Strange fires, weird smokes and psychoactive combustibles: Entheogens and incense in ancient traditions

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 485-497

  Dannaway, Frederick R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Entheogens; Ethnobotany; Incense; Psychoactive plants

Indexed keywords

PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CHINA; CONSCIOUSNESS; DRUG EFFECT; ETHNOBOTANY; HISTORY; HUMAN; INDIA; RELIGION; SMOKE;

ALCHEMY; CHINA; CONSCIOUSNESS; ETHNOBOTANY; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; INDIA; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; RELIGION; SMOKE;

EID: 79952265542     PISSN: 02791072     EISSN: 21599777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2010.10400711     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Al-Ashqar, U.S. 1998. The World of the Jinn and the Devils. Boulder, CO: Al-Basheer Publications & Translations.
2. Ali, Y. [trans] 1987. The Qur'an: Text, Translation & Commentary. New York: Tahrike Tarsile.
3. Allegro, J.M. 1970. The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross: A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
4. Amar, Z. 2002. The Book of Incense. Tel Aviv: Eretz.
5. Ankarloo, B. 1999. WitchcrafiandMagic in Europe, Vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
6. Apuleius, L. 1999. [Trans. by P.G. Walsh] The Golden Ass. New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Bailey, C. & Danin, A. 1981. Bedouin plant utilization in Sinai and Negev. Economic Botany 36: 145-62.
8. Bakhouche, B.; Fauquier, F. & Pérez-Jean, B. 2003. Picatrix-Un Traite de Magie Medieval. Turnhout: Brepols Publishing.
9. Barber, E.W. 2000. The Mummies of Urumchi. New York: W.W. Nonon & Company.
10. Bar-llan, M. 1993. Witches in the Bible and in the Talmud. In: H.W. Basser & S. Fishbane (Eds.) Approaches to Ancient Judaism. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
11. Bedini, S.A. 1994. The Trail of Time, Shih-chien ti tsu-chi: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Benet, S. 1976. Early diffusions and folk uses of hemp. In: V. Rubin (Ed.) Cannabis and Culture. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
13. Bever, E. 1983. Witchcraft in early modern Wuerttemberg. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.
14. Brozyna, J.M. 1999. The Incense Route: A study of its origin and development. San Jose State University, Ph.D. dissertation. AAT 1394508.
15. Bunon, R.F. 1885. The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night. London: Printed for the Burton Club for Private Subscribers Only.
16. Cahagnet, L.A. 1851. The Celestial Telegraph. New York: L.J.S. Redfield
17. Chesire, W.P., 1992. Robert Boyle and corpuscular model of tremor. Neurology 42: 455-56.
18. Choksy, J.K. 2003. Hagiography and monotheism in history: Doctrinal encounters between Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. Vol. 14 (4): 407-21.
19. Clarke, R.C. 1995. Scythian Cannabis Verification Project. Journal of the International Hemp Association 2: 1 04.
20. Crevatin, F. 1983. Per incertam lunam sub luce maligna. In: E. Campanile (Ed.) Problemi di sostrato nelle lingue indoeuropee. Pisa: Giardini.
21. Dobroruka, V. 2006. Chemically-induced visions in the Fourth Book of Ezra in light of comparative Persian material. Jewish Studies Quarterly 13: I: 1-26.
22. Donaldson, B.A. 1973 The Wild Rue. New York: Arno Press.
23. Elmi, A.S. 1983. The Chewing of khat in Somalia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 163-76.
24. Falk, H. 1989. Soma I and II. Bulletin of the School of Oriental andAfrican Studies 52 (l): 77-90.
25. Faure, P. 1990. Magie der Dufte. Munich and Zurich: Artemis.
26. Flattery, D. & Schwartz, M. 1989. Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen "Soma” and its Legacy in Religion, Lnnguage, and Middle Eastern Folklore. Near Eastern Studies Vol. 21. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
27. Fleisher, A. & Fleisher, Z. 1994. The fragrance of Biblical mandrake. Economic Botany. 48 (3): 243-51.
28. Foltz, R.C. 2004. Spirituality in the Land of the Noble: How Iran Shaped the World's Religions. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
29. Geldner, K. F. 1951. Der Rig-Veda III. Harvard Oriental Series, vol. 35. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
30. Ginzburg, C. 1990a. Deciphering the Sabbat. In: B. Ankarloo & G. Henningsen (Eds.) Early Modem European Witchcraft: Centers and Peripheries. Oxford: Clarendon.
31. Ginzburg, C. 1990b. Hexensabbat. Berlin: Wagenbach.
32. Godbey, A.H. 1930. Incense and poison ordeals in the ancient Orient. American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature 46 (4): 217-38.
33. Graves, R. 1992. The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
34. Hamilton, R. 1982. Prologue and prophecy and plot in four plays of Euripedes. American Journal of Philology 99: 277-302.
35. Hansen, H. 1978. The Witch’s Garden. Santa Cruz: Unity Press.
36. Haran, M. 1960. The uses of incense in the Ancient Israelite ritual. Vetus Testamentum 10 (Apr.): 113-29.
37. Hartmann, F. 1910. The Life and Doctrines of Philippus Theophrastus, Bombast of Hohenheim: Known by the Name of Paracelsus. New York: Theosophical Publishing Company.
38. Hassan, I. 1967. Some folk uses of Peganum harmala in India and Pakistan. Economic Botany 21: 384.
39. Hentschel, K. 1997. Geister, Magier und Muslime. Miinchen: Diederichs Gelbe Reihe.
40. Hershon, P.I. 1880. A Talmudic Miscellany. London: Trubner and Co., Ludgate Hill.
41. Huysmans, J.K. 2001. [B. King trans] Sawtry: Dedalus Books.
42. Isbell, C.D. 2006. Zoroastrianism and Biblical religion. Jewish Bible Quarterly 34 (3): 143-54.
43. Jiang, H.; Xiao, L.; Zhao, Y.; Ferguson, D.; Hueber, F.; Bera, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, L.; Liu, C. & Li, C. 2006. A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108: 414-22.
44. Johnson, L.W. & Wolbarsht, M.L. 1979. Mercury poisoning: A probable cause of Isaac Newton’s physical and mental ills. Notes andRecords of the Royal Society of London 34 (1): 1-9.
45. Kuzmina, E.E. & Mair, V. 2007. The Prehistory of the Silk Road (Encounters with Asia). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
46. Lehoux, D. 2007. Drugs and the Delphic Oracle. Classical World. 101 (I): 41-56.
47. Levey, M. 1963. Some facets of Mediaeval Arabic pharmacology. Transactions andStudies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 30: 157.
48. Li, H. 1978. Hallucinogenic plants of Chinese herbals. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 10 (1): 17-26.
49. Littleton, C.S. 1986. The Pneuma Enthusiastikon: On the possibility of hallucinogenic “vapors” at Delphi and Dodona. Ethos 14 (1): 76-91.
50. Luck, G. 2006. Arcana Mundi:Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
51. Mabbett, I. 1998. The problem of the historical Nagarjuna revisited. Journal of the American Oriental Society 118 (3): 322-46.
52. Mahdihassan, S. 1959. Alchemy, in its proper setting, with Jinn, Sufi and Suffa, as loan-words from the Chinese. Igbal VII (3): 1-32.
53. Mahdihassan, S. 1957. Chemistry, a product of Chinese culture. Pakistan Journal of Science IX (I): 9-26.
54. Mahdihassan, S. 1951. The Chinese origin of three cognate words: Chemistry, elixir, and genii. Journal of the University of Bombay 20 (2): 107-31.
55. Mallory, J.P. & Mair, V.H. 2000. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames & Hudson.
56. Marlowe, C. 2001.DoctorFaustus. New York: Signet Classics.
57. Martinetz, D.; Lohs, K. & Janzen, J. 1989. Weilrauch undMyrrhe. Stuttgart, WVG.
58. Mechoulam, R. 2008. Incensole acetate, an incense component, elicits psychoactivity by activating TRPV3 channels in the brain. Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 22 (8): 3024-34.
59. Menon, M.K. & Kar, A. 1971. Analgesic and psychopharmacological effects of the gum resin of Boswellia serrata. Planta Medica 19: 333-41.
60. Merkur, D. 2000. The Mystery of Manna: The Psychedelic Sacrament of the Bible. Rochester: Park Street Press.
61. Moussaieff, A.; Rimmerman, N.; Bregman, T.; Straiker, A.; Felder, C.C.; Shoham, S.; Kashman, Y.; Huang, S.M.; Lee, H.; Shohami, E.; Mackie, K.; Caterina, M.J.; Walker, J.M.; Fride, E. & Mechoulam, R. 2008 Incensole acetate, anincense component, elicits psychoactivity by activating TRPV3 channels in the brain. FASEB Journal Aug 22 (8): 3024-34.
62. Mukherjee, B.L. 1921. The Soma Plant. Cambridge: Journal of Royal Asiatic Society.
63. Muller-Ebling, C.; Ratsch, C. & Shahi, S. 2002. Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas. Rochester: Inner Traditions Press.
64. Muller-Ebeling, C.; Ratsch, C.; Storl, W.-D. 1998. Witchcraft Medicine, Healing Arts, Shamanic Practices, and Forbidden Plants. Rochester: Inner Traditions.
65. Needham, J. 1983. Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 5, pt. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Needham, J. 1980. Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 5, pt. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Needham, J. 1976. Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 5, pt. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Needham, Joseph. 1974. Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 5, Pt. 1.2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Needham, Joseph. 1972. Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 5, Pt. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Neusner, J. 1966. A History of the Jews in Babylonia: Vol II. The Early Sasanian Period. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
71. Patai, R. 1994. The Jewish Alchemists. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
72. Partington, J.R., 1989. A Short History of Chemistry: Third Edition. Mineola: Dover Publications.
73. Philalethes, E. 1678. Ripley Reviv’d: or, an Exposition upon Sir George Ripley’s Hermetico-Poetical Works. Containing the Plainest and Most Excellent Discoveries of the Most Hidden Secrets of the Ancient Philosophers, that were ever yet Published. Written by Eirenceus Philalethes an Englishman, Stiling himself Citizen of the World. London: Tho. Ratcliff and Nat. Thompson, for William Cooper at the Pelican in Little-Britain.
74. Piccardi, L.; Monti, C.; Vaselli, O.; Tassi, F.; Gaki-Papanastassiou, K. & Papanastassiou, D. 2008. Scent of a myth: Tectonics, geochemistry and geomythology at Delphi (Greece). Journal of the Geological Society 165: 5-18.
75. Pingree, D. (Ed.) 1986. Picatrix: The Latin Version of the GhayatAl-Hakim. London: Warburg Institute.
76. Plant, S. 1999. Writings on Drugs. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
77. Pocs, E. 1989. Fairies and Witches at the Boundary of South-Eastern and Central Europe. Folklore Fellows Communications 243. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tieideakatemia.
78. Radcliffe, E.G. III. 2000. Did the Mithraists inhale?-A technique for Theurgic ascent in the Mithras liturgy, the Chaldean Oracles and some Mithraic frescoes. Ancient World I: 10-24.
79. Ratsch, C. 2005. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants. Rochester: Park Street Press.
80. Robinson, G. 1978. The prohibition of strange fire in Ancient Israel: A new look at the case of gathering wood and kindling fire on the Sabbath. Vetus Testamentum 28: 301-17.
81. Ruck, C.A.P. 2007. The Hidden World: Survival of Pagan Shamanic Themes in European Fairytales. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
82. Ruck, C.A.P. 2006. Sacred Mushrooms of the Goddess: The Secrets of Eleusis. Berkeley: Ronin Publishing.
83. Ruck, C.A.P.; Staples, B.D. & Heinrich, C. 2001. The Apples of Apollo: Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
84. Schipper, K.M. 1968. Taoism; the liturgical tradition. Communication to the First International Conference ofTaoist Studies, Villa Serbelloni, Bellagio.
85. Shahi, S.; Ratsch, C. & Muller-Ebeling, C. 2002. Shamanism and Tantra in the Himalayas. Rochester: Inner Traditions.
86. Shanon, B. 2008. Biblical entheogens: A speculative hypothesis. Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology Consciousness and Culture. I (1): 51-74.
87. Shehata, M.A. 2006. History of inhalation therapy. Proceedings of the First International Conference Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica in Medieval Manuscripts, Baku, 1 2-14 June.
88. Sidkey, H. 1997. Witchcraft, Lycanthropy, Drugs and Disease: An Anthropological Study of the European Witch-Hunts. New York: Peter Lang.
89. Siklos, B. 1995. Flora and faunain the Vajramahabhairava-Tantra. Yearbook for Ethnomedicine and the Study of Consciousness (3): 243-66.
90. Spiller, H.A.; Hale, J.R. & de Boer, J.Z. 2000. The Delphic Oracle: A multidisciplinary defense of the gaseous vent theory. Clinical Toxicology 40 (2): 189-96.
91. Spivak, M. & Epstein, M. 2001. Newton’s psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (5): 821-22.
92. Strickmann, M. 2002. Chinese Magical Medicine. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
93. Subbarayappa, B. V. 1999. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. IV, Pt. I, Chemistry and Chemical Techniques in India. New Delhi: Center for Studies in Civilization.
94. Suggs, J.; Sakenfield, K. & Mueller M.(Eds.) 1992. The Oxford Study Bible: Revised English Bible with Apocrypha. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
95. Touw, M. 1981. The religious and medicinal uses of cannabis in China, India, and Tibet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 13: 23-24.
96. Waite, A.E. 1992. Secret Tradition in Alchemy. Whitefish: Kessinger Press.
97. Wallace, A.R. 1904. The Birds of Paradise in the Arabian Nights. Available at http://www.wku.edu/-smithch/wallace/S615.htm]
98. Ward, C.A. 2008. Oracles of Nostradamus. Charlston, SC: Forgotten Books.
99. Whitney, W.D. [trans] 1905. Atharva-Veda Samhita. Boston: Harvard University.
100. Wasson, R.G. 1962. Ling chih (the numinous mushroom); Some observations on the origins of a Chinese conception. Unpub. MS. Memorandum. (photocopy from Wasson Archive Harvard).
101. Watkins, C. 1978. Let us now praise the famous grains. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association 122 (I): 9-17.
102. Welch, H. 1970. The Bellagio Conference on Taoist studies. History of Religions 9 (2/3): 107-36.
103. Wohlberg, J. 1990. Haoma-Soma in the world of Ancient Greece. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 22 (3): 333-42.
104. Yeivin, S. 1976. Canaanite ritual vessels in Egyptian cultic practices. Journal of Egyptian Archeology 62: 110-14.
105. Vermaseren, M.J. 1963. Mithras, The Secret God. New York: Barnes & Noble.