Within- and Between-Culture Variation: Individual Differences and the Cultural Logics of Honor, Face, and Dignity Cultures

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 100, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 507-526

  Leung, Angela K Y ^a   Cohen, Dov ^b  

^a SINGAPORE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

Between culture variation; Culture; Dignity; Face; Honor; Individual differences; Within culture variation

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; LOGIC; MALE; MORALITY; PERCEPTION; PERSONALITY; PERSONHOOD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; VIOLENCE;

ATTITUDE; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CULTURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; LOGIC; MALE; MORALS; PERSONALITY; PERSONHOOD; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; VIOLENCE;

EID: 79952083552     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0022151     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Adams G., Markus H.R. Toward a conception of culture suitable for a social psychology of culture. The psychological foundations of culture 2004, 335-360. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. M. Schaller, C.S. Crandall (Eds.).
2. Aiken L., West S. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
3. Allport G. Patterns and growth in personality 1961, Holt, New York, NY.
4. Anderson E. The code of the streets. The Atlantic Monthly 1994, May, 273(5):81-94.
5. Atack J. The evolution of regional economic differences within Illinois, 1818-1850. Diversity, conflict, and state politics 1989, 61-94. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. P. Nardulli (Ed.).
6. Ayers E. Vengeance and justice 1984, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
7. Benedict R. The chrysanthemum and the sword 2006, Mariner Books, Boston, MA.
8. Benedict R. Patterns of culture 2006, Mariner Books, Boston, MA.
9. Benet-Martínez V., Karakitapoglu-Aygun Z. The interplay of cultural syndromes and personality in predicting life satisfaction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2003, 34:38-60. doi: 10.1177/0022022102239154.
10. Benet-Martínez V., Leu J., Lee F., Morris M. Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional vs. compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2002, 33:492-516. doi: 10.1177/0022022102033005005.
11. Berger P., Berger B., Kellner H. The homeless mind 1973, Random House, New York, NY.
12. Bond M., Brislin R., Chiu C.-Y., Cohen D., Gelfand M., Hong Y.Y., Triandis H.C. The present and future state of cultural research and theory: A dialogue. Understanding culture: Theory, research, and application 2009, 469-506. Psychology Press, New York, NY. R.S. Wyer, C.-Y. Chiu, Y.Y. Hong (Eds.).
13. Cheng C.-Y., Lee F., Benet-Martínez V. Assimilation and contrast effects in cultural frame switching (CFS): Bicultural identity integration (BII) and valence of cultural cues. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2006, 37:742-760. doi: 10.1177/0022022106292081.
14. Chiao J.Y., Blizinsky K.D. Culture-gene coevolution of individualism-collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 2010, 277:529-537. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1650.
15. Cohen D. Methods in cultural psychology. Handbook of cultural psychology 2007, 196-236. Guilford Press, New York, NY. S. Kitayama, D. Cohen (Eds.).
16. Cohen, D. (2010). Honor, justice, and corruption. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
17. Cohen D., Hoshino-Browne E., Leung A.K.-Y. Culture and the structure of personal experience: Insider and outsider phenomenologies of the self and social world. Advances in experimental social psychology 2007, 39:1-67. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. M. Zanna (Ed.).
18. Cohen D., Leung A.K.-Y. The hard embodiment of culture. European Journal of Social Psychology 2009, 39:1278-1289. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.671.
19. Cohen D., Leung A.K.-Y. A CuPS (Culture × Person × Situation) perspective on violence and character. Human aggression and violence: Causes, manifestations, and consequences 2010, 187-200. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. P.R. Shaver, M. Mikulincer (Eds.).
20. Cohen D., Nisbett R.E. Self-protection and the culture of honor: Explaining Southern homicide. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1994, 20:551-567. doi: 10.1177/0146167294205012.
21. Cohen D., Nisbett R.E., Bowdle B., Schwarz N. Insult, aggression, and the Southern culture of honor: An " experimental ethnography" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:945-960. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.945.
22. Cohen D., Vandello J.A., Puente S., Rantilla A.K. " When you call me that, smile!" How norms for politeness, interaction styles, and aggression work together in Southern culture. Social Psychology Quarterly 1999, 62:257-275. doi: 10.2307/2695863.
23. Colson E. Tradition and contract: The problem of order 1975, Aldine, Chicago, IL.
24. Dach-Gruschow, K., Hernandez, I., & Cohen, D. (2010). Cultural niches. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois.
25. Daly M., Wilson M. Homicide 1988, Aldine, Hawthorne, NY.
26. Face. (2003). In The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.oed.com.
27. Fu J.H.-Y., Morris M.W., Lee S.-L., Chao M.-C., Chiu C.-Y., Hong Y.-Y. Epistemic motives and cultural conformity: Need for closure, culture, and context as determinants of conflict judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 92:191-207. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.191.
28. Gelfand M.J., Lim B.-C., Raver J. Culture and accountability in organizations: Variations in forms of social control across cultures. Human Resource Management Review 2004, 14:135-160. doi: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2004.02.007.
29. Gelfand M.J., Nishii L.H., Holcombe K.M., Dyer N., Ohbuchi K., Fukuno M. Cultural influences on cognitive representations of conflict: Interpretations of conflict episodes in the United States and Japan. Journal of Applied Psychology 2001, 86:1059-1074. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1059.
30. Gelfand M.J., Nishii L., Raver J. On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91:1225-1244. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1225.
31. Gilmore D. Manhood in the making 1990, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
32. Hamamura, T., & Heine, S. (2008). The role of self-criticism in self-improvement and face maintenance among Japanese. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Self-criticism and self-enhancement: Theory, research, and clinical implications (pp. 105-122). doi:10.1037/11624-007.
33. Hamamura T., Meijer Z., Heine S., Kamaya K., Hori I. Approach-avoidance motivation and information processing: A cross-cultural analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2009, 35:454-462. doi: 10.1177/0146167208329512.
34. Heine S.J. Self as a cultural product. Journal of Personality 2001, 69:881-905. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.696168.
35. Heine S.J., Lehman D., Markus H., Kitayama S. Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?. Psychological Review 1999, 106:766-794. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766.
36. Heine S.J., Lehman D., Peng K., Greenholtz J. What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales? The reference group effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:903-918. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.903.
37. Henrich J., McElreath R., Barr A., Ensminger J., Barrett C., Bolyanatz A., Ziker J. Costly punishment across human societies. Science 2006, June 23, 312:1767-1770. doi: 10.1126/science.1127333.
38. Ho D.Y.-F. On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology 1976, 81:867-884. doi: 10.1086/226145.
39. Hobbes T. Leviathan 1982, Penguin, New York, NY, (Original work published 1651).
40. Hong Y.-Y., Morris M., Chiu C.-Y., Benet-Martínez V. Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist 2000, 55:709-720. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.7.709.
41. Houston J.P. Curvilinear relationships among anticipated success, cheating behavior, temptation to cheat, and perceived instrumentality of cheating. Journal of Educational Psychology 1978, 70:758-762. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.70.5.758.
42. Houston J.P., Ziff T. Effects of success and failure on cheating behavior. Journal of Educational Psychology 1976, 68:371-376. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.68.3.371.
43. IJzerman, H., & Cohen, D. (2010). Grounding cultural syndromes. Unpublished manuscript, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
44. IJzerman H., van Dijk W., Gallucci M. A bumpy train ride: A field experiment on insult, honor, and emotional reactions. Emotion 2007, 7:869-875. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.869.
45. Kashima Y., Kashima E., Farsides T., Kim U., Strack F., Werth L., Yuki M. Culture and context-sensitive self. Self and Identity 2004, 3:125-141.
46. Kim, H. S., Sherman, D., Sasaki, J., Taylor, S., Chu, T., Ryu, C., Xu, J. (2009). Gene × Culture interaction: The effect of culture and the serotonin receptor polymorphism (5-HTR1A) on social support use. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Santa Barbara.
47. Kim Y.-H., Cohen D. Information, perspective, and judgments about the self in face and dignity cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36:537-550. doi: 10.1177/0146167210362398.
48. Kim Y.-H., Cohen D., Au W. The jury and abjury of my peers: The self in face and dignity cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2010, 98:904-916. doi: 10.1037/a0017936.
49. Konner M. Evolutionary foundations of cultural psychology. Handbook of cultural psychology 2007, 77-105. Guilford Press, New York, NY. S. Kitayama, D. Cohen (Eds.).
50. Leung A.K.-Y., Cohen D. The soft embodiment of culture. Psychological Science 2007, 18:824-830.
51. Leung, A. K.-Y., Kim, Y.-H., Zhang, Z.-X., Tam, K.-P., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2010). Open-minded Chinese/closed-minded Americans: Self-enhanced following prevention/promotion success. A new look at culture and self-enhancement. Unpublished manuscript, Singapore Management University, Singapore.
52. LeVine R.A. Culture and personality studies, 1918-1960: Myths and history. Journal of Personality 2001, 69:803-818. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.696165.
53. Mauss M. The gift 2000, Norton, New York, NY.
54. Mendoza-Denton R., Mischel W. Integrating system approaches to culture and personality: The cultural cognitive-affective processing system. Handbook of cultural psychology 2007, 175-195. Guilford Press, New York, NY. S. Kitayama, D. Cohen (Eds.).
55. Merton R. Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review 1938, 3:672-682.
56. Miller W. Bloodtaking and peacemaking: Feud, law, and society in Saga Iceland 1990, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
57. Miller W. Humiliation 1993, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
58. Mischel W. Personality dispositions revisited and revised. Handbook of personality: Theory and research 1990, 21-65. Guilford Press, New York, NY. L. Pervin (Ed.).
59. Mischel W., Shoda Y. A cognitive-affective system theory of personality. Psychological Review 1995, 102:246-268. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.246.
60. Nesse R. Evolution and the capacity for commitment 2001, Russell Sage, New York, NY.
61. Norenzayan A., Heine S. Psychological universals: What are they and how can we know?. Psychological Bulletin 2005, 131:763-784. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763.
62. Oishi S. Personality in culture: A neo-Allportian view. Journal of Research in Personality 2004, 38:68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2003.09.012.
63. O'Neill B. Honor, symbols, and war 1999, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
64. Oyserman D., Kemmelmeier M., Coon H. Cultural psychology, a new look. Psychological Bulletin 2002, 128:110-117. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.110.
65. Oyserman D., Lee S.W.S. Does culture influence what and how we think?. Psychological Bulletin 2008, 134:311-342. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.311.
66. Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. S. (2008b). A situated cognition perspective on culture: Effects of priming cultural syndromes on cognition and motivation. In R. Sorrentino & S. Yamaguchi (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition across cultures (pp. 237-265). doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373694-9.00011-8.
67. Oyserman D., Sorensen N. Understanding cultural syndrome effects on what and how we think. Understanding culture: Theory, research, and application 2009, 25-52. Psychology Press, New York, NY. R.S. Wyer, C.-Y. Chiu, Y.Y. Hong (Eds.).
68. Peng K., Nisbett R., Wong N. Validity problems of cross-cultural value comparison and possible solutions. Psychological Methods 1997, 2:329-344. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.2.4.329.
69. Pitt-Rivers J. Honour and social status. Honour and shame 1966, 19-78. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, England. J. Peristiany (Ed.).
70. Pitt-Rivers J. Honor. International encyclopedia of the social sciences 1968, 509-510. Macmillan, New York, NY. D. Sills (Ed.).
71. Plomin R., Daniels D. Why are children in the same family so different from one another?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1987, 10:1-16. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00055941.
72. Rodriguez Mosquera P.M., Fischer A., Manstead A., Zaalberg R. Attack, disapproval, or withdrawal? The role of honour in anger and shame responses to being insulted. Cognition & Emotion 2008, 22:1471-1498. doi: 10.1080/02699930701822272.
73. Rozin P. Five potential principles for understanding cultural differences in relation to individual differences. Personality and Individual Differences 2003, 37:273-283.
74. Sanchez-Burks J., Mor Barak M. Interpersonal relationships in a global work context. Managing diversity in the age of globalization: Toward a worldwide inclusive workplace 2004, 114-168. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. M. Mor Barak (Ed.).
75. Schachter S. Deviance, rejection, and communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1951, 46:190-207. doi: 10.1037/h0062326.
76. Shweder R. Moral maps, first world conceits, and the new evangelists. Culture matters 2000, 158-176. Basic Books, New York, NY. L. Harrison, S. Huntington (Eds.).
77. Smith A. The theory of moral sentiments 1976, Clarendon Press, Oxford, England, (Original work published 1759).
78. Steele C. Thin ice: Stereotype threat and Black college students. The Atlantic Monthly 1999, August, 284(2):44-47. 50-54.
79. Suh E., Diener E., Updegraff J. From culture to priming conditions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2008, 39:3-15. doi: 10.1177/0022022107311769.
80. Sulloway F. Born to rebel 1997, Vintage, New York, NY.
81. Tocqueville A. Democracy in America 2010, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, (Original work published 1840). H. Mansfield (Ed.).
82. Triandis H.C. Culture and social behavior 1994, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
83. Triandis H.C., Chan D., Bhawuk D., Iwao S. Multimethod probes of allocentrism and idiocentrism. International Journal of Psychology 1995, 30:461-480. doi: 10.1080/00207599508246580.
84. Uskul, A., Cross, S., Sunbay, Z., Gercek-Swing, B., & Ataca, B. (2009). Honor bound: The cultural construction of honor in Turkey and the Midwestern U.S. Unpublished manuscript, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland.
85. Vaillant G. The wisdom of the ego 1993, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA.
86. Vandello J.A., Bosson J., Cohen D., Burnaford R., Weaver J. Precarious manhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 95:1325-1339. doi: 10.1037/a0012453.
87. Vandello J.A., Cohen D. Male honor and female fidelity: Implicit cultural scripts that perpetuate domestic violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84:997-1010. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.997.
88. Vandello J.A., Cohen D. When believing is seeing: Sustaining norms of violence in cultures of honor. The psychological foundations of culture 2004, 281-304. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. M. Schaller, C.S. Crandall (Eds.).
89. Vandello J.A., Cohen D. Gender, culture, and intimate partner violence against women. Social & Personality Psychology Compass 2008, 2:652-667. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00080.x.
90. Vandello J.A., Cohen D., Grandon R., Franiuk R. Stand by your man: Indirect prescriptions for honorable violence and feminine loyalty in Canada, Chile, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2009, 40:81-104. doi: 10.1177/0022022108326194.
91. Vandello J.A., Cohen D., Ransom S. U.S. Southern and Northern differences in perceptions of norms about aggression: Mechanisms for the perpetuation of a culture of honor. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2008, 39:162-177. doi: 10.1177/0022022107313862.
92. Weber M. The theory of social and economic organization 1997, Free Press, New York, NY.
93. Wittgenstein L. Philosophical investigations 2009, Wiley, Malden, MA.
94. Zane N., Yeh M. The use of culturally-based variables in assessment: Studies on loss of face. Asian American mental health 2002, 123-138. Kluwer, Norwell, MA. K. Kurasaki, S. Okazaki, S. Sue (Eds.).
95. Zou X., Morris M., Benet-Martínez V. Identity motives and cultural priming: Cultural (dis)identification in assimilative and contrastive responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2008, 44:1151-1159. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.02.001.