Risk assessment to underpin food regulatory decisions: An example of public health nutritional epidemiology

Nutrients

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 164-185

  Baines, Janis ^a   Cunningham, Judy ^a   Leemhuis, Christel ^a   Hambridge, Tracy ^a   Mackerras, Dorothy ^a  

^a Food Standards Australia New Zealand   (Australia)

Author keywords

Additives; Food regulation; Fortification; Risk analysis

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; DIETARY INTAKE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PROCESSING; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; POPULATION RESEARCH; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; STATISTICAL MODEL; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 79952066217     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu3010164     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Hennekens, C.H.; Buring, J.E. Epidemiology in Medicine; Mayrent, S.L., Ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1987.
2. Kaldor, J. Public health epidemiology versus research epidemiology-does it have to be one or the other? Australas. Epidemiologist 1997, 4, 1-2.
3. Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1998.
4. Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology, 2nd ed.; Margetts, B.M., Nelson, M., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1997.
5. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. The Analysis of Food Related Health Risks; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2009. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Food%20Related%20Health%20Risks%20WEB_FA.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
6. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Principles and Practices of Dietary Exposure Assessment for Food Regulatory Purposes; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2009. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/Principles%20&%20practices%20exposure%20assessment%202009.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
7. World Health Organization. Melamine-Contaminated Powdered Infant Formula in China-Update; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008. Available online: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2008_09_22/en/index.html (accessed on September 30, 2010).
8. European Food Safety Authority. Statement of EFSA on the Possible Risks for Public and Animal Health from the Contamination of the Feed and Food Chain due to Possible Ash-Fall Following the Eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in Iceland; EFSA: Parma, Italy, 2010. Available online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/1593.htm (accessed on September 30, 2010).
9. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. National Product Recall-Bonsoy Soy Milk with Very High Levels of Iodine; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2010. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/scienceandeducation/newsroom/mediareleases/mediareleases2009/nationalproductrecal4651.cfm (accessed on September 30, 2010).
10. Food Standards Agency (UK). Food Standards Agency Publishes New Caffeine Advice for Pregnant Women; FSA: London, UK, 2008. Available online: http://www.food.gov.uk/news/pressreleases/2008/nov/caffeineadvice (accessed on September 30, 2010).
11. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. A594-Lutein as a Nutritive Substance in Infant Formula. First Review Report; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2009. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A594%20Lutein%20FRR%20FINAL.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
12. Food and Drug Administration (US). Acrylamide Questions and Answers; FDA: Washington, DC, USA, 2009. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/foodcontaminantsadulteration/chemicalcontaminants/acrylamide/ucm053569.htm (accessed on September 30, 2010).
13. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Survey of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Australian Foods. Dietary Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2010. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/PAH%20Survey%20for%20website.pdf (accessed on December 1, 2010).
14. McCann, D.; Barrett, A.; Cooper, A.; Crumpler, D.; Dalen, L.; Grimshaw, K.; Kitchin, E.; Lok, K.; Porteous, L.; Prince, E.; Sonuga-Barke, E.; Warner, J.O.; Stevenson, J. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 370, 1560-1567. Erratum in: Lancet 2007, 370, 1542.
15. Food and Drug Administration (US). Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages; FDA: Washington, DC, USA, 2009. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Benzene/ucm055131.htm (accessed on September 30, 2010).
16. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. Joint FAO/WHO Meeting to Review Toxicological and Health Aspects of Bisphenol A. Summary Report Including Report of Stakeholder Meeting on Bisphenol A. 1-5 November 2010, Ottawa, Canada; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. Available online: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/chemicals/BPA_Summary2010.pdf (accessed on December 1, 2010).
17. Food and Drug Administration (US). Collection and Analysis of Food for Perchlorate-High Priority-DFP # 05-09; FDA: Washington, DC, USA, 2005. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/ChemicalContaminants/Perchlorate/ucm077709.htm (accessed on September 30, 2010).
18. World Health Organization. Nitrate (and Potential Endogenous Formation of N-Nitroso Compounds); WHO Food Additive Series: 50; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002.
19. Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Dioxins in Pork and Bacon Products; FSAI: Dublin, Ireland, 2008. Available online: http://www.fsai.ie/details.aspx?id=7875&LangType=1033&terms=pork+dioxin (accessed on September 30, 2010).
20. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Proposal P1002-Hydrocyanic Acid in Ready-to-Eat Cassava Chips. First Review Report; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2009. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/P1002%20Hydrocyanic%20acid%20in%20cassava%20chips%20FRR%20FINAL.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
21. World Health Organization. About Risk Analysis in Food; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. Available online: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/micro/riskanalysis/en/ (accessed on September 30, 2010).
22. World Health Organization. WHO/FNU/FOS/95.3. Application of Risk Analysis to Food Standards Issues, a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Geneva, Switzerland, 13-17 March 1995; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1995. Available online: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/micro/march1995/en/index.html (accessed on September 30, 2010).
23. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Working Principles for Risk Analysis for Food Safety for Application by Governments, 1st ed.; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2010. Available online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/Booklets/Risk/Risk_EN_FR_ES.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
24. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Procedural Manual, 19th ed.; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2010. Available online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/ProcManuals/Manual_19e.pdf(accessed on December 6, 2010).
25. Armstrong, B.K.; White, E.; Saracci, R. Principles of Exposure Measurement in Epidemiology; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1992.
26. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. Joint FAO/WHO Consultation on Food Consumption and Exposure Assessment of Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, 10-14 February 1997; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1997. Available online: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/exposure_feb1997/en/index.html (accessed on December 6, 2010).
27. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. Project to Update the Principles and Methods of Assessment of Chemicals in Food; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008. Available online: http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/update_project/en/index.html (accessed on September 30, 2010).
28. World Health Organization. Estimating Appropriate Levels of Vitamins and Minerals for Food Fortification Programmes: the WHO Intake Monitoring, Assessment and Planning Program (IMAPP): Meeting Report; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. Available online: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/9789241599603.pdf (accessed on November 29, 2010).
29. Shen, D.D. Toxicokinetics. In Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: the Basic Science of Poisons, 7th ed.; Klaassen, C.D, Ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: New York, NY, USA, 2008.
30. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Fifty-Seventh Report; WHO Technical Report Series 909. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002. Available online: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_909.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
31. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Seventy-Third Meeting, Geneva, 8-17 June 2010. Summary and Conclusions; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. Available online: http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/agns/jecfa/JECFA73%20Summary%20Report%20Final.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
32. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Home Page. Available online: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/jecfa.jsp (accessed on September 30, 2010).
33. Joint FAO/WHO Meetings on Pesticide Residues Home Page. Available online: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/jmpr.jsp (accessed on September 30, 2010).
34. Beaton, G.H. Uses and limits of the use of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for evaluating dietary intake data. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1985, 41, 155-164.
35. Subcomittee on Dietary Evaluation, Food and Nutrition Board. Nutrient Adequacy. Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1986. Available online: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=618 (accessed on September 30, 2010).
36. Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes. Applications in Dietary Planning; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2003. Available online: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309088534 (accessed on September 30, 2010).
37. Mackerras, D.; Powers, J.; Boorman, J.; Loxton, D.; Giles, G. Estimating the impact of mandatory fortification of bread with iodine on pregnant and post-partum women. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2010, doi:10.1136/jech.2009.089169.
38. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. 22nd Australian Total Diet Study. A Total Diet Study of Five Trace Elements: Iodine, Selenium, Chromium, Molybdenum, and Nickel; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2008. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/scienceandeducation/publications/22ndaustraliantotaldietstudy/ (accessed on September 30, 2010).
39. New Zealand Food Safety Authority. New Zealand Total Diet Study; NZFSA: Wellington, New Zealand, 2009. Available online: http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/science/research-projects/total-diet-survey/index.htm (accessed on September 30, 2010).
40. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Study of Dietary Intakes of Chemical Contaminants; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1985.
41. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Confidentialised Unit Record File; ABS: Canberra, Australia, 1998.
42. Subar, A.F.; Dodd, K.W.; Guenther, P.M.; Kipnis, V.; Midthune, D.; McDowell, M.; Tooze, J.A.; Freedman, L.S.; Krebs-Smith, S.M. The food propensity questionnaire: concept, development, and validation for use as a covariate in a model to estimate usual food intake. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2006, 106, 1556-1563.
43. Freedman, L.S.; Midthune, D.; Carroll, R.J.; Krebs-Smith, S.; Subar, A.F.; Troiano, R.P.; Dodd, K.; Schatzkin, A.; Bingham, S.A.; Ferrari, P.; Kipnis, V. Adjustments to improve the estimation of usual dietary intake distributions in the population. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 1836-1843. Erratum in: J. Nutr. 2005, 135, 1524.
44. Kipnis, V.; Midthune, D.; Buckman, D.W.; Dodd, K.W.; Guenther, P.M.; Krebs-Smith, S.M.; Subar, A.F.; Tooze, J.A.; Carroll, R.J.; Freedman, L.S. Modeling data with excess zeros and measurement error: application to evaluating relationships between episodically consumed foods and health outcomes. Biometrics 2009, 65, 1003-1010.
45. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Proposal P295-Consideration of Mandatory Fortification with Folic Acid. Final Assessment Report; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia 2006. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/foodstandards/proposals/proposalp295considerationofmandatoryfortificationwithfolicacid/p295finalassessmentr3568.cfm (accessed on September 30, 2010).
46. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Proposal P1003-Mandatory Iodine Fortification for Australia. Approval Report; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2008. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/foodstandards/proposals/proposalp295considerationofmandatoryfortificationwithfolicacid/p295finalassessmentr3568.cfm (accessed on September 30, 2010).
47. Thoma, C.; Seal, J.; Mackerras, D.; Hunt, A. Iodine fortification of bread: experiences from Australia and New Zealand. In Flour and Breads and Their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention; Preedy, V.R., Watson, R.R., Patel, V.B., Eds.; Academic Press: London, UK, 2011.
48. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Application A570-Ferric Sodium EDTA as a Permitted Form of Iron. Final Assessment Report; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2008. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A570%20Ferric%20Sodium%20Edetate%20FAR%20FINAL.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
49. Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Application A603-Red 3 Erythrosine in Food Colouring Preparations. Final Assessment Report; FSANZ: Canberra, Australia, 2010. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/A603%20Erythrosine%20FAR%20FINAL.pdf (accessed on September 30, 2010).
50. World Health Organization. GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. Available online: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/gems/en/index1.html (accessed on September 30, 2010).