Hatch and host location

Root-knot Nematodes

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 139-162

  Curtis, Rosane H C ^a   Robinson, A Forest ^b   Perry, Roland N ^a,c  

^a ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^c GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79952238611     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (171)

1. Abou-Setta, M.M. and Duncan, L.W. (1998) Attraction of Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Meloidogyne javanica to salts in vitro. Nematropica 28, 49-59.
2. Akhkha, A., Kusel, J., Kennedy, M. and Curtis, R.H.C. (2002) Effects of phytohormones on the surfaces of plant-parasitic nematodes. Parasitology 125, 165-175.
3. Akhkha, A., Curtis, R., Kennedy, M. and Kusel, J. (2004) The potential signalling pathways which regulate surface changes induced by phytohormones in the potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis). Parasitology 128, 533-539.
4. Alexander, R.M. (2002) Locomotion. In: Lee, D.L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 345-352.
5. Bais, H.P., Weir, T.L., Perry, L.G., Gilroy, S. and Vivanco, J.M. (2006) The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57, 233-266.
6. Bajracharya, R.M., Lal, R. and Kimble, J.M. (2000) Erosion effects on carbon dioxide concentration and carbon flux from an Ohio alfisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 694-700.
7. Baldridge, G.D., O'Neill, N.R. and Samac, D.A. (1998) Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) resistance to the rootlesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans: defense-response gene mRNA and isoflavonoid phytoalexin levels in roots. Plant Molecular Biology 38, 999-1010.
8. Baldwin, J.G. and Hirschmann, H. (1973) Fine structure of cephalic sense organs in Meloidogyne incognita males. Journal of Nematology 5, 285-302.
9. Baldwin, J.G. and Perry, R.N. (2004) Nematode morphology, sensory structure and function. In: Cheng, Z., Cheng, S. and Dickson, D.W. (eds) Nematology - Advances and Perspectives, Vol. 1. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 175-256.
10. Balhadere, P. and Evans, A.A.F. (1994) Characterization of attractiveness of excised root tips of resistant and susceptible plants for Meloidogyne naasi. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17, 527-536.
11. Bernklau, E.J. and Bjostad, L.B. (1998) Reinvestigation of host location by western corn rootworm larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): CO2 is the only volatile attractant. Ecology and Behavior 91, 1331-1340.
12. Bernklau, E.J., Fromm, E.A. and Bjostad, L.B. (2004) Disruption of host location of western corn rootworm larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeolidae) with carbon dioxide. Journal of Economic Entomology 97, 330-339.
13. Bird, A.F. (1959) The attractiveness of roots to the plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne javanica and M. hapla. Nematologica 4, 322-335.
14. Bird, A.F. (1962) Orientation of the larvae of Meloidogyne javanica relative to roots. Nematologica 8, 275-287.
15. Bird, A.F. (1968) Changes associated with parasitism in nematodes. III. Ultrastructure of the egg shell, larval cuticle, and contents of the subventral oesophageal glands in Meloidogyne javanica with some observations on hatching. Journal of Parasitology 54, 475-489.
16. Bird, A.F. and Bird, J. (1991) The Structure of Nematodes, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London and New York.
17. Bird, A.F. and McClure, M.A. (1976) The tylenchid (Nematoda) eggshell: structure, composition and permeability. Parasitology 72, 19-28.
18. Bird, A.F. and Self, P.G. (1995) Chitin in Meloidogyne javanica. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 18, 235-239.
19. Bird, A.F. and Soeffky (1972) Changes in the ultrastructure of the gelatinous matrix of Meloidogyne javanica during dehydration. Journal of Nematology 14, 166-169.
20. Blake, C.D. (1961) Importance of osmotic potential as a component of the soil water on the movement of nematodes. Nature 191, 144-145.
21. Blaxter, M.L. and Robertson, W.M. (1998) The cuticle. In: Perry, R.N. and Wright, D.J. (eds) Free-living and Plant-parasitic Nematodes. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 25-48.
22. Branch, C., Hwang, C.F., Navarre, D.A. and Williamson, V.M. (2004) Salicylic acid is part of the Mi-1- mediated defence response to root-knot nematode in tomato. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 17, 351-356.
23. Brzeski, M.W. and Hendricks, E.K. (1971) The overwintering and hatching of Meloidogyne hapla Chitw. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych 121, 235-244.
24. Burr, A.H.J. and Robinson, A.F. (2004) Locomotion behaviour. In: Gaugler, R. and Bilgrami, A.L. (eds) Nematode Behaviour. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 25-62.
25. Campbell, G.S. (1985) Soil Physics with Basic - Transport Models for Soil-Plant Systems. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
26. Castro, C.E., Belser, N.O., McKinney, H.E. and Thomason, I.J. (1990) Strong repellency of the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita by specific inorganic ions. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, 1199-1205.
27. Castro, C.E., McKinney, H.E. and Lux, S. (1991) Plant protection with inorganic ions. Journal of Nematology 23, 409-413.
28. Chitwood, D.J. (2002) Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control. Annual Review of Phytopathology 40, 221-249.
29. Claassen, N. and Steingrobe, B. (1999) Mechanistic simulation models for a better understanding of nutrient uptake from soil. In: Rengel, Z. (ed.) Mineral Nutrition of Crops: Fundamental Mechanisms and Implications. Food Product Press, Binghamton, New York, pp. 327-367.
30. Clark, F.E. (1949) Soil microorganisms and plant roots. Advances in Agronomy 1, 241-288.
31. Croll, N.A. (1970) The Behaviour of Nematodes: their Activity, Senses and Responses. St. Martin's Press, New York, pp. 117-132.
32. Croll, N.A., and Sukhdeo, M.V.K. (1981) Hierarchies in nematode behavior. In: Zuckerman, B.M. and Rohde, R.A. (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Vol. III. Academic Press, New York, pp. 227-251.
33. Curl, E.A. and Truelove, B. (1986) Root exudates. In: The Rhizosphere. Vol. 15 in the Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 55-92.
34. Curtis, R.H.C. (2007) Do phytohormones influence nematode invasion and feeding site establishment? Nematology 9, 155-160.
35. Davis, E.L., Kaplan, D.T., Dickson, D.W. and Mitchell, D.J. (1988) Root-tissue response of 2 near-isogenic soybean cultivars to infection by lectin-treated Meloidogyne spp. Journal of Nematology 20, 632-633.
36. de Guiran, D. (1979) A necessary diapause in root-knot nematodes. Observations on its distribution and inheritance in Meloidogyne incognita. Revue de Nématologie 2, 223-231.
37. de Guiran, D. and Villemin, M.A. (1980) Spécificité de la diapause embryonnaire des oeufs de Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda). Revue de Nématologie 3, 115-121.
38. De Rooij-Van der Goes, P.C.E.M., Peter, B.A.M. and van der Putten, W.H. (1998) Vertical migration of nematodes and soil-borne fungi to developing roots of Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link after sand accretion. Applied Soil Ecology 10, 1-10.
39. Dickson, D.W., and Hewlett, T.E. (1986) Vertical migration of Meloidogyne arenaria in soil columns in the field. Revue de Nématologie 9, 295.
40. Diez, J.A. and Dusenbery, D.B. (1989a) Preferred temperature of Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology 21, 99-104.
41. Diez, J.A. and Dusenbery, D.B. (1989b) Repellent of root-knot nematodes from exudate of host roots. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15, 2445-2455.
42. Dropkin, V.H., Martin, G.C. and Johnson, R.W. (1958) Effects of osmotic concentrations on the hatching of some plant parasitic nematodes. Nematologica 3, 115-126.
43. Dropkin, V.H., Helgeson, J.P. and Upper, C.D. (1969) Hypersensitivity reaction of tomatoes resistant to Meloidogyne incognita - reversal by cytokinins. Journal of Nematology 1, 55-61.
44. Duncan, L.H., Robertson, W.M. and. Kusel, J.R. (1995) Induction of secretions in Globodera pallida by phytohormones. Journal of Nematology 27, 498.
45. Dusenbery, D.B. (1987) Theoretical range over which bacteria and nematodes locate plant roots using carbon dioxide. Journal of Chemical Ecology 13, 1617-1625.
46. Dusenbery, D.B. (1988a) Avoided temperature leads to the surface: computer modeling of slime mold and nematode thermotaxis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22, 219-223.
47. Dusenbery, D.B. (1988b) Limits of thermal sensation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 131, 263-271.
48. Egeraat, A.W.S.M.v. (1975) Exudation of ninhydrin-positive compounds by pea-seedling roots: a study of the sites of exudation and of the composition of the exudate. Plant and Soil 42, 37-47.
49. Ellenby, C. (1974) Water uptake and hatching in the potato cyst nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis, and the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Experimental Biology 61, 773-779.
50. El-Sherif, M. and Mai, W.F. (1969) Thermotactic response of some plant parasitic nematodes. Journal of Nematology 1, 43-48.
51. Eo, J., Nakamoto, T., Otobe, K. and Mizukubo, T. (2007) The role of pore size on the migration of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles under different tillage systems. Nematology 9, 751-758.
52. Eo, J., Otobe, K. and Mizukubo, T. (2008) Absence of geotaxis in soil-dwelling nematodes. Nematology 10, 147-149.
53. Evans, A.A.F. (1987) Diapause in nematodes as a survival strategy. In: Veech, J.A. and Dickson, D.W. (eds) Vistas on Nematology. Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland, pp.180-187.
54. Fanelli E., Di Vito, M., Jones, J.T. and De Giorgi, C. (2004) Analysis of chitin synthase function in a plantparasitic nematode, Meloidogyne artiellia, using RNAi. Gene 349, 87-95.
55. Fioretti, L., Porter, A., Haydock, P.J. and Curtis, R. (2002) Monoclonal antibodies reactive with secreted-excreted products from the amphids and the cuticle surface of Globodera pallida affect nematode movement and delay invasion of potato roots. International Journal for Parasitology 32, 1709-1718.
56. Friml, J. (2003) Auxin transport - shaping the plant. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6, 7-12.
57. Garbeva, P., van Elsen, J.D. and van Veen, J.A. (2008) Rhizosphere microbial community and its response to plant species and soil history. Plant Soil 302, 19-32.
58. Gaur, H.S., Beane, J. and Perry, R.N. (2000) The influence of root diffusate, host age and water regimes on hatching of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne triticoryzae. Nematology 2, 191-199.
59. Gerendas, J. and Ratcliffe, R.G. (2000) Intracellular pH regulation in maize root tips exposed to ammonium at high external pH. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 207-219.
60. Grenache, D.G., Caldicott, I., Albert, P.S., Riddle, D.L and. Politz, S.M. (1996) Environmental induction and genetic control of surface antigen switching in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93, 12388-12393.
61. Griffin, G.D. (1969) Attractiveness of resistant and susceptible alfalfa to stem and root-knot nematodes. Journal of Nematology 1, 9.
62. Grundler, F., Schnibbe, L. and Wyss, U. (1991) In vitro studies on the behaviour of 2nd stage juveniles of Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda, Heteroderidae) in response to host plant-root exudates. Parasitology 103, 149-155.
63. Hawes, M.C., Brigham, L.A., Wen, F., Woo, H.H. and Zhu, Z. (1998) Function of root border cells in plant health: pioneers in the rhizosphere. Annual Review of Phytopathology 36, 311-327.
64. Hilliard, M.A., Bargmann, C.I. and Bazzicalupo, P. (2002) C. elegans responds to chemical repellents by integrating sensory inputs from the head and the tail. Current Biology 12, 730-734.
65. Hough, A. and. Thomason, I.J. (1975) Effects of aldicarb on behavior of Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology 7, 221-229.
66. Hu, G.G., McClure, M.A. and Schmitt, M.E. (2000) Origin of a Meloidogyne incognita surface coat antigen. Journal of Nematolology 32, 174-182.
67. Hubbard, J.E., Flores-Lara, Y., Schmitt, M., McClure, M.A., Stock, S.P. and Hawes, M.C. (2005) Increased penetration of host roots by nematodes after recovery from quiescence induced by root cap exudate. Nematology 7, 321-331.
68. Huettel, R.N. (1986) Chemical communication in nematodes. Journal of Nematology 18, 3-8.
69. Inserra, R.N., Griffin, G.D. and Sisson, D.V. (1983) Effects of temperature and root leachates on embryonogenic development and hatching of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. hapla. Journal of Nematology 15, 123-127.
70. Ishibashi, N. (1969) Studies on the propagation of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White), Chitwood, 1949. Review of Plant Protection Research 2, 125-128.
71. Ishibashi, N., Kegasawa, K. and Kunii, Y. (1960) Studies on the hatching of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita var. acrita Chitwood. I. The relation between hatching and the original egg content of egg mass. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology 4, 249-255.
72. Jones, J.T. (2002) Nematode sense organs In: Lee, D.L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 353-368.
73. Jones, P.W., Tylka, G.L. and Perry, R.N. (1998) Hatching. In: Perry, R.N. and Wright, D.J. (eds) The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-living and Plant-parasitic Nematodes. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 181-212.
74. Jungk, A.O. (2002) Dynamics of nutrient movement at the soil-root interface. In: Waisel, Y., Eshel, A. and Kafhafi, V. (eds) Plant Roots. The Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 587-616.
75. Kaplan, D.T. and Keen, N.T. (1980) Mechanisms conferring plant incompatibility to nematodes. Revue de Nématologie 3, 123-134.
76. Karssen, G. and Moens, M. (2006) Root-knot nematodes. In: Perry, R.N. and Moens, M. (eds) Plant Nematology. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 59-90.
77. Klinger, J. (1965) On the orientation of plant nematodes and of some other soil animals. Nematologica 11, 4-18.
78. Lahtinen, A.E., Trudgill, D.L. and Tiilikkala, K. (1988) Threshold temperature and minimum time requirements for the complete life cycle of Meloidogyne hapla from northern Europe. Nematologica 34, 443-451.
79. Lin, H.J. and McClure, M.A. (1996) Surface coat of Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology 28, 216-224.
80. Liu, B., Hibbard, J.K., Urwin, P.E. and Atkinson, H.J. (2005) The production of synthetic chemodisruptive peptides in planta disrupts the establishment of cyst nematodes. Plant Biotechnology Journal 3, 487-496.
81. Lopéz de Mendoza, M.E., Modha, J., Roberts, M.C., Curtis, R. and Kusel, J.R. (2000) Changes in the lipophilicity of the surfaces of Meloidogyne incognita and Haemonchus contortus during exposure to host signals. Parasitology 120, 203-209.
82. Lynch, J.M. and Whipps, J.M. (1990) Substrate flow in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil 129, 1-10.
83. Mahajan, R., Kaur, D.J. and Bajaj, K.L. (1992) Nematicidal activity of phenolic compounds against Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologia Mediterranea 20, 217-219.
84. Maheshwari, D.K. and Anwar, M. (1990) Nematocidal activity of some phenolics on root-knot, growth and yield of Capsicum frutescens cv California Wonder. Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 129, 159-164.
85. Marbán-Mendoza, N., Jeyaprakash, A., Jansson, H.-B., Damon, H.A. and Zuckerman, B.M. (1987) Control of root-knot nematode on tomato by lectins. Journal of Nematology 19, 331-335.
86. Masler, E.P. (2008) Response of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita to exogenously applied biogenic amines. Nematology 10, 911-917.
87. McCallum, M.E. and Dusenbery, D.B. (1992) Computer tracking as a behavioral GC detector: nematode responses to vapor of host roots. Journal of Chemical Ecology 18, 585-592.
88. McClure M.A. and von Mende, N. (1987) Induced salivation in plant-parasitic nematodes. Phytopathology 77, 1463-1469.
89. Meyer, S.L.F., Zasada, I.A., Roberts, D.P., Viviard, B.T., Lakshman, D.K., Lee, J.K., Chitwood, D.J. and Carta, L. (2006) Plantago lanceolata and Plantago rugelii extracts are toxic to Meloidogyne incognita but not to certain microbes. Journal of Nematology 38, 333-338.
90. Modha, J., Kusel, J.R. and Kennedy, M.W. (1995) A role for 2nd-messengers in the control of activationassociated modification of the surface of Trichinella spiralis infective larvae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 72, 141-148.
91. Mojtahedi, H., Ingham, R.E., Santo, G.S., Pinkerton, J.N., Reed, G.L. and Wilson, J.H. (1991) Seasonal migration of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and its role in potato production. Journal of Nematology 23, 162-169.
92. Nandi, B., Kundu, K., Banerjee, N. and Babu, S.P.S. (2003) Salicylic acid-induced suppression of Meloidogyne incognita infestation of okra and cowpea. Nematology 5, 747-752.
93. Narasimhan, K., Basheer, C., Bajic, V.B. and Swarup, S. (2003) Enhancement of plant-microbe interactions using a rhizosphere metabolomics-driven approach and its application in the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls. Plant Physiology 132, 146-153.
94. Neumann, G., Kohls, S., Landsberg, E, Souza, K.S.O., Yamada, T. and Romheld, V. (2006) Relevance of glyphosate transfer to non-target plants via the rhizosphere. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 20, 963-969.
95. Nicholson, R.L. and Hammerschmidt, R. (1992) Phenolic-compounds and their role in disease resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology 30, 369-389.
96. Oka, Y. and Mizukubo, T. (2009) Tomato culture filtrate stimulates hatching and activity of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles. Nematology 11, 51-61.
97. Olsen, D.P., Phu, D., Libby, L.J.M., Cormier, J.A., Montez, K.M., Ryder, E.F. and Politz, S.M. (2007) Chemosensory control of surface antigen switching in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genes Brain and Behavior 6, 240-252.
98. Pegard, A., Brizzard, G., Fazari, A., Soucaze, O., Abad, P. and Djian-Caporalino, C. (2005) Histological characterisation of resistance to different root-knot nematode species related to phenolics accumulation in Capsicum annuum. Phytopathology 95, 158-165.
99. Perry, R.N. (1987) Host induced hatching of phytoparasitic nematode eggs. In: Veech, J.A. and Dickson, D.W. (eds), Vistas on Nematology. Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland, pp. 159-164.
100. Perry, R.N. (1997) Plant signals in nematode hatching and attraction. In: Fenoll C., Grundler, F.M.W. and Ohl, S.A. (eds) Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Plant-Nematode Interactions. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 38-50.
101. Perry, R.N. (2002) Hatching. In: Lee, D.L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London, pp.147-169.
102. Perry, R.N. (2005) An evaluation of types of attractants enabling plant-parasitic nematodes to locate plant roots. Russian Journal of Nematology 13, 83-88.
103. Perry, R.N. and Aumann, J. (1998) Behaviour and sensory responses. In: Perry, R.N. and Wright, D.J. (eds) Free-living and Plant-parasitic Nematodes. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 75-102.
104. Perry, R.N. and Maule, A.G. (2004) Physiological and biochemical basis of behaviour. In: Gaugler, R. and Bilgrami, A.L. (eds) Nematode Behaviour. CAB International, Wallingford UK, pp. 197-238.
105. Perry, R.N. and Wesemael, W.M.L. (2008) Host plant effects on hatching of root-knot nematodes. Russian Journal of Nematology 16, 1-5.
106. Perry, R.N., Knox, D.P. and Beane, J. (1992) Enzymes released during hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and Meloidogyne incognita. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 15, 283-288.
107. Pinkerton, J.N., Mojtahedi, H., Santo, G.S. and O'Bannon, J.H. (1987) Vertical migration of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Meloidogyne hapla under controlled temperature. Journal of Nematology 19, 152-157.
108. Pinkerton, J.N., Santo, G.S. and Mojtahedi, H. (1991) Population dynamics of Meloidogyne chitwoodi on Russet Burbank potatoes in relation to degree-day accumulation. Journal of Nematology 23, 282-290.
109. Pline, M. and Dusenbery, D.B. (1987) Responses of plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita to carbon dioxide determined by video camera-computer tracking. Journal of Chemical Ecology 13, 873-888.
110. Pline, M., Diez, J.A. and Dusenbery, D.B. (1988) Extremely sensitive thermotaxis of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology 20, 605-608.
111. Ploeg, A.T. and Maris, P.C. (1999) Effects of temperature on the duration of the life cycle of a Meloidogyne incognita population. Nematology 1, 389-393.
112. Plowright, R.A., Grayer, R.J., Gill, J.R., Rahman, M.L. and Harborne, J.B. (1996) The induction of phenolic compounds in rice after infection by the stem nematode Ditylenchus angustus. Nematologica 42, 564-578.
113. Premachandran, D., von Mende, N., Hussey, R.S. and McClure, M.A. (1988) A method for staining nematode secretions and structures. Journal of Nematology 20, 70-78.
114. Prot, J.-C. (1978a) Influence of concentration gradients of salts on the movement of second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica. Revue de Nématologie 1, 21-26.
115. Prot, J.-C. (1978b) Vertical migration of four natural populations of Meloidogyne. Revue de Nématologie 1, 109-112.
116. Prot, J.-C. (1978c) Behavior of juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica in salt gradients. Revue de Nématologie 2, 135-142.
117. Prot, J.-C. (1979a) Influence of concentration gradients of salts on the behaviour of four plant parasitic nematodes. Revue de Nématologie 2, 11-16.
118. Prot, J.-C. (1979b) Horizontal migrations of second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica in sand in concentration gradients of salts and in a moisture gradient. Revue de Nématologie 2, 17-21.
119. Prot, J.-C. (1980) Migration of plant-parasitic nematodes towards plant roots. Review de Nematologie 3, 305-318.
120. Prot, J.-C. and Van Gundy, S.D. (1980) Effect of soil texture and the clay component on migration of Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles. Journal of Nematology 13, 213-217.
121. Proudfoot, L., Kusel, J.R., Smith, H.V., Harnett, W., Worms, M.J. and. Kennedy, M.W. (1993) Rapid changes in the surface of parasitic nematodes during transition from pre-parasitic to post-parasitic forms. Parasitology 107, 107-117.
122. Riga, E. (2004) Orientation behaviour. In: Gaugler, R. and Bilgrami, A.L. (eds) Nematode Behaviour. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 63-90.
123. Robinson, A. (1994) Movement of five nematode species through sand subjected to natural temperature gradient fluctuations. Journal of Nematology 26, 46-58.
124. Robinson, A.F. (1995) Optimal release rates for attracting Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis, and other nematodes to carbon dioxide in sand. Journal of Nematology 27, 42-50.
125. Robinson, A.F. (2004) Nematode behavior and migrations through soil and host tissue. In: Chen, Z., Chen, S. and Dickson D.W. (eds) Nematology - Advances and Perspectives, Volume I: Nematode Morphology, Physiology, and Ecology. Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 330-405.
126. Robinson, A.F. and Heald, C.M. (1991) Carbon dioxide and temperature gradients in Baermann funnel extraction of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Nematology 23, 28-38.
127. Robinson, A.F. and Perry, R.N. (2006) Behaviour and sensory perception. In: Perry, R.N. and Moens, M. (eds) Plant Nematology. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 210-233.
128. Rodger, S., Bengough, A.G., Griffiths, B.S., Stubbs, V. and Young, I.M. (2003) Does the presence of detached root border cells of Zea mays alter the activity of the pathogenic nematode Meloidogyne incognita? Phytopathology 93, 1111-1114.
129. Rovira, A.D. and Ridge, E.H. (1973) Exudation of 14C-labelled compounds from wheat roots: influence of nutrients, micro-organisms and added organic compounds. New Phytologist 72, 1081-1087.
130. Russell, E., Ingham, J.A., Trofymow, E., Ingham, R. and Coleman, D.C. (1985) Interactions of bacteria, fungi, and their nematode grazers: effects on nutrient cycling and plant growth. Ecological Monographs 55, 119-140.
131. Saux, R.L. and Quénéhervé, P. (2002) Differential chemotactic responses of two plant-parasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis, to some inorganic ions. Nematology 4, 99-105.
132. Sawhney, R. and Webster, J.M. (1975) Role of plant-growth hormones in determining resistance of tomato plants to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologica 21, 95-103.
133. Sharon, E. and Spiegel, Y. (1993) Glycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology 25,585-589.
134. Sharon, E., Spiegel, Y., Solomon, R. and Curtis, R.H.C. (2002) Characterization of Meloidogyne javanica surface coat using antibodies and their effect on nematode behaviour. Parasitology 125, 177-185.
135. Shepherd, A.M. and Clarke, A.J. (1971) Molting and hatching stimuli. In: Zuckerman, B.M., Mai, W.F. and Rohde, R.A. (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Vol. II. Cytogenetics, Host-Parasite Interactions, and Physiology. Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 267-287.
136. Sievers, A. and Braun, M. (1996) The root cap: structure and function. In: Waisel, Y., Eshel, A. and Kafhafi, V. (eds) Plant Roots. The Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 31-49.
137. Spiegel, Y. and McClure, M.A (1995) The surface-coat of plant-parasitic nematodes - chemical composition, origin, and biological role - a review. Journal of Nematology 27, 127-134.
138. Spiegel, Y., Kahane, I., Cohen, L. and Sharon, E. (1997) Meloidogyne javanica surface proteins: characterisation and lability. Parasitology 115, 513-519.
139. Starr, J.L. (1993) Recovery and longevity of egg masses of Meloidogyne incognita during simulated winter survival. Journal of Nematology 25, 244-248.
140. Steiner, G. (1925) The problem of host selection and host specialization of certain plant-infesting nemas and its application in the study of nemic pests. Phytopathology 15, 499-534.
141. Stewart, G.R., Perry, R.N., Alexander, J. and Wright, D.J. (1993a) A glycoprotein specific to the amphids of Meloidogyne species. Parasitology 106, 405-412.
142. Stewart, G.R., Perry, R.N. and Wright, D.J. (1993b) Studies on the amphid specific glycoprotein gp32 in different life-cycle stages of Meloidgyne species. Parasitology 107, 573-578.
143. Thompson, D.P. and Geary, T.G. (2002) Excretion/secretion, ionic and osmotic regulation. In: Lee, D.L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 291-320.
144. Trett, M.W. and Perry, R.N. (1985) Effects of the carbamoyloxime, aldicarb, on the ultrastructure of the rootlesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans (Nematoda, Pratylenchidae). Nematologica 31, 321-334.
145. Van Gundy, S.D. (1985) Ecology of Meloidogyne spp. - emphasis on environmental factors affecting survival and pathogenicity. In: Sasser, J.N. and Carter, C.C. (eds) An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume 1, Biology and Control. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina, pp. 177-182.
146. Veronico, P, Gray, L.J., Jones, J.T., Bazzicalupo, P, Arbucci, S., Cortese, M.R., Di Vito, M. and De Giorgi, C. (2001) Nematode chitin synthases: gene structure, expression and function in Caenorhabditis elegans and the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne artiellia. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 266, 28-34.
147. Viglierchio, D.R. and Lownsbery, B.F. (1960) The hatching response of Meloidogyne species to the emanations from the roots of germinating tomatoes. Nematologica 5, 153-157.
148. von Mende, N. (1997) Invasion and migration behaviour of sedentary nematodes. In: Fenol, C., Grundler, F.M.W. and Ohl, S.A. (eds) Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Plant-Nematode Interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 51-64.
149. Wallace, H.R. (1958) Movement of eelworms I. The influence of pore size and moisture content of the soil on the migration of larvae of the beet eelworm, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt. Annals of Applied Biology 46, 74-85.
150. Wallace, H.R. (1959) Movement of eelworms. IV. The influence of water percolation. Annals of Applied Biology 47, 131-139.
151. Wallace, H.R. (1960) Movement of eelworms. VI. The influences of soil type, moisture gradients and host plant rots on the migration of the potato-root eelworm Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber. Annals of Applied Biology 48, 107-120.
152. Wallace, H.R. (1961) The orientaton of Ditylenchus dipsaci to physical stimuli. Nematologica 6, 222-236.
153. Wallace, H.R. (1968a) The influence of aeration on the survival and hatch of Meloidogyne javanica. Nematologica 14, 223-230.
154. Wallace, H.R. (1968b) The influence of soil moisture on the survival and hatch of Meloidogyne javanica. Nematologica 14, 231-242.
155. Wallace, H.R. (1968c) The dynamics of nematode movement. Annual Review of Phytopathology 6, 91-114.
156. Wang, C., Lower, S. and Williamson, V.M. (2009) Application of pluronic gel to the study of root-knot nematode behaviour. Nematology 11, 453-464.
157. Ward, S. (1973) Chemotaxis by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: identification and analysis of response by the use of mutants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 70, 817-821.
158. Wergin, W.P. and Endo, B.Y. (1976) Ultrastructure of a neurosensory organ in a root-knot nematode. Journal of Ultrastructural Research 56, 258-276.
159. Wesemael, W.M.L. and Moens, M. (2008) Vertical distribution of the plant-parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, under field crops. European Journal of Plant Pathology 120, 249-257.
160. Wesemael, W.M.L., Perry, R.N. and Moens, M. (2006) The influence of root diffusate and host age on hatching of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax. Nematology 8, 895-902.
161. Winter, M.D., McPherson, M.J. and Atkinson, H.J. (2002) Neuronal uptake of pesticides disrupts chemosensory cells of nematodes. Parasitology 125, 561-565.
162. Wright, D.J. and Perry, R.N. (2006) Reproduction, physiology and biochemistry. In: Perry, R.N. and Moens, M. (eds) Plant Nematology. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 187-209.
163. Wuyts, N., Swennen, R. and De Waele, D. (2006a) Effects of plant phenylpropanoid pathway products and selected terpenoids and alkaloids on the behaviour of the plant-parasitic nematodes Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne incognita. Nematology 8, 89-101.
164. Wuyts, N., Maung, Z.T.Z., Swennen, R. and De Waele, D. (2006b). Banana rhizodeposition: characterization of root border cell production and effects on chemotaxis and motility of the parasitic nematode Radopholus similis. Plant and Soil 283, 217-228.
165. Wyss, U. (1981) Ectoparasitic root nematodes: feeding behaviour and plant cell responses. In: Zuckerman, B.M. and Rhode, R.A (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Vol. III. Academic Press, New York, pp. 325-351.
166. Zhao, X.W., Schmitt, M. and Hawes, M.C. (2000) Species-dependent effects of border cell and root tip exudates on nematode behaviour. Phytopathology 90, 1239-1245.
167. Madulu, J. and Trudgill, D.L. (1994) Influence of temperature on Meloidogyne javanica. Nematologica 40, 230-243.
168. Gans, C. and Burr, A.H.J. (1994) The unique locomotory mechanism of Mermis nigrescens, a large nematode which crawls over soil and climbs through vegetation. Journal of Morphology 222, 133-148.
169. Dusenbery, D.B. (1988c) Behavioral responses of Meloidogyne incognita to small temperature changes. Journal of Nematology 20, 351-355.
170. Perry, R.N. and Clarke, A.J. (1982) Hatching mechanisms of nematodes. In: Crompton, D.W.T. and Newton, B.A. (eds) Trends and Perspectives in Parasitology, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 63-77.
171. Zuckerman, B.M. (1983) Hypotheses and possibilities of intervention in nematode chemoresponses. Journal of Nematology 15, 173-182.