Human cytomegalovirus: An enormous variety of strains and their possible clinical significance in the human host

Future Virology

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 259-271

  Puchhammer Stckl, Elisabeth ^a   Grzer, Irene ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

congenital infection; genotype; HIV; human cytomegalovirus; mixed genotype populations; reinfection; transplantation

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS VACCINE; GANCICLOVIR; GLYCOPROTEIN; GLYCOPROTEIN B; GLYCOPROTEIN H; GLYCOPROTEIN L; GLYCOPROTEIN N; GLYCOPROTEIN O; IMMEDIATE EARLY PROTEIN; LOCKED NUCLEIC ACID; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PROTEIN UL139; PROTEIN UL146; PROTEIN UL147; PROTEIN UL149; PROTEIN US28; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS PROTEIN;

AMNION FLUID; ANTIGENIC VARIATION; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL ADHESION; CROSS PROTECTION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS; DNA SEQUENCE; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; GENE LOCUS; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HOST; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYBRIDIZATION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; LUNG TRANSPLANTATION; MIXED INFECTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREGNANCY TERMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYROSEQUENCING; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REINFECTION; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRAL GENETICS; VIRUS ATTACHMENT; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REACTIVATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS STRAIN; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WILD TYPE;

HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 5;

EID: 79952597063     PISSN: 17460794     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.87     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Mocarski ES, Shenk T, Pass RF: Cytomegaloviruses. In: Fields Virology (Volume 2).Knipe DM, Howley PM (Eds).Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA 2702-2772 (2007).
2. Cannon MJ, Schmid DS, Hyde TB: Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection. Rev. Med. Virol. 20(4), 202-213 (2010).
3. Britt W: Manifestations of human cytomegalovirus infection: proposed mechanisms of acute and chronic disease. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 325, 417-470 (2008).
4. Dolan A, Cunningham C, Hector RD et al.: Genetic content of wild-type human cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 85(5), 1301-1312 (2004). (Pubitemid 38659794)
5. Dunn W, Chou C, Li H et al.: Functional profiling of a human cytomegalovirus genome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100(24), 14223-14228 (2003). (Pubitemid 37499218)
6. Pignatelli S, Dal Monte P, Rossini G, Landini MP: Genetic polymorphisms among human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) wild-type strains. Rev. Med. Virol. 14(6), 383-410 (2004). (Pubitemid 39487680)
7. Penfold ME, Dairaghi DJ, Duke GM et al.: Cytomegalovirus encodes a potent a chemokine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96(17), 9839-9844 (1999).
8. Benedict CA, Butrovich KD, Lurain NS et al.: Cutting edge: a novel viral TNF receptor superfamily member in virulent strains of human cytomegalovirus. J. Immunol. 162(12), 6967-6970 (1999). (Pubitemid 29277660)
9. Rigoutsos I, Novotny J, Huynh T et al.: In silico pattern-based analysis of the human cytomegalovirus genome. J. Virol. 77(7), 4326-4344 (2003). (Pubitemid 36350971)
10. Dargan DJ, Douglas E, Cunningham C et al.: Sequential mutations associated with adaptation of human cytomegalovirus to growth in cell culture. J. Gen. Virol. 91(6), 1535-1546 (2010).
11. Sinzger C, Hahn G, Digel M et al.: Cloning and sequencing of a highly productive, endotheliotropic virus strain derived from human cytomegalovirus TB40/E. J. Gen. Virol. 89(2), 359-368 (2008). (Pubitemid 351622433)
12. Stanton RJ, Baluchova K, Dargan DJ et al.: Reconstruction of the complete human cytomegalovirus genome in a BAC reveals RL13 to be a potent inhibitor of replication. J. Clin. Invest. 120(9), 3191-3208 (2010).
13. Baldanti F, Paolucci S, Campanini G et al.: Human cytomegalovirus UL131A, UL130 and UL128 genes are highly conserved among field isolates. Arch. Virol. 151(6), 1225-1233 (2006). (Pubitemid 43806822)
14. Hitomi S, Kozuka-Hata H, Chen Z, Sugano S, Yamaguchi N, Watanabe S: Human cytomegalovirus open reading frame UL11 encodes a highly polymorphic protein expressed on the infected cell surface. Arch. Virol. 142(7), 1407-1427 (1997). (Pubitemid 27309165)
15. Bar M, Shannon-Lowe C, Geballe AP: Differentiation of human cytomegalovirus genotypes in immunocompromised patients on the basis of UL4 gene polymorphisms. J. Infect. Dis. 183(2), 218-225 (2001). (Pubitemid 32066022)
16. Sekulin K, Görzer I, Heiss-Czedik D, Puchhammer-Stöckl E: Analysis of the variability of CMV strains in the RL11D domain of the RL11 multigene family. Virus Genes 35(3), 577-583 (2007). (Pubitemid 350012786)
17. Hassan-Walker AF, Okwuadi S, Lee L, Griffiths PD, Emery VC: Sequence variability of the a-chemokine UL146 from clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus. J. Med. Virol. 74(4), 573-579 (2004). (Pubitemid 39426098)
18. Stanton R, Westmoreland D, Fox JD, Davison AJ, Wilkinson GW: Stability of human cytomegalovirus genotypes inpersistently infected renal transplant recipients. J. Med. Virol. 75(1), 42-46 (2005). (Pubitemid 39578788)
19. Lurain NS, Fox AM, Lichy HM et al.: Analysis of the human cytomegalovirus genomic region from UL146 through UL147A reveals sequence hypervariability, genotypic stability, and overlapping transcripts. Virol. J. 3, 4 (2006).
20. Heo J, Petheram S, Demmler G et al.: Polymorphisms within human cytomegalovirus chemokine (UL146/UL147) and cytokine receptor genes (UL144) are not predictive of sequelae in congenitally infected children. Virology 378(1), 86-96 (2008).
21. Bale JF Jr, Petheram SJ, Robertson M, Murph JR, Demmler G: Human cytomegalovirus a sequence and UL144 variability in strains from infected children. J. Med. Virol. 65(1), 90-96 (2001).
22. Pignatelli S, Dal Monte P, Rossini G et al.: Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein n (gpUL73-gN) genomic variants: identification of a novel subgroup, geographical distribution and evidence of positive selective pressure. J. Gen. Virol. 84(3), 647-655 (2003). (Pubitemid 36267139)
23. Bates M, Monze M, Bima H, Kapambwe M, Kasolo FC, Gompels UA: High human cytomegalovirus loads and diverse linked variable genotypes in both HIV-1 infected and exposed, but uninfected, children in Africa. Virology 382(1), 28-36 (2008).
24. Bradley AJ, Kovacs IJ, Gatherer D et al.: Genotypic analysis of two hypervariable human cytomegalovirus genes. J. Med. Virol. 80(9), 1615-1623 (2008).
25. Chen HP, Lin JC, Yang SP et al.: The type-2 variant of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein N (gN-2) is not the rarest in the Chinese population of Taiwan: influence of primer design. J. Virol. Methods 151(1), 161-164 (2008).
26. Mattick C, Dewin D, Polley S et al.: Linkage of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein gO variant groups identified from worldwide clinical isolates with gN genotypes, implications for disease associations and evidence for N-terminal sites of positive selection. Virology 318(2), 582-597 (2004). (Pubitemid 38224301)
27. Yan H, Koyano S, Inami Y et al.: Genetic linkage among human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein N (gN) and gO genes, with evidence for recombination from congenitally and post-natally infected Japanese infants. J. Gen. Virol. 89(9), 2275-2279 (2008).
28. Rasmussen L, Geissler A, Cowan C, Chase A, Winters M: The genes encoding the GCIII complex of human cytomegalovirus exist in highly diverse combinations in clinical isolates. J. Virol. 76(21), 10841-10848 (2002). (Pubitemid 35176201)
29. Rasmussen L, Geissler A, Winters M: Inter-and intragenic variations complicate the molecular epidemiology of human cytomegalovirus. J. Infect. Dis. 187(5), 809-819 (2003). (Pubitemid 36286942)
30. Chee MS, Bankier AT, Beck S et al.: Analysis of the protein-coding content of the sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 154, 125-169 (1990). (Pubitemid 20151030)
31. Murphy E, Yu D, Grimwood J et al.: Coding potential of laboratory and clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100(25), 14976-14981 (2003). (Pubitemid 37518002)
32. Bradley AJ, Lurain NS, Ghazal P et al.: High-throughput sequence analysis of variants of human cytomegalovirus strains towne and AD169. J. Gen. Virol. 90(10), 2375-2380 (2009).
33. Cunningham C, Gatherer D, Hilfrich B et al.: Sequences of complete human cytomegalovirus genomes from infected cell cultures and clinical specimens. J. Gen. Virol. 91(3), 605-615 (2010).
34. Zipeto D, Hong C, Gerna G et al.: Geographic and demographic differences in the frequency of human cytomegalovirus gB genotypes 1-4 in immunocompromised patients. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 14(6), 533-536 (1998). (Pubitemid 28169407)
35. Mao ZQ, He R, Sun M, Qi Y, Huang YJ, Ruan Q: The relationship between polymorphisms of HCMV UL144 ORF and clinical manifestations in 73 strains with congenital and/or perinatal HCMV infection. Arch. Virol. 152(1), 115-124 (2007). (Pubitemid 44974619)
36. McGeoch DJ, Rixon FJ, Davison AJ: Topics in herpesvirus genomics and evolution. Virus Res. 117(1), 90-104 (2006).
37. Chou SW: Reactivation and recombination of multiple cytomegalovirus strains from individual organ donors. J. Infect. Dis. 160(1), 11-15 (1989).
38. Faure-Della Corte M, Samot J, Garrigue I et al.: Variability and recombination of clinical human cytomegalovirus strains from transplantation recipients. J. Clin. Virol. 47(2), 161-169 (2010).
39. Garrigue I, Faure-Della Corte M, Magnin N et al.: Ul40 human cytomegalovirus variability evolution patterns over time in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 86(6), 826-835 (2008).
40. Haberland M, Meyer-König U, Hufert FT: Variation within the glycoprotein B gene of human cytomegalovirus is due to homologous recombination. J. Gen. Virol. 80(6), 1495-1500 (1999). (Pubitemid 29261481)
41. Görzer I, Kerschner H, Redlberger-Fritz M, Puchhammer-Stöckl E: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genotype populations in immunocompetent individuals during primary HCMV infection. J. Clin. Virol. 48(2), 100-103 (2010).
42. Arav-Boger R, Willoughby RE, Pass RF et al.: Polymorphisms of the cytomegalovirus (CMV)-encoded tumor necrosis factor-a and b-chemokine receptors in congenital CMV disease. J. Infect. Dis. 186(8), 1057-1064 (2002). (Pubitemid 35177106)
43. Murayama T, Takegoshi M, Tanuma J, Eizuru Y: Analysis of human cytomegalovirus UL144 variability in low-passage clinical isolates in Japan. Intervirology 48(2-3), 201-206 (2005). (Pubitemid 41201511)
44. Picone O, Costa JM, Chaix ML, Ville Y, Rouzioux C, Leruez-Ville M: Human cytomegalovirus UL144 gene polymorphisms in congenital infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(1), 25-29 (2005). (Pubitemid 40096275)
45. Trincado DE, Munro SC, Camaris C, Rawlinson WD: Highly sensitive detection and localization of maternally acquired human cytomegalovirus in placental tissue by in situ polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Dis. 192(4), 650-657 (2005). (Pubitemid 41099314)
46. Arav-Boger R, Battaglia CA, Lazzarotto T et al.: Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-encoded UL144 (truncated tumor necrosis factor receptor) and outcome of congenital CMV infection. J. Infect. Dis. 194(4), 464-473 (2006). (Pubitemid 44162657)
47. Arav-Boger R, Foster CB, Zong JC, Pass RF: Human cytomegalovirus-encoded a-chemokines exhibit high sequence variability in congenitally infected newborns. J. Infect. Dis. 193(6), 788-791 (2006).
48. Jin H, Wang X, Li S: Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotype correlates with different symptoms of infected infants. Intervirology 50(3), 219-223 (2007). (Pubitemid 46597284)
49. Yamamoto AY, Mussi-Pinhata MM, De Deus Wagatsuma VM, Marin LJ, Duarte G, Figueiredo LT: Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotypes in Brazilian mothers and their congenitally infected infants. J. Med. Virol. 79(8), 1164-1168 (2007). (Pubitemid 47015416)
50. Pignatelli S, Lazzarotto T, Gatto MR et al.: Cytomegalovirus gN genotypes distribution among congenitally infected newborns and their relationship with symptoms at birth and sequelae. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51(1), 33-41 (2010).
51. Yan H, Koyano S, Inami Y et al.: Genetic variations in the gB, UL144 and UL149 genes of human cytomegalovirus strains collected from congenitally and postnatally infected Japanese children. Arch. Virol. 153(4), 667-674 (2008).
52. Waters A, Hassan J, Degascun C et al.: Human cytomegalovirus UL144 is associated with viremia and infant development in congenital infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48(11), 3956-3962 (2010).
53. Yu ZS, Zou CC, Zheng JY, Zhao ZY: Cytomegalovirus gB genotype and clinical features in chinese infants with congenital infections. Intervirology 49(5), 281-285 (2006).
54. Mewara A, Mishra B, Ratho RK, Kumar P: Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B gene polymorphism and its association with clinical presentations in infants. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 40(4), 759-764 (2009).
55. Picone O, Ville Y, Costa JM, Rouzioux C, Leruez-Ville M: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) short tandem repeats analysis in congenital infection. J. Clin. Virol. 32(3), 254-256 (2005). (Pubitemid 40255096)
56. He R, Ruan Q, Qi Y et al.: Sequence variability of human cytomegalovirus UL146 and UL147 genes in low-passage clinical isolates. Intervirology 49(4), 215-223 (2006). (Pubitemid 43742507)
57. Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Görzer I: Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus subtypes - the search for clinical significance. J. Clin. Virol. 36(4), 239-248 (2006). (Pubitemid 44066891)
58. Tarrago D, Quereda C, Tenorio A: Different cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotype distribution in serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens determined by a novel multiplex nested PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(7), 2872-2877 (2003). (Pubitemid 36842273)
59. Rossini G, Pignatelli S, Dal Monte P et al.: Monitoring for human cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients through antigenemia and glycoprotein N (gN) variants: evidence of correlation and potential prognostic value of gN genotypes. Microbes Infect. 7(5-6), 890-896 (2005).
60. Retiere C, Lesimple B, Lepelletier D, Bignon JD, Hallet MM, Imbert-Marcille BM: Association of glycoprotein B and immediate early-1 genotypes with human leukocyte antigen alleles in renal transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus infection. Transplantation 75(1), 161-165 (2003). (Pubitemid 36139715)
61. Ishibashi K, Tokumoto T, Shirakawa H et al.: Association between antibody response against cytomegalovirus strain-specific glycoprotein H epitopes and HLA-DR. Microbiol. Immunol. 53(7), 412-416 (2009).
62. Chandler SH, Handsfield HH, Mcdougall JK: Isolation of multiple strains of cytomegalovirus from women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted disease. J. Infect. Dis. 155(4), 655-660 (1987). (Pubitemid 17052986)
63. Meyer-König U, Ebert K, Schrage B, Pollak S, Hufert FT: Simultaneous infection of healthy people with multiple human cytomegalovirus strains. Lancet 352(9136), 1280-1281 (1998). (Pubitemid 28470344)
64. Bale JF Jr, Petheram SJ, Souza IE, Murph JR: Cytomegalovirus reinfection in young children. J. Pediatr. 128(3), 347-352 (1996). (Pubitemid 26087534)
65. Grosjean J, Hantz S, Cotin S et al.: Direct genotyping of cytomegalovirus envelope glycoproteins from toddlers saliva samples. J. Clin. Virol. 46(Suppl. 4) S43-S48 (2009).
66. Novak Z, Ross SA, Patro RK et al.: Cytomegalovirus strain diversity in seropositive women. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(3), 882-886 (2008). (Pubitemid 351379973)
67. Klein M, Schoppel K, Amvrossiadis N, Mach M: Strain-specific neutralization of human cytomegalovirus isolates by human sera. J. Virol. 73(2), 878-886 (1999). (Pubitemid 29036738)
68. Mach M: Antibody-mediated neutralization of infectivity. In: Cytomegaloviruses: Molecular Biology and Immunology. Reddehase MJ (Ed.).Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK 265-283 (2006).
69. Burkhardt C, Himmelein S, Britt W, Winkler T, Mach M: Glycoprotein N subtypes of human cytomegalovirus induce a strain-specific antibody response during natural infection. J. Gen. Virol. 90(8), 1951-1961 (2009).
70. Ross SA, Arora N, Novak Z, Fowler KB, Britt WJ, Boppana SB: Cytomegalovirus reinfections in healthy seroimmune women. J. Infect. Dis. 201(3), 386-389 (2010).
71. Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A et al.: Vaccine prevention of maternal cytomegalovirus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 360(12), 1191-1199 (2009).
72. Hansen SG, Powers CJ, Richards R et al.: Evasion of CD8+ T cells is critical for superinfection by cytomegalovirus. Science 328(5974), 102-106 (2010).
73. Boppana SB, Rivera LB, Fowler KB, Mach M, Britt WJ: Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N. Engl. J. Med. 344(18), 1366-1371 (2001). (Pubitemid 32378391)
74. Mussi-Pinhata MM, Yamamoto AY, Moura Brito RM et al.: Birth prevalence and natural history of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a highly seroimmune population. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49(4), 522-528 (2009).
75. Yamamoto AY, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Boppana SB et al.: Human cytomegalovirus reinfection is associated with intrauterine transmission in a highly cytomegalovirus-immune maternal population. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 202(3), 297 E1-E8 (2010).
76. Steininger C, Schmied B, Sarcletti M, Geit M, Puchhammer-Stöckl E: Cytomegalovirus genotypes present in cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients. AIDS 19(3), 273-278 (2005). (Pubitemid 40396558)
77. Manuel O, Pang XL, Humar A, Kumar D, Doucette K, Preiksaitis JK: An assessment of donor-to-recipient transmission patterns of human cytomegalovirus by analysis of viral genomic variants. J. Infect. Dis. 199(11), 1621-1628 (2009).
78. Goffard A, Gault E, Rozenberg F, Moret N, Hober D, Deny P: Comparative sequence analysis of US28 gene of human cytomegalovirus strains isolated from HIV-positive patients. Virus Genes 33(2), 175-181 (2006). (Pubitemid 44401423)
79. Chantaraarphonkun S, Bhattarakosol P: Intra-and intergenotypic variations among human cytomegalovirus gB genotypes. Intervirology 50(2), 78-84 (2007).
80. Garrigue I, Corte MF, Magnin N et al.: Variability of UL18, UL40, UL111a and US3 immunomodulatory genes among human cytomegalovirus clinical isolates from renal transplant recipients. J. Clin. Virol. 40(2), 120-128 (2007). (Pubitemid 47432859)
81. Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Görzer I, Zoufaly A et al.: Emergence of multiple cytomegalovirus strains in blood and lung of lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 81, 187-194 (2006).
82. Sowmya P, Madhavan HN: Analysis of mixed infections by multiple genotypes of human cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients. J. Med. Virol. 81(5), 861-869 (2009).
83. Görzer I, Kerschner H, Jaksch P et al.: Virus load dynamics of individual CMV-genotypes in lung transplant recipients with mixed-genotype infections. J. Med. Virol. 80(8), 1405-1414 (2008). (Pubitemid 351897413)
84. Pang X, Humar A, Preiksaitis JK: Concurrent genotyping and quantitation of cytomegalovirus gB genotypes in solid-organ-transplant recipients by use of a real-time PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46(12), 4004-4010 (2008).
85. Fan J, Zhang X, Chen XM et al.: Monitoring of human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotypes using real-time quantitative PCR in immunocompromised Chinese patients. J. Virol. Methods 160(1-2), 74-77 (2009).
86. Manuel O, Asberg A, Pang X et al.: Impact of genetic polymorphisms in cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B on outcomes in solid-organ transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49(8), 1160-1166 (2009).
87. Deckers M, Hofmann J, Kreuzer KA et al.: High genotypic diversity and a novel variant of human cytomegalovirus revealed by combined UL33/UL55 genotyping with broad-range PCR. Virol. J. 6, 210 (2009).
88. Görzer I, Guelly C, Trajanoski S, Puchhammer-Stöckl E: Deep sequencing reveals highly complex dynamics of human cytomegalovirus genotypes in transplant patients over time. J. Virol. 84(14), 7195-7203 (2010).
89. Aquino VH, Figueiredo LT: High prevalence of renal transplant recipients infected with more than one cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotype. J. Med. Virol. 61(1), 138-142 (2000). (Pubitemid 30191239)
90. Simon CO, Seckert CK, Grzimek NK, Reddehase MJ: Murine model of cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation: the silencing/desilencing and immune sensing hypothesis. In: Cytomegaloviruses: Molecular Biology and Immunology. Reddehase MJ (Ed).Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK 483-500 (2006).
91. Cicin-Sain L, Podlech J, Messerle M, Reddehase MJ, Koszinowski UH: Frequent coinfection of cells explains functional in vivo complementation between cytomegalovirus variants in the multiply infected host. J. Virol. 79(15), 9492-9502 (2005). (Pubitemid 41022293)
92. Humar A, Kumar D, Gilbert C, Boivin G: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein B genotypes and response to antiviral therapy, in solid-organ-transplant recipients with CMV disease. J. Infect. Dis. 188(4), 581-584 (2003). (Pubitemid 37011812)
93. Coaquette A, Bourgeois A, Dirand C, Varin A, Chen W, Herbein G: Mixed cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotypes in immunocompromised patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39(2), 155-161 (2004). (Pubitemid 38971482)
94. Ishibashi K, Tokumoto T, Tanabe K et al.: Association of the outcome of renal transplantation with antibody response to cytomegalovirus strain-specific glycoprotein H epitopes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45(1), 60-67 (2007). (Pubitemid 46984617)
95. Chou S: Molecular epidemiology of envelope glycoprotein H of human cytomegalovirus. J. Infect. Dis. 166(3), 604-607 (1992).
96. Hayajneh WA, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Lesperance MM, Venegas AM, Colberg-Poley AM: The carboxyl terminus of the human cytomegalovirus UL37 immediate-early glycoprotein is conserved in primary strains and is important for transactivation. J. Gen. Virol. 82(7), 1569-1579 (2001). (Pubitemid 32611497)
97. Chou SW, Dennison KM: analysis of interstrain variation in cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B sequences encoding neutralization-related epitopes. J. Infect. Dis. 163(6), 1229-1234 (1991).
98. Retiere C, Imbert BM, David G, Courcoux P, Hallet MM: A polymorphism in the major immediate-early gene delineates groups among cytomegalovirus clinical isolates. Virus Res. 57(1), 43-51 (1998). (Pubitemid 28493394)
99. Baldanti F, Paolucci S, Campanini G et al.: Human cytomegalovirus UL131A, UL130 and UL128 genes are highly conserved among field isolates. Arch. Virol. 151(6), 1225-1233 (2006). (Pubitemid 43806822)
100. Sun ZR, Ji YH, Ruan Q et al.: Genetic variability of human cytomegalovirus UL132 gene in strains from infected infants. Microbiol. Immunol. 50(10), 773-779 (2006). (Pubitemid 44624708)
101. Lurain NS, Kapell KS, Huang DD et al.: Human cytomegalovirus UL144 open reading frame: sequence hypervariability in low-passage clinical isolates. J. Virol. 73(12), 10040-10050 (1999).
102. Qi Y, Mao ZQ, Ruan Q et al.: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL139 open reading frame: sequence variants are clustered into three major genotypes. J. Med. Virol. 78(4), 517-522 (2006). (Pubitemid 43346905)
103. Ji YH, Rong Sun Z, Ruan Q et al.: Polymorphisms of human cytomegalovirus UL148A, UL148B, UL148C, UL148D genes in clinical strains. J. Clin. Virol. 37(4), 252-257 (2006). (Pubitemid 44667679)
104. Ji YH, Ruan Q, Sun ZR et al.: Structure and variability of the UL149 open reading frame from low-passage clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. Methods 131(1), 72-77 (2006). (Pubitemid 41772563)
105. Baldanti F, Sarasini A, Furione M et al.: Coinfection of the immunocompromised but not the immunocompetent host by multiple human cytomegalovirus strains. Arch. Virol. 143(9), 1701-1709 (1998). (Pubitemid 28445642)
106. Sowmya P, Dhanya V, Madhavan HN, Therese KL: Comparative efficacy of PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) & multiplex PCR for glycoprotein B (gB) genotyping of human cytomegalovirus. Indian J. Med. Res. 126(2), 122-127 (2007). (Pubitemid 350028044)
107. Zhou L, Fan J, Zheng SS, Ma WH: Genetic variation within the glycoprotein B and H genes of human cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 9(1), 73-77 (2007).
108. Kouri V, Gonzalez EE, Martinez PA et al.: Distinct genotypic distribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV) envelope glycoprotein B (gB) in a Cuban cohort of patients with different CMV diseases. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 39(11-12), 1038-1044 (2007). (Pubitemid 350153877)
109. Goossens VJ, Wolffs PF, Van Loo IH, Bruggeman CA, Verbon A: CMV DNA levels and CMV gB subtypes in ART-naive HAART-treated patients: a 2-year follow-up study in the Netherlands. AIDS 23(11), 1425-1429 (2009).