Hepatitis C virus infection during pregnancy and the newborn period - Are they opportunities for treatment?

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 229-236

  Arshad, M ^a   El Kamary, S S ^b,c   Jhaveri, Ravi ^a,d  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Vaccine Development   (United States)

^d DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C virus; Infants; Pregnancy; Treatment; Vertical transmission

Indexed keywords

PEGINTERFERON; RIBAVIRIN;

BREAST FEEDING; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MEMBRANE RUPTURE; MIXED INFECTION; NEWBORN PERIOD; PATHOGENESIS; PERINATAL INFECTION; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION;

FEMALE; HEPATITIS C; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; POSTPARTUM PERIOD; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; PREVALENCE;

EID: 79952683663     PISSN: 13520504     EISSN: 13652893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01413.x     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Hepatitis C: global prevalence. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1997; 72(46):341-344.
2. NIH Consensus Statement on Management of Hepatitis C. NIH Consens State Sci Statements 2002; 19(3):1-46.
3. Lauer GM, Walker BD. Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(1): 41-52. (Pubitemid 32634271)
4. Costa ZB, Machado GC, Avelino MM et al. Prevalence and risk factors for Hepatitis C and HIV-1 infections among pregnant women in Central Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 116.
5. Onakewhor JU, Okonofua FE. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C viral antibodies in pregnancy in a tertiary health facility in Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2009; 12(1): 65-73.
6. Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(8): 556-562.
7. Conte D, Fraquelli M, Prati D, Colucci A, Minola E. Prevalence and clinical course of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and rate of HCV vertical transmission in a cohort of 15,250 pregnant women. Hepatology 2000; 31(3): 751-755. (Pubitemid 30118646)
8. AbdulQawi K, Youssef A, Metwally MA, Ragih I, AbdulHamid M, Shaheen A. Prospective study of prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C in pregnant Egyptian women and its transmission to their infants. Croat Med J 2010; 51(3): 219-228.
9. Schwimmer JB, Balistreri WF. Transmission, natural history, and treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in the pediatric population. Semin Liver Dis 2000; 20(1): 37-46. (Pubitemid 30421407)
10. Murphy EL, Bryzman S, Williams AE, et al. Demographic determinants of hepatitis C virus seroprevalence among blood donors. JAMA 1996; 275(13): 995-1000. (Pubitemid 26099418)
11. El-Kamary SS, Serwint JR, Joffe A, Santosham M, Duggan AK. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in urban children. J Pediatr 2003; 143(1): 54-59. (Pubitemid 36928569)
12. Jafri W, Jafri N, Yakoob J et al. Hepatitis B and C: prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 101.
13. Mohamed MK, Magder LS, Abdel-Hamid M et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus between parents and children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 75(1): 16-20. (Pubitemid 351627563)
14. Akhtar S, Moatter T. Hepatitis C virus infection in polytransfused thalassemic children in Pakistan. Indian Pediatr 2004; 41(10): 1072-1073. (Pubitemid 39425332)
15. Jonas MM. Children with hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002; 36(5 Suppl 1): S173-S178. (Pubitemid 35253478)
16. Armstrong GL, Wasley A, Simard EP, McQuillan GM, Kuhnert WL, Alter MJ. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144(10): 705-714.
17. Murray KF, Richardson LP, Morishima C, Owens JW, Gretch DR. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and risk factors in an incarcerated juvenile population: a pilot study. Pediatrics 2003; 111(1): 153-157. (Pubitemid 36071046)
18. Nelson SP, Jonas MM. Hepatitis C infection in children who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1996; 31(5): 644-648. (Pubitemid 26152579)
19. Locasciulli A, Gornati G, Tagger A et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and chronic liver disease in children with leukemia in long-term remission. Blood 1991; 78(6): 1619-1622.
20. Tovo PA, Pembrey LJ, Newell ML. Persistence rate and progression of vertically acquired hepatitis C infection. European paediatric hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 2000; 181(2): 419-424. (Pubitemid 30131805)
21. Birnbaum AH, Shneider BL, Moy L. Hepatitis C in children. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(4): 290-291.
22. Jhaveri R, Grant W, Kauf TL, McHutchison J. The burden of hepatitis C virus infection in children: estimated direct medical costs over a 10-year period. J Pediatr 2006; 148(3): 353-358.
23. Gervais A, Bacq Y, Bernuau J et al. Decrease in serum ALT and increase in serum HCV RNA during pregnancy in women with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2000; 32(2): 293-299. (Pubitemid 30093909)
24. Paternoster DM, Santarossa C, Grella P et al. Viral load in HCV RNA-positive pregnant women. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96(9): 2751-2754.
25. Okuyama R, Abo T, Seki S et al.. Estrogen activates extrathymic T cell differentiation in the liver. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 661-669.
26. Kimura M, Hanawa H, Watanabe H, Ogawa M, Abo T. Synchronous expansion of intermediate TCR cells in the liver and uterus during pregnancy. Cell Immunol 1995; 162(1): 16-25.
27. Lin HH, Kao JH. Hepatitis C virus load during pregnancy and puerperium. BJOG 2000; 107(12): 1503-1506.
28. Hattori Y, Orito E, Ohno T et al. Loss of hepatitis C virus RNA after parturition in female patients with chronic HCV infection. J Med Virol 2003; 71(2): 205-211. (Pubitemid 37048463)
29. Irshad M, Khushboo I, Singh S, Singh S. Hepatitis C virus (HCV): a review of immunological aspects. Int Rev Immunol 2008; 27(6): 497-517.
30. Lin H, Mosmann TR, Guilbert L, Tuntipopipat S, Wegmann TG. Synthesis of T helper 2-type cytokines at the maternal-fetal interface. J Immunol 1993; 151(9): 4562-4573. (Pubitemid 23318510)
31. Luciani F, Alizon S. The evolutionary dynamics of a rapidly mutating virus within and between hosts: the case of hepatitis C virus. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5;(11): e1000565.
32. Honegger J, Prasad M, Walker C. Post-partum Surge in T-cell Immunity to the Hepatitis C Virus. Infectious Diseases Society of America Annual Meeting, Abstract #810, 2009.
33. Pergam SA, Wang CC, Gardella CM, Sandison TG, Phipps WT, Hawes SE. Pregnancy complications associated with hepatitis C: data from a 2003-2005 Washington state birth cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199(1): e1-e9.
34. Jabeen T, Cannon B, Hogan J et al. Pregnancy and pregnancy outcome in hepatitis C type 1b. QJM 2000; 93(9): 597-601.
35. Locatelli A, Roncaglia N, Arreghini A, Bellini P, Vergani P, Ghidini A. Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with a higher incidence of cholestasis of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106(5): 498-500. (Pubitemid 29201532)
36. Paternoster DM, Fabris F, Palù G et al. Intra-hepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in hepatitis C virus infection. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81(2): 99-103.
37. Berkley EM, Leslie KK, Arora S, Qualls C, Dunkelberg JC. Chronic hepatitis C in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112(2Pt 1): 304-310.
38. Mok J, Pembrey L, Tovo PA, Newell ML. When does mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus occur? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90(2): F156-F160.
39. Delamare C, Carbonne B, Heim N et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV RNA) in amniotic fluid: a prospective study. J Hepatol 1999; 31(3): 416-420. (Pubitemid 29408722)
40. Mast EE, Hwang LY, Seto DS et al. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the natural history of HCV infection acquired in infancy. J Infect Dis 2005; 192(11): 1880-1889. (Pubitemid 41681885)
41. McMenamin MB, Jackson AD, Lambert J et al. Obstetric management of hepatitis C-positive mothers: analysis of vertical transmission in 559 mother-infant pairs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199(3): 315e1-315e5.
42. Inui A, Fujisawa T, Sogo T, Komatsu H, Isozaki A, Sekine I. Different outcomes of vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus in a twin pregnancy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17(5): 617-619. (Pubitemid 34748185)
43. Farci P, Quinti I, Farci S et al. Evolution of hepatitis C viral quasispecies and hepatic injury in perinatally infected children followed prospectively. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103(22): 8475-8480. (Pubitemid 43838480)
44. Gerotto M, Resti M, Dal Pero F, Migliorato I, Alberti A, Bortolotti F. Evolution of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in children with chronic hepatitis C. Infection 2006; 34(2): 62-65.
45. Murakami J, Okamoto M, Miyata H, Nagata I, Shiraki K, Hino S. Evolution in the hypervariable region of hepatitis C virus in infants after vertical transmission. Pediatr Res 2000; 48(4): 450-456.
46. Shebl FM, El-Kamary SS, Saleh DA et al. Prospective cohort study of mother-to-infant infection and clearance of hepatitis C in rural Egyptian villages. J Med Virol 2009; 81(6): 1024-1031.
47. Bevilacqua E, Fabris A, Floreano P et al. Genetic factors in mother-to-child transmission of HCV infection. Virology 2009; 390(1): 64-70.
48. Azzari C, Moriondo M, Indolfi G et al. Higher risk of hepatitis C virus perinatal transmission from drug user mothers is mediated by peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection. J Med Virol 2008; 80(1): 65-71. (Pubitemid 350220090)
49. Dowd KA, Hershow RC, Yawetz S et al. Maternal neutralizing antibody and transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants. J Infect Dis 2008; 198(11): 1651-1655.
50. Indolfi G, Resti M. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. J Med Virol 2009; 81(5): 836-843.
51. Gibb DM, Goodall RL, Dunn DT et al. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus: evidence for preventable peripartum transmission. Lancet 2000; 356(9233): 904-907.
52. Steininger C, Kundi M, Jatzko G, Kiss H, Lischka A, Holzmann H. Increased risk of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus by intrapartum infantile exposure to maternal blood. J Infect Dis 2003; 187(3): 345-351. (Pubitemid 36184574)
53. Thomas DL, Villano SA, Riester KA et al. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mothers. Women and Infants Transmission Study. J Infect Dis 1998; 177(6): 1480-1488. (Pubitemid 28243569)
54. Yeung LT, King SM, Roberts EA. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2001; 34(2): 223-229. (Pubitemid 32702332)
55. Polis CB, Shah SN, Johnson KE, Gupta A. Impact of maternal HIV coinfection on the vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(8): 1123-1131. (Pubitemid 46580285)
56. Mariné-Barjoan E, Berrebi A, Giordanengo V et al. HCV/HIV co-infection, HCV viral load and mode of delivery: risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus? AIDS 2007; 21(13): 1811-1815.
57. Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Jourdain G, Sirirungsi W et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus co-infection in pregnant women and perinatal transmission to infants in Thailand. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14(7): e602-e607.
58. Dore GJ, Kaldor JM, McCaughan GW. Systematic review of role of polymerase chain reaction in defining infectiousness among people infected with hepatitis C virus. BMJ 1997; 315(7104): 333-337. (Pubitemid 27332002)
59. Thomas SL, Newell ML, Peckham CS, Ades AE, Hall AJ. A review of hepatitis C virus (HCV) vertical transmission: risks of transmission to infants born to mothers with and without HCV viraemia or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27(1): 108-117. (Pubitemid 28140512)
60. Minola E, Maccabruni A, Pacati I, Martinetti M. Amniocentesis as a possible risk factor for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2001; 33(5): 1341-1342. (Pubitemid 32378240)
61. Paccagnini S, Principi N, Massironi E et al. Perinatal transmission and manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection in a high risk population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14(3): 195-199.
62. Airoldi J, Berghella V. Hepatitis C and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2006; 61(10): 666-672.
63. Roberts EA, Yeung L. Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2002; 5(Suppl 1): S106-S113. (Pubitemid 35253470)
64. European Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network. A significantsex - but not elective cesarean section - effect on mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 2005; 192(11): 1872-1879.
65. Azzari C, Resti M, Moriondo M, Ferrari R, Lionetti P, Vierucci A. Vertical transmission of HCV is related to maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection. Blood 2000; 96(6): 2045-2048.
66. Indolfi G, Azzari C, Moriondo M, Lippi F, de Martino M, Resti M. Alanine transaminase levels in the year before pregnancy predict the risk of hepatitis C virus vertical transmission. J Med Virol 2006; 78(7): 911-914. (Pubitemid 43856698)
67. Resti M, Azzari C, Mannelli F, Moriondo M, Novembre E, de Martino M, Vierucci A. Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: prospective study of risk factors and timing of infection in children born to women seronegative for HIV-1. Tuscany Study Group on Hepatitis C Virus Infection. BMJ 1998; 317(7156): 437-441.
68. Hurtado CW, Golden-Mason L, Brocato M, Krull M, Narkewicz MR, Rosen HR. Innate immune function in placenta and cord blood of hepatitis C - seropositive mother-infant dyads. PLoS ONE 2010; 5(8): e12232.
69. Kumar RM, Shahul S. Role of breast-feeding in transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants of HCV-infected mothers. J Hepatol 1998; 29(2): 191-197. (Pubitemid 28352803)
70. Lin HH, Kao JH, Hsu HY, Ni YH et al. Absence of infection in breast-fed infants born to hepatitis C virus-infected mothers. J Pediatr 1995; 126(4): 589-591.
71. Spencer JD, Latt N, Beeby PJ et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants of human immunodeficiency virus-negative intravenous drugusing mothers: rate of infection and assessment of risk factors for transmission. J Viral Hepat 1997; 4(6): 395-409. (Pubitemid 127733501)
72. European Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network. Effects of mode of delivery and infant feeding on the risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus. European Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network. BJOG 2001; 108(4): 371-377.
73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998; 47(RR-19): 1-39.
74. Polywka S, Pembrey L, Tovo PA, Newell ML. Accuracy of HCV-RNA PCR tests for diagnosis or exclusion of vertically acquired HCV infection. J Med Virol 2006; 78(2): 305-310. (Pubitemid 43132576)
75. Yeung LT, To T, King SM, Roberts EA. Spontaneous clearance of childhood hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14(11): 797-805. (Pubitemid 47561585)
76. Simanis R, Lejniece S, Sochnevs A et al. Natural clearance of hepatitis C virus in hemophilia patients. Medicina (Kaunas) 2008; 44(1): 15-21.
77. Palomba E, Manzini P, Fiammengo P, Maderni P, Saracco G, Tovo PA. Natural history of perinatal hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23(1): 47-50. (Pubitemid 26323794)
78. Bortolotti F, Resti M, Giacchino R et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease in children of mothers with antibodies to the virus. J Pediatr 1997; 130(6): 990-993. (Pubitemid 27495131)
79. Bortolotti F, Jara P, Diaz C et al. Posttransfusion and community-acquired hepatitis C in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994; 18(3): 279-283. (Pubitemid 24125837)
80. Ruiz-Moreno M, Leal-Orozco A, Millàn A. Hepatitis C virus infection in children. J Hepatol 1999; 31(1): 124-129. (Pubitemid 30002705)
81. Castello G, Scala S, Palmieri G, Curley SA, Izzo F. HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: from chronic inflammation to cancer. Clin Immunol 2010; 134(3): 237-250.
82. Ge D, Fellay J, Thompson AJ et al. Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. Nature 2009; 461(7262): 399-401.
83. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 331(18): 1173-1180. (Pubitemid 24331334)