Preparation of bionanomaterials and their polymer nanocomposites from waste and biomass

Waste and Biomass Valorization

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 121-134

  Visakh, P M ^a   Thomas, Sabu ^a  

^a MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Bionanocomposites; Cellulose nanowhiskers; Characterization; Chitin nanowhiskers; Starch nanowhiskers

Indexed keywords

ACID HYDROLYSIS; AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS; BIO-COMPOSITES; BIOMASS SOURCE; BIONANOCOMPOSITES; CELLULOSE NANOWHISKERS; CHEMICAL NATURE; DEFECT-FREE; EMERGING APPLICATIONS; HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES; INTELLIGENT PROCESSING; MECHANICAL SHEARING; NANO-MATERIALS; PERFECT CRYSTALS; POLYMER MATRICES; POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE; REINFORCING ELEMENTS; STABLE SUSPENSIONS;

ANIMALS; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; BIOMASS; BLENDING; CELLULOSE; CHITIN; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOWHISKERS; NATURAL POLYMERS; REINFORCEMENT; STARCH; SUSPENSIONS (FLUIDS);

CRYSTAL WHISKERS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 79952361196     PISSN: 18772641     EISSN: 1877265X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12649-010-9009-7     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Crawford, R.L.: Lignin biodegradation and transformation. Wiley, New York (1981). ISBN 0-471-05743-6
2. Young, R.: Cellulose structure modification and hydrolysis. Wiley, New York (1986). ISBN 0471827614
3. Klemm, D., Brigitte, H., Hans-Peter, F., Andreas, B.: Cellulose: Fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. J. Chem- Inform 36(36) (2005). doi:10.1002/chin.200536238
4. Updegraff, D.M.: Semimicro determination of cellulose in biological materials. J. Anal. Biochem. 32, 420-424 (1969). doi: 10.1016/S0003-2697(69) 80009-6
5. Cellulose.: In Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online Retrieved January 11, 2008 (2008)
6. Bledzki, A.K., Reihmane, S., Gassan, J.: Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 59, 1329-1336 (1996) (Pubitemid 126535123)
7. Satyanarayana, K.G., Sukumaran, K., Mukherjee, P.S., Pavitharan, C.P.: Natural fibre-polymer composites. Cement. Concrete. Compos. 12, 117-136 (1990)
8. Bismarck, A., Mishra, S., Lampke, T.: Plant Fibers as Reinforcement for Composites.: Natural Fibers, Biopolymers and Biocomposites, pp. 37-108. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2005)
9. Klason, C., Kubat, J., Stromvall, H.E.: The efficiency of cellulosic fillers in common thermoplastics. Part II. Filling with processing aids and coupling agents. Int. J. Polyrn. Mater. 11(1), 9-38 (1985)
10. Zadorecki, P., Michell, A.J.: Future prospects for wood cellulose as reinforcement in organic polymer composites. J. Polym. Compos. 10(2), 69-77 (1989)
11. Maldas, D., Kokta, B.V., Raj, R., Daneault, G.C.: Improvement of the mechanical properties of sawdust wood fibre-polystyrene composites by chemical treatment. J. Polymer. 29(7), 1255-1265 (1988)
12. Grunert, M., Winter, T.W.: Nanocomposites of cellulose acetate butyrate reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals. J. Polym. Environ. 10(1), 27-30 (2002) (Pubitemid 41444793)
13. Tashiro, K., Kobayashi, M.: Lattice-dynamical prediction of the limiting young's modulus of liquid crystalline arylate polymers: Comparison with typical rigid-rod polymers. Polymer 32(3), 454-463 (1991)
14. Samir, A.M.A.S., Alloin, F., Dufresne, A.: Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. J. Biomacromolecules 6, 612-626 (2005) (Pubitemid 40467801)
15. Li, J., Revol, J.F., Marchessault, R.H.: Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitin on the properties of chitin crystallites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 65, 373 (1997)
16. Yamaguchi, Y., Nge, T.T., Takemura, A., Hori, N., Ono, H.: Characterization of uniaxially aligned chitin film by 2D FT-IR spectroscopy. J. Biomacromolecules 6, 1941-1947 (2005) (Pubitemid 41052187)
17. Krajewska, B.: Application of chitin- and chitosan-based materials for enzyme immobilizations: A review. J. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 35, 126-139 (2004) (Pubitemid 38906662)
18. Yusof, N.L., Wee, A., Lim, L.Y., Khor, E.: Flexible chitin films as potential wound-dressing materials: Wound model studies. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A. 66A, 224-232 (2003) (Pubitemid 37517221)
19. Hudson, S.M.: Applications of chitin and chitosan as fiber and textile chemicals. In: Domard, A., Roberts, G.A.F., Vårum, K.M. (eds) Advances in Chitin Science, vol. 2, pp. 590-599. Jacques Andre0 Publ., Lyon (France) (1998)
20. Kanke, M., Katayama, H., Tsuzuki, S., Kuramoto, H.: Application of chitin and chitosan to pharmaceutical preparations. J. Cheam Pharm Bull. 37, 523-525 (1989)
21. Kato, Y., Onishi, H., Machida, Y.J.: Application of chitin and chitosan derivatives in the pharmaceutical field. J. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 4, 303-309 (2003) (Pubitemid 37220862)
22. Marguerite, R.: Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. J. Prog. Polym. Sci. 31, 603-632 (2006)
23. Rovel, J.-F., Marchessaultf, R.H.: In vitro chiral nematic ordering of chitin crystallites. J. Biomacromolecules 15, 329-335 (1993)
24. Muzzarelli, R.A.: Chitin Microfibrils. In Chitin. pp. 51-55, Pergamon Press: New York (1977)
25. Brine, C.J., Austin, P.R.: Renatured chitin fibrils, films and filaments. In: Church, T.D. (ed.) Marine Chemistry in the Costal Environment. ACS Symposium series 18, pp. 505-518. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1975)
26. Murry, S.B., Neville, A.C.: The role of electrostatic coat in the formation of cholestric liquid crystal spherulites from alphachitin. J. Int. Boil. Macromol. 20, 123-130 (1997) (Pubitemid 27234982)
27. Murry, S.B., Neville, A.C.: The role of pH, temperature and nucleation in the formation of cholesteric liquid crystal spherulites from chitin and chitosan. J. Int. Boil. Macromol. 22, 137-144 (1998) (Pubitemid 28190590)
28. Gopalan, N.K., Dufresne, A.: Crab shell chitin whisker reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites. 1. Processing and swelling behavior. J. Biomacromolecules 4(3), 657-665 (2003) (Pubitemid 36701236)
29. Morin, A., Dufresne, A.: Nanocomposites of chitin whiskers from riftia tubes and poly(caprolactone). J. Macromolecules 35, 2190-2199 (2002) (Pubitemid 34586203)
30. Gopalan, N.K., Dufresne, A.: Crab shell chitin whisker reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites. 2. Mechanical behavior. J. Biomacromolecules 4(3), 666-674 (2003) (Pubitemid 36701237)
31. Gopalan, N.K., Dufresne, A.: Crab shell chitin whiskers reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites. 3. Effect of chemical modification of chitin whiskers. J. Biomacromolecules 4(6), 1835-1842 (2003) (Pubitemid 37455599)
32. Samir, M.A.S., Alloin, A.F., Sanche, J.Y., Kissi, N.E., Dufresne, A.: Preparation of cellulose whiskers reinforced nanocomposites from an organic medium suspension. J. Macromolecules 37, 1386-1393 (2004)
33. Averous, L.: Biodegradable multiphase system based on plasticized starch: A review. J. Macromol. Sci. C Polym. Rev. C44, 231-274 (2004)
34. Ray, S.S., Bousmia, M.: Biodegradable polymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites. J. Prog. Mater. Sci. 50, 962-1079 (2005)
35. Brown, W.H., Poon, T.: Introduction to Organic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Wiley, Hoboken, NJ (2005). ISBN 0-471-44451-0
36. Kuga, S., Brown, R.M.: Silver labeling of the reducing ends of bacterial cellulose. J. Carbohydr. Res. 180, 345-350 (1988)
37. Andress, K.R.Z.: J. Phys. Chem. Abt. B 4, 190 (1929)
38. Blackwell, J., Kolpak, F.: Determination of the structure of cellulose II. J. Macromolecules 9, 273-278 (1976)
39. Chanzy, H., Nishiyama, Y., Langan, P.: A revised structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose II from a neutron fiber diffraction analysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121(43), 9940-9946 (1999)
40. Watanabe, S., Ohkita, J., Hayashi, J., Sufoka, A.: The conformation of existence of cellulose III1, III2, IV1 and IV2, by the Xray method. J. Polym. Lett. 13, 23-27 (1975)
41. Sarko, A.J., Southwick, J., Hayashi, J.: Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides 7. Crystal structure of cellulose III, and its relationship to other cellulose polymorphs. Macromolecules 9, 857-863 (1976)
42. Chanzy, H., Buleon, A.: Single crystals of cellulose IVII, preparation and properties. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 18, 1209-1217 (1980) (Pubitemid 10479183)
43. Togawa, E., Brown, R.M., Kondo, T.J.: Nematic ordered cellulose: A concept of glucan chain association. Biomacromolecules 2(4), 1324-1330 (2001) (Pubitemid 34026915)
44. Gonell, H.W.: Rötgenographische studien an chitin. J. Z. Physiol. Chem. 152, 18-30 (1926)
45. Clark, G.L., Smith, A.F.: X-ray studies of chitin, chitosan, and derivatives. J. Phys. Chem. 40, 863-879 (1936)
46. Gardner, K.H., Blackwell, J.: Refinement of the structure of bchitin. J. Biopolymers 14, 1581-1595 (1975)
47. Minke, R., Blackwell, J.: The structure of a-chitin. J. Mol. Biol. 120, 167-181 (1978)
48. Saito, Y., Okano, T., Chanzy, H., Sugiyama, J.: Structural study of a-chitin from the grasping spine of the arrow worm (Sagitta spp.). J. Struct. Biol. 114, 218-228 (1995)
49. Chanzy, H.: Chitin crystals. In: Domard, A., Roberts, G.A.F., Vårum0, K.M. (eds) Advances in Chitin Science, pp. 11-21. Jacques Andre, Lyon, France (1998)
50. Chre0tiennot-Dinet, M.-J., Giraud-Guille, M.-M., Vaulot, D., Putaux, J.-L., Chanzy, H.: The chitinous nature of filament ejected by phaeocystis (prymnesiophycae). J. Phycol. 33, 666-672 (1997) (Pubitemid 27377953)
51. Gaill, F., Persson, J., Sugiyama, P., Vuong, R., Chanzy, H.: The chitin system in the tubes of deep sea hydrothermal vent worms. J. Struct. Biol. 109, 116-128 (1992)
52. Blackwell, J.: Structure of β-chitin or parallel chain systems of poly-b-(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. J. Biopolymers 7, 281-298 (1969)
53. Darmon, S.E., Rudall, K.M.: Infra-red and X-ray studies of chitin. J. Disc. Faraday. Soc. 9, 251-260 (1950)
54. Pearson, F.G., Marchessault, R.H., Liang, C.Y.: Infrared spectra of crystalline polysaccharides. V. Chitin. J. Polym. Sci. 13, 101-116 (1960)
55. Falk, M., Smith, D.G., McLachlan, J., McInnes, A.G.: Studies on chitin (β-(1-4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucan) fibers of the diatom Thalassiosira fluviatilis Hustedt. II. Proton magnetic resonance, infrared, and X-ray studies. Can J. Chem. 44, 2269-2281 (1966)
56. Galat, A., Koput, J., Popowicz, J.: Analyses of infrared amide bands of chitin. J. Acta Biochim. Polonica. 26, 303-308 (1979)
57. Iwamoto, R, Miya, M., Mima, S.: Vibrational polarization spectra of a-type chitin. In: Hirano, S., Tokura, S. (eds) Chitin and Chitosan. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan, pp. 82-86. The Japanese Society of Chitin and Chitosan, Sapporo (1982)
58. Focher, B., Naggi, A., Torri, G., Cosani, A., Terbojevich, M.: Structural differences between chitin polymorphs and their precipitates from solutions-evidence from CP-MAS 13CNMR, FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy. J. Carbohydr. Polym. 17, 97-102 (1992)
59. Brugnerotto, J., Lizardi, J., Goycoolea, F.M., Arguelles-Monal, W., Desbrieres, J., Rinaudo, M.: An infrared investigation in relation with chitin and chitosan characterization. J. Polymer. 42, 3559-3580 (2001)
60. Battacharya, M., Vaidya, U.R.: Properties of blends of starch and synthetic polymers containing anhydride groups. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 52(5), 617-628 (1994)
61. Westoff, R.P., Oety, F.H., Mehlttter, C.L., Russell, C.R.: Starchfilled polyvinyl chloride plastics-preparation and evaluation. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Dev. 13, 123-125 (1974)
62. Griffin, G.J., Priority, L.: U.K. Patent 1, 485, 833 (1972)
63. Favier, V., Chanzy, H., Cavaille, J.Y.: Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by cellulose whiskers V. J. Macromolecules 28, 6365-6367 (1996)
64. Oksman, K., Bondeson, D.: Polylactic acid/cellulose whisker nanocomposites modifiedvby polyvinyl alcohol. J. Compos. Part A 38, 2486-2492 (2007) (Pubitemid 350167015)
65. Farjon, A.: Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books (1990). ISBN 3-87429-298-3
66. Rushforth, K., Conifers. H.: ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.Gymnosperm Database: Picea abies (1987)
67. Conifer Specialist Group.: Picea Abies. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN (1998). www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May (2006)
68. Oksman, K., Mathew, A.P., Bondeson, D., Kvien, I.: Manufacturing process of cellulose whiskers/polylactic acid nanocomposites. J. Compos. Sci. Technol. 66, 2776-2784 (2006) (Pubitemid 44364303)
69. Grunert, M., Winter, W.T.: Nanocomposites of cellulose acetate butyrate reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals. J. Polym. Environ. 10, 27-30 (2002) (Pubitemid 41444793)
70. Tokoh, C., Takabe, K., Fujita, M., Saiki, H.: Cellulose synthesized by acetobacter xylinum in the presence of acetyl glucomannan. J. Cellulose 5(13), 249-261 (1998) (Pubitemid 128514856)
71. Ranby, B.G.: Physico-chemical investigations on bacterial cellulose. Ark. Kemi 4, 249-257 (1952)
72. Michel, P., Dufresne, A.: Chitin whisker reinforced thermoplastic nanocomposites. J. Macromolecules 34, 19 (2001)
73. Gopalan, N.K., Dufresne, A.: Crab shell chitin whisker reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites. 1. Processing and swelling behavior. J. Biomacromolecules 4, 657-665 (2003) (Pubitemid 36701236)
74. Sriupayo, J., Supaphol, P., Blackwell, J., Rujiravanit, R.: Preparation and characterization of a-chitin whisker-reinforced chitosan nanocomposite films with or without heat treatment. J. Carbohydr. Polym. 62, 130-136 (2005) (Pubitemid 41543050)
75. Lu, Y., Weng, L., Zhang, L.: Morphology and properties of soy protein isolate thermoplastics reinforced with chitin whiskers. J. Biomacromolecules 5, 1046-1051 (2004) (Pubitemid 38702282)
76. Angellier, H., Boisseau, S.M., Lebrun, L., Dufresne, A.: Processing and structural properties of waxy maize starch nanocrystals reinforced natural rubber. J. Macromolecules 38, 3783-3792 (2005) (Pubitemid 40672510)
77. Bondeson, D., Mathew, A.P., Oksman, K.: Optimization of the isolation of nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis. J. Cellulose 13, 171-180 (2006)
78. Kvien, I., Bjørn, S.T., Oksman, K.: Characterization of cellulose whiskers and their nanocomposites by atomic force and electron. J. Biomacromolecules 6, 3160-3165 (2005) (Pubitemid 41764074)
79. Gopalan, K.N., Dufresne, A.: Crab shell chitin whiskers reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites. 3. Effect of chemical modification of chitin whiskers. J. Biomacromolecules 4, 1835-1842 (2003) (Pubitemid 37455599)
80. Mathew, A.P., Laborie, M.P.G., Oksman, K.: Cross-linked chitosan/chitin crystal nanocomposites with improved permeation selectivity and pH stability. J. Biomacromolecules 10, 1627-1632 (2009)
81. Hajji, P., Cavaille, J.Y., Favier, V., Gauthier, C., Vigier, G.: Tensile behavior of nanocomposites from latex and cellulose whiskers. J. Polym. Compos. 17, 4 (1996)
82. Azizi, S.M.A.S., Alloin, F., Jean-Yves, S., Dufresne, A.: Cellulose nanocrystals reinforced poly(oxyethylene). J. Polymer. 45, 4149-4157 (2004) (Pubitemid 38638179)
83. Kulpinski, P.: Cellulose nanofibers prepared by the N-methylmorpholine- N-oxide method. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 98, 1855-1859 (2005) (Pubitemid 41634479)
84. Torres, G.F.G., Clara, M.G., Acta, M.C.B.: Nanocomposites of bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications Cristian. J. Biomaterialia. 5, 1605-1615 (2009)
85. Sriupayo, J., Supaphol, P., Blackwell, J., Rujiravanit, R.: Preparation and characterization of a-chitin whisker-reinforced poly(- vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite films with or without heat treatment. J. Polymer. 46, 5637-5644 (2005) (Pubitemid 40831706)