Clouds and the Faint Young Sun Paradox

Climate of the Past

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 203-220

  Goldblatt, C ^a,b   Zahnle, K J ^a  

^a NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBEDO; ARCHEAN; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLOUD; ENERGY BUDGET; GLACIATION; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; PARTICLE SIZE; SOLAR ACTIVITY;

EID: 79952382904     PISSN: 18149324     EISSN: 18149332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/cp-7-203-2011     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Anderson, G. P., Clough, S. A., Kneizys, F. X., Chetwynd, J. H., and Shettle, E. P.: AFGL atmospheric constituent profiles (0- 120 km), Environmental Research Papers 954, Air Force Geophysical Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA, 1986.
2. Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.: The evidence for and against astronomical impacts on climate change and mass extinctions: a review, Int. J. Astrobiol., 8, 213-239, doi:10.1017/S147355040999005X, 2009.
3. Bendtsen, J. and Bjerrum, J.: Vulnerability of climate on Earth to sudden changes in insolation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1706, doi:10.1029/2002GL014829, 2002.
4. Bergman, N. M., Lenton, T. M., and Watson, A. J.: COPSE: a new model of biogeochemical cycling over the Phanerozoic, Am. J. Sci., 304, 397-437, 2004. (Pubitemid 39342430)
5. Bŕeon, F.-M., Tanŕe, D., and Generoso, S.: Aerosol Effect on Cloud Droplet Size Monitored from Satellite, Science, 295, 834-838, 2002. (Pubitemid 34118360)
6. Caldeira, K. and Kasting, J. F.: The life span of the biosphere revisited, Nature, 360, 721-723, 1992a. (Pubitemid 23388361)
7. Caldeira, K. and Kasting, J. F.: Susceptibility of the Early earth to irreversible glaciation caused by carbon-dioxide clouds, Nature, 359, 226-228, 1992b. (Pubitemid 23384563)
8. Calogovic, J., Albert, C., Arnold, F., Beer, J., Desorgher, L., and Flueckiger, E. O.: Sudden cosmic ray decreases: No change of global cloud cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03802, doi:10.1029/2009GL041327, 2010.
9. Chambers L., Lin, B., and Young, D.: Examination of new CERES data for evidence of tropical Iris feedback, J. Climate, 15,3719-3726,2002. (Pubitemid 36199422)
10. Charlock, T. P.: Cloud optical feedback and climate stability in a radiative-convec tive model, Tellus, 34, 245-254, 1982.
11. Charlson, R., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M., andWarren, S.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655-661, doi:10.1038/326655A0, 1987. (Pubitemid 17604026)
12. Christidis, N., Hurley, M. D., Pinnock, S., Shine, K. P., andWallington, T. J.: Radiative forcing of climate change by CFC-11 and possible CFC replacements, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19597-19609, 1997.
13. Clough, S. A., Shephard, M. W., Mlawer, E. J., Delamere, J. S., Iacono, M. J., Cady-Pereira, K., Boukabara, S., and Brown, P. D.: Atmospheric radiative transfer modeling: A summary of the AER codes, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 91, 233-244, 2005. (Pubitemid 39347747)
14. Collins, W. D., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M. D., Sun, Y., Portmann, R. W., Fu, Q., Casanova, S. E. B., Dufresne, J.-L., Fillmore, D. W., Forster, P. M. D., Galin, V. Y., Gohar, L. K., Ingram, W. J., Kratz, D. P., Lefebvre, M., Li, J., Marquet, P., Oinas, V., Tsushima, Y., Uchiyama, T., and Zhong, W. Y.: Radiative forcing by well-mixed greenhouse gases: Estimates from climate models in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14317, doi:10.1029/2005JD006713, 2006. (Pubitemid 46055369)
15. Curry, J. A. and Webster, P. J.: Thermodynamics of the Atmospheres and Ocean, Academic Press, London, 471 pp., 1999.
16. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Van Dorland, R.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cantab. UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
17. Forster, P. M. D. F., Freckleton, R. S., and Shine, K. P.: On aspects of the concept of radiative forcing, Clim. Dynam., 13, 547-560, 1997. (Pubitemid 127541196)
18. Franck, S., Kossacki, K. J., and Bounama, C.: Modelling the global carbon cycle for the past and future evolution of the earth system, Chem. Geol., 159, 305-317, 1998.
19. Franck, S., Block, A., von Bloh, W., Bounama, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., and Svirezhev, Y.: Reduction of biosphere life span as a consequence of geodynamics, Tellus B, 52, 94-107, 2000. (Pubitemid 30186390)
20. Freckleton, R. S. J. H. E., Shine, K. P., Wild, O., Law, K. S., and Sanderson, M. G.: Greenhouse gas radiative forcing: effects of averaging and inhomogeneities in trace gas distribution, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 2099-2127, 1998.
21. Fu, Q., Yang, P., and Sun, W. B.: An accurate parameterization of the intrared radiative properties of cirrus coluds for climate models, J. Climate, 11, 2223-2237, 1998. (Pubitemid 29123266)
22. Goldblatt, C., Lenton, T. M., andWatson, A. J.: Bistability of atmospheric oxygen and the Great Oxidation, Nature, 443, 683-686, doi:10.1038/nature05169, 2006. (Pubitemid 44564709)
23. Goldblatt, C., Claire, M. W., Lenton, T. M., Matthews, A. J., Watson, A. J., and Zahnle, K. J.: Nitrogen-enhanced greenhouse warming on early Earth, Nat. Geosci., 2, 891-896, doi:10.1038/ngeo692, 2009a.
24. Goldblatt, C., Lenton, T. M., and Watson, A. J.: An evaluation of the longwave radiative transfer code used in the Met Office Unified Model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 619-633, doi:10.1002/qj.403, 2009b.
25. Haqq-Misra, J. D., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Kasting, P., and Kasting, J. F.: A revised, hazy methane greenhouse for the Archean Earth, Astrobiology, 8, 1127-1137, doi:10.1089/ast.2007.0197, 2008.
26. Hartmann, D. L. and Michelsen, M.: No evidence for Iris, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 249-254, 2002. (Pubitemid 34325721)
27. Hawkesworth, C. J. and Kemp, A. I. S.: Evolution of the continental crust, Nature, 443, 811-817, 2006. (Pubitemid 44622686)
28. Hogan, R. J. and Illingworth, A. J.: Deriving cloud overlap statistics from radar, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 2903-2909, 2000.
29. Hu, Y.-X. and Stamnes, K.: An Accurate Parameterization of the Radiative Properties ofWater Clouds Suitable for Use in Climate Models, J. Climate, 6, 728-742, 1993. (Pubitemid 23382886)
30. Jain, A. K., Briegleb, B. P., Minschwaner, K., and Wuebbles, D. J.: Radiative forcings and global warming potentials of 39 greenhouse gases, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20773-20790, 2000.
31. Kasting, J. F.: Theoretical constraints on oxygen and carbondioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere, Precambrian Res., 34, 205-229, 1987.
32. Kasting, J. F.: Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus, Icarus, 74, 472-494, 1988.
33. Kasting, J. F.: Methane and climate during the Precambrian era, Precambrian Res., 137, 119-129, 2005. (Pubitemid 43160267)
34. Kasting, J. F. and Ackerman, T. P.: Climatic consequences of very high-carbon dioxide levels in the Earth's early atmosphere, Science, 234, 1383-1385, 1986. (Pubitemid 17263291)
35. Kasting, J. F. and Donahue, T. M.: The Evolution of the Atmospheric Ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3255-3263, 1980.
36. Kasting, J. F. and Howard, M. T.: Atmospheric composition and climate on the early Earth, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 361, 1733-1741, 2006. (Pubitemid 44580374)
37. Kasting, J. F., Pollack, J. B., and Crisp, D.: Effects of high CO2 levels on surface temperature and atmospheric oxidation-state of the early Earth, J. Atmos. Chem., 1, 403-428, 1984.
38. Kasting, J. F., Toon, O. B., and Pollack, J. B.: How climate evolved on the terrestrial planets, Sci. Am., 258, 90-97, 1988.
39. Kasting, J. F., Whitmere, D. P., and Reynolds, R. T.: Habitable zones around main sequence stars, Icarus, 101, 108-128, 1993.
40. Kasting, J. F., Pavlov, A. A., and Siefert, J. L.: A coupled ecosystem-climate model for prediction the methane concentration of in the Archean Atmosphere, Origins Life Evol. B., 31, 271-285, 2001. (Pubitemid 32515943)
41. Kettle, A. J., Rhee, T. S., von Hobe, M., Poulton, A., Aiken, J., and Andreae, M. O.: Assessing the flux of different volatile sulfur gases from the ocean to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12193-12210, doi:10.1029/2000JD900630, 2001.
42. Kiehl, J. T. and Dickinson, R. E.: A study of the radiative effects fo enhanced atmospheric CO2 and CH4 on early Earth surface temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2991-2998, 1987.
43. Kreidenweis, S. M. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Nucleation of sulfuric acid-water and methanesulfonic acid-water solution particles: Implications for the atmospheric chemistry of organosulfur species, Atmos. Environ., 22, 283-296, doi:10.1016/0004- 6981(88)90034-0, 1988. (Pubitemid 18066356)
44. Kristjánsson, J. E., Stjern, C.W., Stordal, F., Fjæraa, A. M., Myhre, G., and Jónasson, K.: Cosmic rays, cloud condensation nuclei and clouds - a reassessment using MODIS data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7373-7387, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7373-2008, 2008.
45. Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Nieminen, T., Hulkkonen, M., Sogacheva, L., Manninen, H. E., Paasonen, P., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P. P., Viljanen, A., Usoskin, I., Vainio, R., Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Minikin, A., Petzold, A., Hõrrak, U., Plaß-Dülmer, C., Birmili, W., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Atmospheric data over a solar cycle: no connection between galactic cosmic rays and new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1885-1898, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1885-2010, 2010.
46. Kump, L. R. and Pollard, D.: Amplification of Cretaceous Warmth by Biological Cloud Feedbacks, Scinece, 320, 195, doi:10.1126/science.1153883, 2008. (Pubitemid 351521408)
47. Lenton, T. M.: Land and ocean carbon cycle feedback effects on global warming in a simple Earth system model, Tellus B, 52, 1159-1188, 2000.
48. Lenton, T. M. and von Bloh, W.: Biotic feedback extends the life span of the biosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1715-1718, 2001. (Pubitemid 32575902)
49. Lindzen, R. S., Chou, M.-D., and Hou, A. Y.: Does the Earth have an adaptive infrared iris?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 417-432, 2001. (Pubitemid 33637111)
50. Lockwood, M. and Fröhlich, C.: Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature, P. Roy. Soc. A, 463, 2447-2460, doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880, 2007.
51. McClatchey, R. A., Fenn, R. W., Selby, J. E. A., Volz, F. E., and Garling, J. S.: Optical properties of the atmosphere (revised), Environmental Research Papers 354, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, 1971.
52. Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k method for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663-16682, 1997.
53. Myhre, G. and Stordal, F.: Role of spatial and temporal variations in the computaion of radiative forcing and GWP, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11181-11200, 1997.
54. Pavlov, A. A., Kasting, J. F., Brown, L. L., Rages, K. A., and Freedman, R.: Greenhouse warming by CH4 in the atmosphere of early Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11981-11990, 2000.
55. Pavlov, A. A., Hurtgen, M. T., Kasting, J. F., and Arthur, M. A.: Methane-rich Proterozoic atmosphere?, Geology, 31, 87-90, 2003. (Pubitemid 36234613)
56. Penner, J. E., Quaas, J., Storelvmo, T., Takemura, T., Boucher, O., Guo, H., Kirkev°ag, A., Kristjánsson, J. E., and Seland, Ø.: Model intercomparison of indirect aerosol effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3391-3405, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3391-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44272963)
57. Pinnock, S., Hurley, M. D., Shine, K. P., Wallington, T. J., and Smyth, T. J.: Radiative forcing of climate by hydrochloroflorocarbons and hydroflorocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 23277-23238, 1995.
58. Reck, R.: Comparison of fixed cloud-top temperature and fixed cloud-top altitude approximations in the Manabe-Wetherald radiative-convective atmospheric model, Tellus, 31, 400-405, 1979.
59. Ringwood, A.: Changes in solar luminosity and some possible terrestrial consequences, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 21, 295-296, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(61) 80064-1, 1961.
60. Rondanelli, R. and Lindzen, R. S.: Can thin cirrus clouds in the tropics provide a solution to the faint young Sun paradox?, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D02108, doi:10.1029/2009JD012050, 2010.
61. Rosing, M. T., Bird, D. K., Sleep, N. H., and Bjerrum, C. J.: No climate paradox under the faint early Sun, Nature, 464, 744-747, doi:10.1038/ nature08955, 2010.
62. Rossow, W. B. and Schiffer, R. A.: Advances in Understanding Clouds from ISCCP, B. Am. Metorol. Soc., 80, 2261-2287, 1999. (Pubitemid 129572056)
63. Rossow,W. B., Henderson-Sellers, A., andWeinreich, S. K.: Cloud feedback: a stabilising effect for the early earth?, Science, 217, 1245-1247, 1982. (Pubitemid 13261610)
64. Rossow, W. B., Zhang, Y., and Wang, J.: A Statistical Model of Cloud Vertical Structure Based on Reconciling Cloud Layer Amounts Inferred from Satellites and Radiosonde Humidity Profiles, J. Climate, 18, 3587-3605, doi:10.1175/JCLI3479.1, 2005. (Pubitemid 41522818)
65. Sagan, C. and Mullen, G.: Earth and Mars: evolution of atmospheres and surface temperatures, Science, 177, 52-56, 1972.
66. Schneider, S. H.: Cloudiness as a global climatic feedback mechanism: the effects on the radiation balance and surface temperature variations in cloudiness, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1413-1422, 1972.
67. Shaviv, N. J.: Toward a solution to the early faint Sun paradox: A lower cosmic ray flux from a stronger solar wind, J. Geophys. Lett., 108, 1437, doi:10.1029/2003JA009997, 2003.
68. Stephens, G. L. and Webster, P. J.: Clouds and climate: sensitivity of simple systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 235-247, 1981.
69. Sun, B. and Bradley, R. S.: Solar influences on cosmic rays and cloud formation: A reassessment, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4211, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD000560, 2002. (Pubitemid 43197309)
70. Svensmark, H.: Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges, Astron. Geophys., 48, 1.18-1.24, 2007.
71. Svensmark, H. and Friis-Christensen, E.: Variations of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage - A missing link in solar-climate relationships, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 59, 1225-1232, 1997.
72. Tajika, E.: Faint young Sun and the carbon cycle: implications for the Proterozoic global glaciations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 214, 443-453, 2003. (Pubitemid 37172364)
73. Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., and Kiehl, J. T.: Earth's global energy budget, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 311-324, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1, 2009.
74. Ueno, Y., Johnson, M. S., Danielache, S. O., Eskebjerg, C., Pandey, A., and Yoshida, N.: Geological sulfur isotopes indicate elevated OCS in the Archean atmosphere, solving faint young sun paradox, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 14784-14789, 2009.
75. von Bloh, W., Bounama, C., and Franck, S.: Cambrian Explosion triggered by geosphere biosphere feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1963, doi:10.1029/2003GL017928, 2003a.
76. von Bloh, W., Franck, S., Bounama, C., and Schellnhuber, H. J.: Biogenic enhancement of weathering and the stability of the ecosphere, Geomicrobiol. J., 20, 501-511, 2003b. (Pubitemid 37447062)
77. von Glasow, R. and Crutzen, P. J.: Model study of multiphase DMS oxidation with a focus on halogens, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 589-608, doi:10.5194/acp-4-589-2004, 2004. (Pubitemid 39008044)
78. Wang, J., Rossow, W. B., and Zhang, Y.: Cloud Vertical Structure and Its Variations from a 20-Yr Global Rawinsonde Dataset, J. Climate, 13, 3041-3056, 2000.
79. Wang, W.-C. and Stone, P. H.: Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 545-552, 1980.
80. Zhang, Y. C., Rossow, W. B., Lacis, A. A., Oinas, V., and Mishchenko, M. I.: Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top of atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global data sets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19105, doi:10.1029/2003JD004457, 2004. (Pubitemid 40005275)