late recurrence. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 661-7.
132. Calkins H, Reynolds MR, Spector P et al. Treatment of arial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or radiofrequency ablation: two systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2009; 2: 349-61.
133. De Cecco NC, Buffa V, David V, Fedeli S. Novel approaches for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation: time for a guideline revision? Vascular Health and Risk Management 2010; 6: 439-47.
134. Gaita F, Riccardi R, Caponi D et al. Linear cryoablation of the left atrium versus pulmonary vein cryoisolation in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease: correlation of electroanatomic mapping and long-term clinical results. Circulation 2005; 111: 136-42. (Pubitemid 40139723)
135. Antzelevitch C, Burashnikov A. New developments in atrial antiarrhythmic therapy. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7: 139-48.
136. Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJ, van Eickels M et al. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 668-78.
137. Singh BN, Connolly SJ, Crijns H et al. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 987-99. (Pubitemid 47367078)
138. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJV et al. Increased mortality after Dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2678-87. (Pubitemid 351860860)
139. Roy D, Pratt CM, Torp-Pedersen C et al. A phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 2008; 117: 1518-25.
140. Belluzzi F, Sernesi L, Preti P, Salinaro F, Fonte ML, Perlini S. Prevention of recurrent lone atrial fibrillation by the angiotensin-II converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in normotensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 24-9.
141. Disertori M, Latini R, Barlera S et al. Valsartan for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1606-17.
142. Liakopoulos OJ, Choi YH, Kuhn EW et al. Statins for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a systematic literature review. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138: 678-686e1.
143. Bhardway A, Sood NA, Kluger J, Coleman CI. Lack of effect of statins on maintenance of normal sinus rhythm following electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64: 1116-20.