Increasing mixer-added fat reduces the electrical energy required for pelleting and improves exogenous enzyme efficacy for broilers

Journal of Applied Poultry Research

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 75-89

  Gehring, C K ^a   Lilly, K G S ^a   Shires, L K ^a   Beaman, K R ^a   Loop, S A ^a   Moritz, J S ^a  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Electrical energy usage; Enzyme efficacy; Mixer added fat; Pellet manufacture variable

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952335904     PISSN: 10566171     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00082     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Bedford, M. R. 1996. The effect of enzymes on digestion. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 5:370-378.
2. Gehring, C. K., K. G. S. Lilly, and J. S. Moritz. 2009. Maximizing the performance of broilers fed pelleted diets. Pages 49-53 in Multi-State Poult. Feed. Nutr. Conf., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
3. Eliasson, A.-C., K. Larsson, and Y. Miezis. 1981. On the possibility of modifying the gelatinization properties of starch by lipid surface coating. Starch 33:231-235.
4. Zimonja, O., A. Stevnebø, and B. Svihus. 2007. Nutritional value of diets for broiler chickens as affected by fat source, amylose level and diet processing. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 87:553-562.
5. Jones, F. T., K. E. Anderson, and P. R. Ferket. 1995. Effect of extrusion on feed characteristics and broiler chicken performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 4:300-309.
6. Cutlip, S. E., J. M. Hott, N. P. Buchanan, A. L. Rack, J. D. Latshaw, and J. S. Moritz. 2008. The effect of steamconditioning practices on pellet quality and growing broiler nutritional value. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 17:249-261.
7. Moritz, J. S., K. R. Cramer, K. J. Wilson, and R. S. Beyer. 2003. Feed manufacture and feeding of rations with graded levels of added moisture formulated to different energy densities. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:371-381.
8. Weigh-tronix stationary feed mill SFM-2000 (integrated hammer mill, scale, microingredient mixer); 15-horsepower horizontal shaft hammer mill (4 screens: 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, and 5/16 in.); 2,000-lb capacity single-screw vertical mixer in series with a pellet mill; 250-lb horizontal ribbon mixer; 4.25-ft-length, 1.02-ft-diameter short-term California Pellet Mill conditioner (3 steam inlet ports), 429 rpm shaft speed; 21 picks; 10-s feed retention time; California Pellet Mill 2288A master model pellet mill; 40-horsepower main drive motor; 12 in. diameter, 3/16 in. × 1.77 in. die.
9. Avizyme 1502, Danisco Animal Nutrition, St. Louis, MO.
10. Optiphos 2000 PF, JBS United, Sheridan, IN.
11. Lilly, K. G. S., C. K. Gehring, K. R. Beaman, and J. S. Moritz. 2009. Examining the relationship between pellet quality, broiler performance and bird sex. Poult. Sci. 88(Suppl. 1):143. (Abstr.)
12. PowerLogic power meters attached to the 3-phase leads of the pellet mill main drive and conditioner motor (Square D, Palatine, IL).
13. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington, VA. Dry matter determinations were completed by weighing two 0.5-g samples of each treatment into aluminum weighing pans and drying them in an oven at 105°F for 16 h. Ash content was measured by first grinding each diet using a laboratory benchtop blender. Approximately 1-g samples of each treatment were weighed out in aluminum pans and placed into an ashing oven overnight, cooled to room temperature, and then reweighed. The Kjeldahl method was used to determine CP: 0.5-g ground samples of each treatment were used for this analysis. Fat extractions were completed on the ground samples of each diet with petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus. All samples analyzed were replicated for statistical purposes.
14. The basal diet was composed of yellow corn (62.02%), 48% soybean meal (31.74%), washed play sand (1.5%), limestone (1.20%), animal-vegetable blended fat(1%), defluorinated phosphate (0.72%), vitamin-mineral premix (0.25%), salt (0.39%), l-lysine-HCl (0.11%), and dl-methionine (0.03%).
15. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1997. ASAE S269.4: Cubes, pellets, and crumbles-Definitions and methods for determining density, durability, and moisture. ASAE Standards. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI. Because of the use of a 3/16 × 1.77 in. die, pellets were sifted in a No. 6 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) screen. A quantity of 500 g of sifted pellets was placed in a dust-tight enclosure and tumbled for 10 min at 50 rpm. The enclosure was of the dimensions 12 × 12 in., with a 2 × 9 in. plate affixed diagonally along one of the 12 × 12 in. sides. The tumbled samples were then sifted again (No. 6 ASTM) and weighed. The PDI was calculated by dividing the weight of pellets after tumbling by the weight of pellets before tumbling, and then multiplying by 100. The MPDI was determined in a similar manner, with the exception of adding five 13-mm hex nuts to the pretumbled sample to obtain added pellet agitation.
16. Mattern's Hatchery Inc., Beaver Springs, PA.
17. Ihaka, R., and R. Gentleman. 1996. R: A language for data analysis and graphics. J. Comput. Graph. Statist. 5:299-314.
18. Briggs, J. L., D. E. Maier, B. A. Watkins, and K. C. Behnke. 1999. Effect of ingredients and processing parameters on pellet quality. Poult. Sci. 78:1464-1471.
19. Skoch, E. R., K. C. Behnke, C. W. Deyoe, and S. F. Binder. 1981. The effect of steam-conditioning rate on the pelleting process. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 6:83-90.
20. Behnke, K. C. 1981. Pellet mill performance as affected by mineral source. Feedstuffs 53:34-36.
21. Gehring, C. K., J. Jaczynski, and J. S. Moritz. 2009. Improvement of pellet quality with proteins recovered from whole fish using isoelectric solubilization-precipitation. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 18:418-431.
22. Scheideler, S. E. 1991. Pelleting is important for broilers. Pages 1-7 in Proc. 18th Annu. Carolina Poult. Nutr. Conf., Charlotte, NC. North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
23. Moritz, J. S. 2007. Impact of the pelleting process on dietary nutrients and supplemental enzymes. Pages 11-13 in Proc. Arkansas Nutr. Conf. The Poultry Federation, Little Rock, AR.
24. Douglas, M. W., C. M. Parsons, and M. R. Bedford. 2000. Effect of various soybean meal sources and Avizyme on chick growth performance and ileal digestible energy. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 9:74-80.
25. Café, M. B., C. A. Borges, C. A. Fritts, and P. W. Waldroup. 2002. Avizyme improves performance of broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 11:29-33.
26. Heywang, B. W., and R. B. Morgan. 1944. A comparison of a pelleted and unpelleted all-mash diet for growing chickens. Poult. Sci. 23:16-20.
27. Runnels, T. D. 1976. The influence of feed texture on broiler performance. Poult. Sci. 55:1958-1961.
28. Behnke, K. C. 1994. Factors affecting pellet quality. Pages 44-54 in Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf. Dept. of Poult. Sci. and Anim. Sci., College of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland, College Park.
29. Pickford, J. R. 1992. Effects of processing on the stability of heat labile nutrients in animal feeds. Pages 177-192 in Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. P. C. Garnsworthy, W. Haresign, and D. J. A. Cole, ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK.
30. Araba, M., and N. M. Dale. 1990. Evaluation of KOH solubility as an indicator of overprocessing soybean meal. Poult. Sci. 69:76-83.
31. Araba, M., and N. M. Dale. 1990. Evaluation of protein solubility as an indicator of underprocessing of soybean meal. Poult. Sci. 69:1749-1752.
32. Cobb 500 Broiler Performance and Nutrition Supplement, Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR.
33. Cowieson, A. J. 2009. Strategic selection of exogenous enzymes (i.e., xylanase and phytase) for poultry diets: Characterizing the substrate. Pages 56-71 in Multi-State Poult. Feed. Nutr. Conf. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
34. Kidd, M. T., G. W. Morgan Jr., C. J. Price, P. A. Welch, and E. A. Fontana. 2001. Enzyme supplementation to corn and soybean meal diets for broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:65-70.
35. Silversides, F. G., and M. R. Bedford. 1999. Effect of pelleting temperature on the recovery and efficacy of a xylanase enzyme in wheat-based diets. Poult. Sci. 78:1184-1190.
36. Waldroup, P. W., C. A. Fritts, C. A. Keen, and F. Yan. 2005. The effect of alpha-galactosidase enzyme with and without Avizyme 1502 on performance of broilers fed diets based on corn and soybean meal. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4:920-937.
37. Cowieson, A. J., and V. Ravindran. 2008. Effect of exogenous enzymes in maize-based diets varying in nutrient density for young broilers: Growth performance and digestibility f energy, minerals and amino acids. Br. Poult. Sci.49:37-44.
38. Pillai, P. B., T. O'Connor-Dennie, C. M. Owens, and J. L. Emmert. 2006. Efficacy of an Escherichia coli phytase in broilers fed adequate or reduced phosphorus diets and its effect on carcass characteristics. Poult. Sci. 85:1737-1745.
39. Reimer, L. 1992. Conditioning. Page 7 in Proc. Northern Crops Institute Feed Mill Management and Feed Manufacturing Technology Short Course. California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, IN.
40. Wyatt, C. L. 2009. Technical tools for supporting next generation thermo-tolerant enzymes in poultry diets. Pages 81-90 in Multi-State Poult. Feed. Nutr. Conf. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
41. Crespo, N., and E. Esteve-Garcia. 2002. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease fat deposition in separable fat depots but not in the remainder carcass. Poult. Sci. 81:512-518.
42. Donaldson, W. E., G. F. Combs, and G. L. Romoser. 1956. The effect of calorie:protein ratio of the ration on the growth, nutrient utilization, and body composition of chicks. Poult. Sci. 35:1100-1105.
43. Velu, J. G., D. H. Baker, and H. M. Scott. 1971. Protein and energy utilization by chicks fed graded levels of a balanced mixture of crystalline amino acids. J. Nutr. 101:1249-1256.