Accommodation to multiple-focal-plane displays: Implications for improving stereoscopic displays and for accommodation control

Journal of Vision

Volumn 10, Issue 8, 2010, Pages

  MacKenzie, Kevin J ^a   Hoffman, David M ^b   Watt, Simon J ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

3D graphics; Accommodation; Stereoscopic display; Vergence; Volumetric display

Indexed keywords

ACCOMMODATION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ASTHENOPIA; BINOCULAR VISION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEPTH PERCEPTION; EYE FIXATION; HUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REFERENCE VALUE;

ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ASTHENOPIA; DEPTH PERCEPTION; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; REFERENCE VALUES; VISION, BINOCULAR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79952692896     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15347362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/10.8.22     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Akeley, K. (2004). Achieving near-correct focus cues using multiple image planes. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
2. Akeley, K., Watt, S. J., Girshick, A. R., & Banks, M. S. (2004). A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 23, 804-813.
3. Alpern, M. (1958). Variability of accommodation during steady fixation at various levels of illuminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 48, 193-197.
4. Badal, J. (1876). Optometre metrique international. Annales d'Oculistique, 75, 101-117.
5. Bedford, R. E., & Wyszecki, G. (1957). Axial chromatic aberration of the human eye. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 47, 564-565.
6. Campbell, F. W. (1957). The depth of field of the human eye. Optica Acta, 4, 157-164.
7. Campbell, F. W., & Robson, J. G. (1968). Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings. Journal of Physiology-London, 197, 551-566.
8. Campbell, F. W., Robson, J. G., & Westheimer, G. (1959). Fluctuations of accommodation under steady viewing conditions. The Journal of Physiology, 145, 579-594.
9. Charman, W. N., & Heron, G. (1988). Fluctuations in accommodation: A review. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 8, 153-164.
10. Charman, W. N., & Tucker, J. (1977). Dependence of accommodation response on the spatial frequency spectrum of the observed object. Vision Research, 17, 129-139.
11. Charman, W. N., & Tucker, J. (1978). Accommodation as a function of object form. American Journal of Physiological Optics, 55, 84-92.
12. Charman, W. N., & Whitefoot, H. (1977). Pupil diameter and the depth-of field of the human eye as measured by laser speckle. Journal of Modern Optics, 24, 1362-3044.
13. Cheng, H., Barnett, J. K., Vilupuru, A. S., Marsack, J. D., Kasthurirangan, S., Applegate, R. A., et al. (2004). A population study on changes in wave aberrations with accommodation. Journal of Vision, 4(4):3, 272-280, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/4/4/3, doi:10.1167/4.4.3.
14. Cheng, X., Thibos, L. N., & Bradley, A. (2003). Estimating visual quality from wavefront aberration measurements. Journal of Refractive Surgery, 19, S579-S584.
15. Emoto, M., Niida, T., & Okano, F. (2005). Repeated vergence adaptation causes the decline of visual functions in watching stereoscopic television. Journal of Display Technology, 1, 328-340.
16. Fender, D. H. (1964). Control mechanisms of the eye. Scientific American, 211, 24-33.
17. Field, D. J. (1987). Relations between the statistics of natural images and the response properties of cortical cells. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics and Image Science, 4, 2379-2394.
18. Fincham, E. F., & Walton, J. (1957). The reciprocal actions of accommodation and convergence. The Journal of Physiology, 137, 488-508.
19. Fukushima, T., Torii, M., Ukai, K., Wolffsohn, J. S., & Gilmartin, B. (2009). The relationship between CA/C ratio and individual differences in dynamic accommodative responses while viewing stereoscopic images. Journal of Vision, 9(13):21, 1-13, http://www. journalofvision.org/content/9/13/21, doi:10.1167/ 9.13.21.
20. Green, D. G., & Campbell, F. W. (1965). Effect of focus on the visual response to a sinusoidally modulated spatial stimulus. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55, 1154-1157.
21. Heath, G. G. (1956). Components of accommodation. American Journal of Optometry, 33, 569-579.
22. Hillis, J. M., & Banks, M. S. (2001). Are corresponding points fixed? Vision Research, 41, 2457-2473.
23. Hoffman, D. M., Girshick, A. R., Akeley, K., & Banks, M. S. (2008). Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. Journal of Vision, 8(3):33,1-30, http://www.journalofvision.org/ content/8/3/33, doi:10.1167/8.3.33.
24. Howard, I. P., & Rogers, B. J. (2002). Seeing in depth. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
25. Hung, G. K., Semmlow, J. L., & Ciuffreda, K. J. (1982). Accommodative oscillation can enhance average accommodative response: A simulation study. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-12, 594-598.
26. Kotulak, J. C., & Schor, C. M. (1986a). A computational model of the error detector of human visual accommodation. Biological Cybernetics, 54, 189-194.
27. Kotulak, J. C., & Schor, C. M. (1986b). Temporal variations in accommodation during steady-state conditions. Journal of the Optical Society of America, A, Optics and Image Science, 3, 223-227.
28. Liu, S., Cheng, D., & Hua, H. (2008). An optical see-through head mounted display with addressable focal planes. In International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (pp. 33-41). Washington DC: IEEE Computer Society.
29. Love, G. D., Hoffman, D. M., Hands, P. J. W., Gao, J., Kirby, A. K., & Banks, M. S. (2009). High-speed switchable lens enables the development of a volumetric stereoscopic display. Optics Express, 17, 15715-15725.
30. Mahajan, V. N. (1994). Zernike circle polynomials and optical aberrations of systems with circular pupils. Applied Optics, 33, 8121-8124.
31. Mallen, E. A. H., Wolffsohn, J. S., Gilmartin, B., & Tsujimura, S. (2001). Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in adults. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 21, 101-107.
32. Mandelbaum, J. (1960). An accommodation phenomenon. Archives of Ophthalmology, 63, 923-926.
33. Manny, R. E., & Banks, M. S. (1984). A model of steady-state accommodation: II. Effects of luminance. Inves-tigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 25, 182.
34. Marcos, S., Moreno, D., & Navarro, R. (1999). The depth-of-field of the human eye from objective and subjective measurements. Vision Research, 39, 2039-2049.
35. Martens, T. G., & Ogle, K. N. (1959). Observations on accommodative convergence; especially its nonlinear relationships. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 47, 455-462.
36. Mathews, S., & Kruger, P. B. (1994). Spatiotemporal transfer function of human accommodation. Vision Research, 34, 1965-1980.
37. McDowall, I., & Bolas, M. (2004). Fakespace labs accommodation display research. Unpublished report.
38. Morgan, M. W. (1944). The clinical aspects of accommodation and convergence. American Journal of Optometry & Archives of American Academy of Optometry, 21, 301-313.
39. Owens, D. A. (1979). The Mandelbaum effect: Evidence for an accommodative bias toward intermediate viewing distances. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 69, 646-652.
40. Owens, D. A. (1980). A comparison of accommodative responses and contrast sensitivity for sinusoidal gratings. Vision Research, 20, 159-167.
41. Percival, A. S. (1920). The prescribing of spectacles. Bristol, UK: J. Wright.
42. Phillips, S. R. (1974). Ocular neurological control systems. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
43. Plainis, S., Ginis, H. S., & Pallikaris, A. (2005). The effect of ocular aberrations on steady-state errors of accommodative response. Journal of Vision, 5, 466-477, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/5/5/7, doi:10.1167/5.5.7.
44. Porter, J., Guirao, A., Cox, I. G., & Williams, D. R. (2001). Monochromatic aberrations of the human eye in a large population. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 18, 1793-1803.
45. Raymond, J. E., Lindblad, I. M., & Leibowitz, H. W. (1984). The effect of contrast on sustained detection. Vision Research, 24, 183-188.
46. Rolland, J. P., Krueger, M. W., & Goon, A. A. (1999). Dynamic focusing in head mounted displays. Pro-ceedings ofSPIE, 3639, 463-470.
47. Rosenfield, M., & Ciuffreda, K. J. (1991). Accommoda-tive responses to conflicting stimuli. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Optics and Image Science, 8, 422-427.
48. Schneidenbach, D., Meyer, J., Görrn, P., Hamwi, S., Winkler, T., Ammermann, S., et al. (2009). Transparent OLED displays: Technology development. Proceedings of the 29th International Display Research Conference, EURODISPLAY 2009, 154-157.
49. Shevlin, F. (2005). A fixed-viewpoint volumetric stereo-scopic 3d display using adaptive optics. In A. J. Woods, et al. (Eds.), SPIE (vol. 5664, pp. 22-27). Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
50. Switkes, E., Bradley, A., & Schor, C. (1990). Readily visible changes in color contrast are insufficient to stimulate accommodation. Vision Research, 30, 1367-1376.
51. Thibos, L. N., Bradley, A., & Hong, X. (2002). A statistical model of the aberration structure of normal, well-corrected eyes. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 22, 427-433.
52. Toates, F. M. (1972). Accommodation function of the human eye. Physiological Review, 52, 828-863.
53. Tucker, J., Charman, W. N., & Ward, P. A. (1986). Modulation dependence of the accommodation response to sinusoidal gratings. Vision Research, 26, 1693-1707.
54. Ukai, K. (2007). Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic images and mechanism of accommoda-tion. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on University Communication, 176-179.
55. Ukai, K., & Howarth, P. A. (2008). Visual fatigue caused by viewing stereoscopic motion images: Background, theories and observations. Displays, 29, 106-116.
56. Wann, J. P., & Mon-Williams, M. (1997). Health issues with virtual reality displays: What we do know and what we don't. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 31, 53-57.
57. Ward, P. A. (1987). The effect of spatial frequency on steady-state accommodation. Ophthalmic & Physio-logical Optics, 7, 211-217.
58. Watt, S. J., Akeley, K., Ernst, M. O., & Banks, M. S. (2005). Focus cues affect perceived depth. Journal of Vision, 5(10), 834-862, http://www.journalofvision. org/content/5/10/7, doi: 10.1167/5.10.7.
59. Watt, S. J., Akeley, K., Girshick, A. R., & Banks, M. S. (2005). Achieving near-correct focus cues in a 3d display using multiple image planes. In B. E. Rogowitz, T. N. Pappas, & S. J. Daly (Eds.), Human vision and electronic imaging X. (vol. 5666, pp. 393-401). San Jose, CA, USA: SPIE.
60. Wolffsohn, J. S., Gilmartin, B., Mallen, E. A. H., & Tsujimura, S. (2001). Continuous recording of accommodation and pupil size using the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor. Ophthalmic & Physiolog-ical Optics, 21, 108-113.
61. Wolffsohn, J. S., O'Donnell, C. O., Charman, W. N., & Gilmartin, B. (2004). Simultaneous continuous recording of accommodation and pupil size using the modified Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 24, 142-147.
62. Yano, S., Emoto, M., & Mitsuhashi, T. (2004). Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images. Displays, 25, 141-150.