Human optical axial length and defocus

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

Volumn 51, Issue 12, 2010, Pages 6262-6269

  Read, Scott A ^a   Collins, Michael J ^a   Sander, Beata P ^a  

^a QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOMETRY; CHOROID; CHOROIDAL THICKNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMMETROPIA; EYE AXIS LENGTH; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; LENS; MALE; MONOCULAR DEFOCUS; MYOPIA; NORMAL HUMAN; OCULAR BIOMETRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REFRACTION ERROR; RETINA; RETINAL THICKNESS;

ADULT; AXIAL LENGTH, EYE; BIOMETRY; EMMETROPIA; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPEROPIA; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE; MALE; MYOPIA; VISION, MONOCULAR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79952195307     PISSN: 01460404     EISSN: 15525783     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5457     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Wildsoet CF. Active emmetropization: evidence for its existence and ramifications for clinical practice. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1997;17:279-290.
2. Smith EL. Spectacle lenses and emmetropization: the role of optical defocus in regulating ocular development. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;75:388-398.
3. Wallman J, Winawer J. Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia. Neuron. 2004;43:447-468.
4. Wiesel TN, Raviola E. Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature. 1977;266:66-68.
5. Wallman J, Adams JI. Developmental aspects of experimental myopia in chicks: susceptibility, recovery and relation to emmetropization. Vision Res. 1987;27:1139-1163.
6. Bartmann M, Schaeffel F. A simple mechanism for emmetropization without cues from accommodation or colour. Vision Res. 1994;31:873-876.
7. Smith EL, Hung L-F. Form-deprivation myopia in monkeys is a graded phenomenon. Vision Res. 2000;40:371-381.
8. Schmid KL, Brinkworth DR, Wallace KM, Hess R. The effect of manipulations to target contrast on emmetropization in chick. Vision Res. 2006;46:1099-1107.
9. Schaeffel F, Glasser A, Howland HC. Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens. Vision Res. 1988;28:639-657.
10. Irving EL, Sivak JG, Callender MG. Refractive plasticity of the developing chick eye. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1992;12:448-456.
11. Hung L-F, Crawford MLJ, Smith EL. Spectacle lenses alter eye growth and refractive status of young monkeys. Nature Med. 1995;1:761-765.
12. Graham B, Judge SJ. The effects of spectacle lens wear in infancy on eye growth and refractive error in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Vision Res. 1999;39:189-206.
13. Rada JA, McFarland AL, Cornuet PK, Hassell JR. Proteoglycan synthesis by scleral chondrocytes is modulated by a vision dependent mechanism. Curr Eye Res. 1992;11:767-782.
14. Wallman J, Wildsoet C, Xu A, et al. Moving the retina: choroidal modulation of refractive state. Vision Res. 1995;35:37-50.
15. Wildsoet CF, Wallman J. Choroidal and scleral mechanisms of compensation for spectacle lenses in chicks. Vision Res. 1995;35:1175-1194.
16. Nickla DL, Wildsoet C, Wallman J. Compensation for spectacle lenses involves changes in proteoglycan synthesis in both the sclera and the choroid. Curr Eye Res. 1997;16:320-326.
17. Hung L-F, Wallman J, Smith EL. Vision-dependant changes in the choroidal thickness of macaque monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1259-1269.
18. Troilo D, Nickla DL, Wildsoet CF. Choroidal thickness changes during altered eye growth and refractive state in a primate. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1249-1258.
19. Zhu X, Park TW, Winnawer J, Wallman J. In a matter of minutes, the eye can know which way to grow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:2238-2241.
20. Winawer J, Wallman J. Temporal constraints on lens compensation in chicks. Vision Res. 2002;42:2651-2668.
21. Nickla DL. Transient increases in choroidal thickness are consistently associated with brief daily visual stimuli that inhibit ocular growth in chicks. Exp Eye Res. 2007;84:951-959.
22. Zhu X, Wallman J. Temporal properties of compensation for positive and negative spectacle lenses in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:37-46.
23. O'Leary DJ, Millodot M. Eyelid closure causes myopia in humans. Experientia. 1979;35:1478-1479.
24. Hoyt CS, Stone RD, Fromer C, Billson FA. Monocular axial myopia associated with neonatal eyelid closure in human infants. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;91:197-200.
25. Rabin J, Van Sluyters RC, Malach R. Emmetropization: a vision dependent phenomenon. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981;20:561-564.
26. Von Noorden GK, Lewis RA. Ocular axial length in unilateral congenital cataracts and blepharoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987;28:750-752.
27. Gee SS, Tabbara KF. Increase in ocular axial length in patients with corneal opacification. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:1277-1278.
28. Meyer C, Mueller MF, Duncker GIW, Meyer H-J. Experimental animal myopia models are applicable to human juvenile-onset myopia. Surv Ophthalmol. 1999;44:93-102.
29. Miller-Meeks MJ, Bennett SR, Keech RV, Blodi CF. Myopia induced by vitreous hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109:199-203.
30. Nathan J, Kiely PM, Crewther SG, Crewther DP. Disease-associated visual image degradation and spherical refractive errors in children. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1985;62:680-685.
31. Drexler W, Findl O, Schmetterer L, Hitzenberger CK, Fercher AF. Eye elongation during accommodation in humans: differences between emmetropes and myopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:2140-2147.
32. Mallen EAH, Kashyap P, Hampson KM. Transient axial length change during the accommodation response in young adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1251-1254.
33. Leydolt C, Findl O, Drexler W. Effects of change in intraocular pressure on axial eye length and lens position. Eye. 2008;22:657-661.
34. Ebneter A, Wagels B, Zinkernagel MS. Non-invasive biometric assessment of ocular rigidity in glaucoma patients and controls. Eye. 2009;23:606-611.
35. Stone RA, Quinn GE, Francis EL, et al. Diurnal axial length fluctuations in human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:63-70.
36. Wilson LB, Quinn GE, Ying G, et al. The relation of axial length and intraocular pressure fluctuations in human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1778-1784.
37. Read SA, Collins MJ, Iskander DR. Diurnal variation of axial length, intraocular pressure, and anterior eye biometrics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:2911-2918.
38. Brown JS, Flitcroft DI, Ying G-S, et al. In vivo human choroidal thickness measurements: evidence for diurnal fluctuations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5-12.
39. Buckhurst PJ, Wolffsohn JS, Shah S, Naroo SA, Davies N, Berrow EJ. A new optical coherence reflectometry device for ocular biometry in cataract patients. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:949-953.
40. Cruysberg LPJ, Doors M, Verbakel F, Berendschot TTJM, De Brabander J, Nuijts RMMA. Evaluation of the Lenstar LS900 noncontact biometer. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:106-110.
41. Holzer MP, Mamusa M, Auffarth GU. Accuracy of a new partial coherence interferometry analyser for biometric measurements. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:807-810.
42. Rohrer K, Frueh BE, Wälti R, Clemetson IA, Tappeiner C, Goldblum D. Comparison and evaluation of ocular biometry using a new noncontact optical low-coherence reflectometer. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:2087-2092.
43. Schmid GF, Papastergiou GI, Nickla DL, et al. Validation of laser Doppler interferometric measurements in vivo of axial length and thickness of fundus layers in chicks. Curr Eye Res. 1996;15:691-696.
44. Moreno-Montanes J, Maldonado MJ, Garcia N, Mendiluce L, Garcia-Gomez PJ, Segui-Gomez M. Reproducibility and clinical relevance of the ocular response analyzer in nonoperated eyes: corneal biomechanical and tonometric implications. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:968-974.
45. Medeiros FA, Weinreb RN. Evaluation of the influence of corneal biomechanical properties on IOP using the ocular response analyzer. J Glaucoma. 2006;15:364-370.
46. Perez G, Archer SM, Artal P. Optical characterization of Bangerter foils. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:609-613.
47. Davis B, Collins MJ, Atchison DA. Calibration of the Canon Autoref R-1 for continuous measurement of accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1992;13:191-198.
48. Howlett MHC, McFadden SA. Spectacle lens compensation in the pigmented guinea pig. Vision Res. 2009;49:219-227.
49. Margolis R, Spaide RF. A pilot study of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in normal eyes. Am J Ophthalmology. 2009;147:811-815.
50. Nickla DL, Wallman J. The multifunctional choroid. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;24:144-168.
51. Fitzgerald MEC, Wildsoet CF, Reiner A. Temporal relationship of choroidal blood flow and thickness changes during recovery from form deprivation myopia in chicks. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74:561-570.
52. Longo A, Geiser M, Riva CE. Subfoveal choroidal blood flow in response to light-dark exposure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:2678-2683.
53. Lovasik JV, Kergoat H, Wajszilber MA. Blue flicker modifies the subfoveal choroidal blood flow in the human eye. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289:H683-H691.
54. Howlett MHC, McFadden SA. Form deprivation myopia in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Vision Res. 2006;46:267-283.
55. Kee C-S, Marzani D, Wallman J. Differences in time course and visual requirements of ocular responses to lenses and diffusers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:575-583.
56. Schaeffel F, Bartmann M, Hagel G, Zrenner E. Studies on the role of the retinal dopamine/melatonin system in experimental refractive errors in chickens. Vision Res. 1995;35:1247-1264.
57. Schmid KL, Wildsoet CF. Effects of the compensatory responses to positive and negative lenses of intermittent lens wear and ciliary nerve section in chicks. Vision Res. 1996;36:1023-1036.
58. Zhu X, Winawer J, Wallman J. Potency of myopic defocus in spectacle lens compensation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:2818-2827.
59. Winawer J, Zu X, Choi J, Wallman J. Ocular compensation for alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus. Vision Res. 2005;45:1667-1677.
60. Troilo D, Gottlieb MD, Wallman J. Visual deprivation causes myopia in chicks with optic nerve section. Curr Eye Res. 1987;6:993-999.
61. Wildsoet CF. Neural pathways subserving negative lens-induced emmetropization in chicks-insights from selective lesions of the optic nerve and ciliary nerve. Curr Eye Res. 2003;27:371-385.
62. Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek L. A. Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science. 1987;237:73-77.
63. Miles FA, Wallman J. Local ocular compensation for imposed local refractive error. Vision Res. 1990;30:339-349.
64. Diether S, Schaeffel F. Local changes in eye growth induced by imposed local refractive error despite active accommodation. Vision Res. 1997;37:659-668.
65. Smith EL, Huang J, Hung LF, Blasdel TL, Humbird TL, Bockhorst KH. Hemiretinal form deprivation: evidence for local control of eye growth and refractive development in infant monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5057-5069.
66. Read SA, Collins MJ, Becker H, et al. Changes in intraocular pressure and ocular pulse amplitude with accommodation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:332-335.
67. Mon-Williams M, Tresilian JR, Strang NC, Kochhar P, Wann JP. Improving vision: neural compensation for optical defocus. Proc R Soc Lond B. 1998;265:71-77.
68. George S, Rosenfield M. Blur adaptation and myopia. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81:543-547.
69. Rosenfield M, Hong SE, George S. Blur adaptation in myopes. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81:657-662.
70. Ohlendorf A, Schaeffel F. Contrast adaptation induced by defocus: a possible error signal for emmetropization? Vision Res. 2009;49:249-256.
71. Rajeev N, Metha A. Enhanced contrast sensitivity confirms active compensation in blur adaptation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:1242-1246.