Primary sources of PM2.5organic aerosol in an industrial Mediterranean city, Marseille

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 11, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 2039-2058

  El Haddad, I ^a   Marchand, N ^a   Wortham, H ^a   Piot, C ^b,c   Besombes, J L ^b   Cozic, J ^c   Chauvel, C ^d   Armengaud, A ^e   Robin, D ^e   Jaffrezo, J L ^c  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE SAVOIE   (France)

^c UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^d CNRS   (France)

^e Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring (ATMO PACA)   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; BIOMASS BURNING; CHEMICAL MASS BALANCE; HEAVY METAL; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; PAH; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; URBAN ATMOSPHERE;

BOUCHES DU RHONE; FRANCE; MARSEILLES; PROVENCE-ALPES-COTE D'AZUR;

EID: 79952420681     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-2039-2011     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Agrawal, H., Welch, W. A., Miller, J. W., and Cocker, D. R.: Emission measurements from a crude oil tanker at sea, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7098-7103, 2008.
2. Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC Ratios of Primary, Secondary, and Ambient Organic Aerosols with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478-4485, doi:10.1021/es703009q, 2008. (Pubitemid 351842394)
3. Bauer, H., Claeys, M., Vermeylen, R., Schueller, E., Weinke, G., Berger, A., and Puxbaum, H.: Arabitol and mannitol as tracers for the quantification of airborne fungal spores, Atmos. Environ., 42, 588-593, 2008.
4. 2.5 aerosols: Results from Turtleback Dome, Yosemite National Park, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2424-2427, 2004. (Pubitemid 38481048)
5. Birch, M. E. and Cary, R. A.: Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 25, 221-241, 1996. (Pubitemid 26327546)
6. Cachier, H., Aulagnier, F., Sarda, R., Gautier, F., Masclet, P., Be-sombes, J. L., Marchand, N., Despiau, S., Croci, D., Mallet, M., Laj, P., Marinoni, A., Deveau, P. A., Roger, J. C., Putaud, J. P., Van Dingenen, R., Dell'Acqua, A., Viidanoja, J., Santos, S. M. D., Liousse, C., Cousin, F., Rosset, R., Gardrat, E., and Galy-Lacaux, C.: Aerosol studies during the ESCOMPTE experiment: an overview, Atmos. Res., 74, 547-563, 2005. (Pubitemid 40280691)
7. Chauvel, C., Bureau, S., and Poggi, C.: Comprehensive chemical and isotopic analyses of basalt and sediment reference materials, Geostand. Geoanalyt. Res., 35, 125-143, doi:10.1111/j.1751-908X.2010.00086., 2010.
8. 10 chemical source profiles for geological dust from the San Joaquin Valley, California, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1317-1340, 2003. (Pubitemid 36294083)
9. Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lowenthal, D. H., Chen, L. W. A., Zielinska, B., Mazzoleni, L. R., and Magliano, K. L.: Evaluation of organic markers for chemical mass balance source apportionment at the Fresno Supersite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1741-1754, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1741-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46572784)
10. Ding, X., Zheng, M., Edgerton, E. S., Jansen, J. J., and Wang, X. M.: Contemporary or Fossil Origin: Split of Estimated Secondary Organic Carbon in the Southeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9122-9128, 2008.
11. Docherty, K. S., Stone, E. A., Ulbrich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Snyder, D. C., Schauer, J. J., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Grover, B. D., Eatough, D. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Apportionment of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in Southern California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside (SOAR-1), Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7655-7662, 2008.
12. Donahue, N. M., Robinson, A. L., Stanier, C. O., and Pandis, S. N.: Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2635-2643, doi:10.1021/esO52297c, 2006.
13. Drobinski, P., Said, F., Arteta, J., Augustin, P., Bastin, S., Brut, A., Caccia, J. L., Campistron, B., Cautenet, S., Colette, A., Coll, I., Corsmeier, U., Cros, B., Dabas, A., Delbarre, H., Dufour, A., Durand, P., Guenard, V., Hasel, M., Kalthoff, N., Kottmeier, C. Lasry, F., Lemonsu, A., Lohou, F., Masson, V., Menut, L., Mop-pert, C., Peuch, V. H., Puygrenier, V., Reitebuch, O., and Vau-tard, R.: Regional transport and dilution during high-pollution episodes in southern France: Summary of findings from the Field Experiment to Constraint Models of Atmospheric Pollution and Emissions Transport (ESCOMPTE), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D13105, doi:10.1029/2006JD007494, 2007. (Pubitemid 47408354)
14. El Haddad, I., Marchand, N., Dron, J., Temime-Roussel, B., Quivet, E., Wortham, H., Jaffrezo, J. L., Baduel, C., Voisin, D., Be-sombes, J. L., and Gille, G.: Comprehensive primary particu-late organic characterization of vehicular exhaust emissions in France, Atmos. Environ., 43, 6190-6198, 2009.
15. El Haddad, I., Marchand, N., Temime-Roussel, B., Wortham, H., Piot, C., Besombes, J.-L., Baduel, C., Voisin, D., Armengaud, A., and Jaffrezo, J.-L.: Insights into the secondary fraction of the organic aerosol in a Mediterranean urban area: Marseille Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2059-2079, doi:10.5194/acp-11- 2059-2011, 2011.
16. Favez, O., El Haddad, I., Piot, C., Boréave, A., Abidi, E., Marchand, N., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Besombes, J.-L., Personnaz, M.-B., Sciare, J., Wortham, H., George, C., and D'Anna, B.: Inter-comparison of source apportionment models for the estimation of wood burning aerosols during wintertime in an Alpine city (Grenoble, France), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5295-5314, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5295-2010, 2010.
17. Fine, P. M., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Chemical Characterization of Fine Particle Emissions from the Fireplace Combustion of Woods Grown in the Southern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1442-1451, doi:10.1021/es0108988, 2002. (Pubitemid 34279836)
18. Flaounas, E., Coll, I., Armengaud, A., and Schmechtig, C.: The representation of dust transport and missing urban sources as major issues for the simulation of PM episodes in a Mediterranean area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8091-8101, doi:10.5194/acp-9-8091-2009, 2009.
19. 2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fos-sil/biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D23S04, doi:10.1029/2006JD008094, 2007.
20. Geller, M. D., Sardar, S. B., Phuleria, H., Fine, P. M., and Sioutas, C.: Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and size distributions in a tunnel environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8653-8663, 2005.
21. Grieshop, A. P., Lipsky, E. M., Pekney, N. J., Takahama, S., and Robinson, A. L.: Fine particle emission factors from vehicles in a highway tunnel: Effects of fleet composition and season, Atmos. Environ., 40, S287-S298, 2006.
22. Gustafsson, O., Krusa, M., Zencak, Z., Sheesley, R. J., Granat, L., Engstrom, E., Praveen, P. S., Rao, P. S. P., Leck, C., and Rodhe, H.: Brown Clouds over South Asia: Biomass or Fossil Fuel Combustion?, Science, 323, 495-498, 2009.
23. Hildemann, L. M., Markowski, G. R., and Cass, G. R.: Chemical composition of emissions from urban sources of fine organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 744-759, doi:10.1021/es00016a021, 1991.
24. 2.5 aerosols from K-puszta, Hungary, during a 2003 summer field campaign: Sources and diel variations, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1805-1814, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1805-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41264068)
25. Jaffrezo, J.-L., Aymoz, G., Delaval, C., and Cozic, J.: Seasonal variations of the water soluble organic carbon mass fraction of aerosol in two valleys of the French Alps, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2809-2821, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2809-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41655698)
26. Jaffrezo, J. L., Calas, T., and Bouchet, M.: Carboxylic acids measurements with ionic chromatography, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2705-2708, 1998. (Pubitemid 28351831)
27. Jia, Y., Bhat, S., and Fraser, M. P.: Characterization of saccharides and other organic compounds in fine particles and the use of sac-charides to track primary biologically derived carbon sources, Atmos. Environ., 44, 724-732, 2010.
28. Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laak-sonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cot-trell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525-1529, 2009.
29. Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053-1123, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 40560480)
30. Ke, L., Ding, X., Tanner, R. L., Schauer, J. J., and Zheng, M.: Source contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the Tennessee Valley Region, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8898-8923, 2007.
31. 2.5 aerosol from a mixed forest site in western Germany, Chemosphere, 73, 1308-1314, 2008.
32. Kunit, M. and Puxbaum, H.: Enzymatic determination of the cellulose content of atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1233-1236, 1996.
33. Levin, I., Kromer, B., Schochfischer, H., Bruns, M., Munnich, M., Berdau, D., Vogel, J. C., and Munnich, K. O.: 25 Years of Tropo-spheric C-14 Observations in Central-Europe, Radiocarbon, 27, 1-19, 1985.
34. Levin, I., Naegler, T., Kromer, B., Diehl, M., Francey, R. J., Gomez-Pelaez, A. J., Steele, L. P., Wagenbach, D., Weller, R., and Worthy, D. E.: Observations and modelling of the global distribution and long-term trend of atmospheric 14CO(2), Tellus B, 62, 26- 46, 2010.
35. Medeiros, P. M., Conte, M. H., Weber, J. C., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sugars as source indicators of biogenic organic carbon in aerosols collected above the Howland Experimental Forest, Maine, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1694-1705, 2006. (Pubitemid 43197733)
36. Minguillon, M. C., Arhami, M., Schauer, J. J., and Sioutas, C.: Seasonal and spatial variations of sources of fine and quasi-ultrafine particulate matter in neighborhoods near the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7317-7328, 2008.
37. Mohr, C., Huffman, J. A., Cubison, M. J., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Kimmel, J. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Hannigan, M., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions from Meat Cooking, Trash Burning, and Motor Vehicles with High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry and Comparison with Ambient and Chamber Observations, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 43, 2443-2449, doi:10.1021/es8011518, 2009.
38. Ntziachristos, L., Ning, Z., Geller, M. D., Sheesley, R. J., Schauer, J. J., and Sioutas, C.: Fine, ultrafine and nanoparticle trace element compositions near a major freeway with a high heavy-duty diesel fraction, Atmos. Environ., 41, 5684-5696, 2007. (Pubitemid 47102210)
39. Oros, D. R. and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Identification and emission rates of molecular tracers in coal smoke particulate matter, Fuel, 79, 515-536, 2000. (Pubitemid 30542290)
40. Osterberg, E., Mayewski, P., Kreutz, K., Fisher, D., Handley, M., Sneed, S., Zdanowicz, C., Zheng, J., Demuth, M., Waskiewicz, M., and Bourgeois, J.: Ice core record of rising lead pollution in the North Pacific atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05810, doi:10.1029/2007GL032680, 2008. (Pubitemid 351676039)
41. Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Dal Maso, M., Junninen, H., Ko-ponen, I. K., Hussein, T., Aalto, P. P., Andronopoulos, S., Robin, D., Hämeri, K., Bartzis, J. G., and Kulmala, M.: Sub-micron atmospheric aerosols in the surroundings of Marseille and Athens: physical characterization and new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2705-2720, doi:10.5194/acp-7-2705-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 46826990)
42. Pina, A. A., Villasenor, G. T., Jacinto, P. S., and Fernandez, M. M.: Scanning and transmission electron microscope of suspended lead-rich particles in the air of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5235-5243, 2002.
43. Putaud, J.-P., Raes, F., Van Dingenen, R., Brüggemann, E., Fac-chini, M.-C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hüglin, C., Laj, P., Lorbeer, G., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Müller, K., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., Ten Brink, H., Tørseth, K., and A., W.: A European aerosol phenomenology - 2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38, 889-902, 2004.
44. Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Claeys, M., Gelencser, A., Legrand, M., Preunkert, S., and Pio, C.: Levoglucosan levels at background sites in Europe for assessing the impact of biomass combustion on the European aerosol background, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S05, doi:10.1029/2006jd008114, 2007.
45. Querol, X., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Moreno, T., Castillo, S., Pey, J., de la Rosa, J., de la Campa, A. S., Arti-nano, B., Salvador, P., Dos Santos, S. G., Fernandez-Patier, R., Moreno-Grau, S., Negral, L., Minguillon, M. C., Monfort, E., Gil, J. I., Inza, A., Ortega, L. A., Santamaria, J. M., and Zabalza, J.: Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7219-7231, 2007. (Pubitemid 47484264)
46. 2.5) across Spain 1999-2005, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3964-3979, 2008. (Pubitemid 351689031)
47. Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., and Rogge, W. F.: Photochemical oxidation and changes in molecular composition of organic aerosol in the regional context, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D03302, doi:10.1029/ 2005jd006265, 2006a.
48. Robinson, A. L., Subramanian, R., Donahue, N. M., Bernardo-Bricker, A., and Rogge, W. F.: Source Apportionment of Molecular Markers and Organic Aerosol. 2. Biomass Smoke, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7811-7819, doi:10.1021/es060782h, 2006b. (Pubitemid 46012580)
49. Robinson, A. L., Subramanian, R., Donahue, N. M., Bernardo-Bricker, A., and Rogge, W. F.: Source Apportionment of Molecular Markers and Organic Aerosol. 3. Food Cooking Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7820-7827, doi:10.1021/es060781p, 2006c. (Pubitemid 46012581)
50. Robinson, A. L., Subramanian, R., Donahue, N. M., and Rogge, W. F.: Source Apportionment of Molecular Markers and Organic Aerosol1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Methodology for Data Visualization, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7803-7810, doi:10.1021/es0510414, 2006d. (Pubitemid 46012579)
51. Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259-1262, doi:10.1126/science.1133061, 2007. (Pubitemid 46364260)
52. Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol .4. Par-ticulate Abrasion Products from Leaf Surfaces of Urban Plants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2700-2711, 1993a.
53. Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol.5. Natural-Gas Home Appliances, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2736-2744, 1993b.
54. Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol .8. Boilers burning No. 2 distillate fuel oil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2731-2737, 1997a. (Pubitemid 27426102)
55. Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Sources of fine organic aerosol.7. Hot asphalt roofing tar pot fumes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2726-2730, 1997b. (Pubitemid 27426101)
56. Rolph, G. D.: Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY) Website (http://ready.arl.noaa.gov). NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, 2010.
57. Rutter, A. P., Snyder, D. G., Schauer, J. J., Deminter, J., and Shel-ton, B.: Sensitivity and Bias of Molecular Marker-Based Aerosol Source Apportionment Models to Small Contributions of Coal Combustion Soot, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7770-7777, 2009.
58. Schauer, J. J., Rogge, W. F., Hildemann, L. M., Mazurek, M. A., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers, Atmos. Environ. 30, 3837-3855, 1996.
59. Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 2. C1 through C30 Organic Compounds from Medium Duty Diesel Trucks, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1578-1587, doi:10.1021/es980081n, 1999. (Pubitemid 29232888)
60. Schauer, J. J. and Cass, G. R.: Source Apportionment of Wintertime Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase Air Pollutants Using Organic Compounds as Tracers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1821-1832, 2000. (Pubitemid 30246860)
61. Schauer, J. J., Fraser, M. P., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Source Reconciliation of Atmospheric Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase Pollutants during a Severe Photochemical Smog Episode, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3806-3814, 2002a. (Pubitemid 35006335)
62. Schauer, J. J., Kleeman, M. J., Cass, G. R., and Simoneit, B. R. T.: Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 5. C1â̂'C32 Organic Compounds from Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1169-1180, doi:10.1021/es0108077, 2002b. (Pubitemid 34225939)
63. Schauer, J. J., Lough, G. C., Shafer, M. M., Christensen, W. F., Arndt, M. F., DeMinter, J. T., and Park, J.-S.: Characterization of metals emitted from motor vehicles, Res Rep Health Eff Inst, 1-76; discussion 77-88, 2006.
64. Schmid, H., Laskus, L., Jürgen Abraham, H., Baltensperger, U., La-vanchy, V., Bizjak, M., Burba, P., Cachier, H., Crow, D., Chow, J., Gnauk, T., Even, A., ten Brink, H. M., Giesen, K.-P., Hitzen-berger, R., Hueglin, C., Maenhaut, W., Pio, C., Carvalho, A., Putaud, J.-P., Toom-Sauntry, D., and Puxbaum, H.: Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2111-2121, 2001. (Pubitemid 32194621)
65. Sheesley, R. J., Schauer, J. J., Zheng, M., and Wang, B.: Sensitivity of molecular marker-based CMB models to biomass burning source profiles, Atmos. Environ., 41, 9050-9063, 2007.
66. Sillanpää, M., Frey, A., Hillamo, R., Pennanen, A. S., and Salo-nen, R. O.: Organic, elemental and inorganic carbon in particu-late matter of six urban environments in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2869-2879, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2869-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 43065718)
67. Simoneit, B. R. T., Medeiros, P. M., and Didyk, B. M.: Combustion products of plastics as indicators for refuse burning in the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 6961-6970, 2005.
68. Staples, C. A., Peterson, D. R., Parkerton, T. F., and Adams, W. J.: The environmental fate of phthalate esters: a literature review, Chemosphere, 35, 667-749, 1997. (Pubitemid 27343167)
69. Stone, E. A., Snyder, D. C., Sheesley, R. J., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., and Schauer, J. J.: Source apportionment of fine organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO experiment 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1249-1259, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1249-2008, 2008.
70. Stuiver, M. and Polach, H. A.: Reporting of C-14 Data - Discussion, Radiocarbon, 19, 355-363, 1977.
71. Suarez, A. E. and Ondov, J. M.: Ambient aerosol concentrations of elements resolved by size and by source: Contributions of some cytokine-active metals from coal- and oil-fired power plants, Energy Fuels, 16, 562-568, 2002. (Pubitemid 34574694)
72. 2.5 mass in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7414-7433, 2007. (Pubitemid 350052650)
73. Szidat, S., Jenk, T. M., Gaggeler, H. W., Synal, H. A., Fisseha, R., Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Samburova, V., Wacker, L., Saurer, M., Schwikowski, M., and Hajdas, I.: Source apportion-ment of aerosols by C-14 measurements in different carbonaceous particle fractions, Radiocarbon, 46, 475-484, 2004. (Pubitemid 39030607)
74. Tanner, R. L., Parkhurst, W. J., and McNichol, A. P.: Fossil sources of ambient aerosol carbon based on C-14 measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 133-139, 2004. (Pubitemid 38667970)
75. Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M.: The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution., edited by: Publications, B. S., Oxford, Boston, Palo Alto, Victoria, 1985.
76. Thorpe, A. and Harrison, R. M.: Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review, Sci. Total Environ., 400, 270-282, 2008.
77. Tsai, J.-H., Lin, K.-H., Chen, C.-Y., Ding, J.-Y., Choa, C.-G., and Chiang, H.-L.: Chemical constituents in particulate emissions from an integrated iron and steel facility, J. Hazard. Mater., 147, 111-119, 2007. (Pubitemid 47088795)
78. Viana, M., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Harrison, R. M., Hopke, P. K., Winiwarter, W., Vallius, A., Szidat, S., Prevot, A. S. H., Hueglin, C., Bloemen, H., Wahlin, P., Vecchi, R., Miranda, A. I., Kasper-Giebl, A., Maenhaut, W., and Hitzen-berger, R.: Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: A review of methods and results, J. Aerosol Sci., 39, 827-849, 2008.
79. Virkkula, A., Teinilä, K., Hillamo, R., Kerminen, V.-M., Saarikoski, S., Aurela, M., Viidanoja, J., Paatero, J., Koponen, I. K., and Kulmala, M.: Chemical composition of boundary layer aerosol over the Atlantic Ocean and at an Antarctic site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3407-3421, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3407-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44272962)
80. 2.5 aerosols from forests in eastern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7507-7518, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7507-2008, 2008.
81. 2.5 and VOCs, US EPA, USA, 1998.
82. Weitkamp, E. A., Lipsky, E. M., Pancras, P. J., Ondov, J. M., Poli-dori, A., Turpin, B. J., and Robinson, A. L.: Fine particle emission profile for a large coke production facility based on highly time-resolved fence line measurements, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6719-6733, 2005. (Pubitemid 41464384)
83. Weitkamp, E. A., Lambe, A. T., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory Measurements of the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Condensed-Phase Organic Molecular Makers for Motor Vehicle Exhaust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7950-7956, 2008.
84. Yttri, K. E., Dye, C., and Kiss, G.: Ambient aerosol concentrations of sugars and sugar-alcohols at four different sites in Norway, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4267-4279, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4267-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47293592)
85. Zhang, Y. X., Schauer, J. J., Zhang, Y. H., Zeng, L. M., Wei, Y. J., Liu, Y., and Shao, M.: Characteristics of particulate carbon emissions from real-world Chinese coal combustion, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5068-5073, 2008.
86. Zheng, M., Ke, L., Edgerton, E. S., Schauer, J. J., Dong, M. Y., and Russell, A. G.: Spatial distribution of carbonaceous aerosol in the southeastern United States using molecular markers and carbon isotope data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D10S06, doi:10.1029/2005JD006777, 2006. (Pubitemid 44043265)