Fear extinction in traumatized civilians with posttraumatic stress disorder: Relation to symptom severity

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 69, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 556-563

  Norrholm, Seth D ^a,b   Jovanovic, Tanja ^b   Olin, Ilana W ^a,b   Sands, Lauren A ^b   Karapanou, India ^b   Bradley, Bekh ^a,b   Ressler, Kerry J ^a,b,c,d  

^a ATLANTA VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety disorders; fear extinction; fear potentiated startle; psychophysiology; trauma

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AVERSION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEAR; FEAR POTENTIATED STARTLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY; STIMULUS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); EXTINCTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOMETRICS; PSYCHOPHYSICS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STARTLE REACTION; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 79952038237     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.013     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. APA (1994): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Amstadter AB, Nugent NR, Koenen KC (2009): Genetics of PTSD: Fear conditioning as a model for future research. Psychiatr Ann 39:358-367.
3. Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T (2010): Tailoring therapeutic strategies for treating posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 6:517-532.
4. Rothbaum BO, Davis M (2003): Applying learning principles to the treatment of post-trauma reactions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1008:112-121.
5. Friedman M (2006): Post-Traumatic and Acute Stress Disorders. The Latest Assessment and Treatment Strategies, 4th ed. Kansas City, Missouri: Dean Psych Press Corporation.
6. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL (2004): Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med 351:13-22. (Pubitemid 38857243)
7. Rothbaum BO, Kozak MJ, Foa EB, Whitaker DJ (2001): Posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: Autonomic habituation to auditory stimuli. J Trauma Stress 14:283-293. (Pubitemid 32641694)
8. Koenen K, Aiello AE, Bakshis E, Amstadter AB, Ruggiero KJ, Acierno R, et al. (2009): Modification of the association between serotonin transporter genotype and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults by county-level social environment. Am J Epidemiol 169:704-711.
9. Difede J, Cukor J, Jayasinghe N, Patt I, Jedel S, Spielman L, et al. (2007): Virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following September 11, 2001. J Clin Psychiatry 68:1639-1647. (Pubitemid 350247492)
10. Rothbaum BO, Astin MC, Marsteller F (2005): Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. J Trauma Stress 18:607-616. (Pubitemid 46421935)
11. Rothbaum BO, Hodges L, Alarcon R, Ready D, Shahar F, Graap K, et al. (1999): Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: A case study. J Trauma Stress 12:263-271. (Pubitemid 29279485)
12. Rothbaum BO, Meadows EA, Resick P, Foy DW (2000): Cognitive-behavioral therapy. In: Foa EB, Friedman MI, Keane T, editors. Effective Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies New York: Guilford Publications.
13. Foa EB, Hembree E, Rothbaum BO (2007): Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences, Therapist Guide. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Davis M (1997): The neurophysiological basis of acoustic startle modulation: Research on fear motivation and sensory gating. In: Lang PJ, Simons RF, Balaban MT, editors. Attention and Orienting: Sensory and Motivational Processes. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 69-96.
15. Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Fennell JE, Keyes M, Fiallos A, Myers KM, et al. (2009): Posttraumatic stress disorder may be associated with impaired fear inhibition: Relation to symptom severity. Psychiatry Res 167:151-160.
16. Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Blanding NQ, Davis M, Duncan E, Bradley B, Ressler KJ (2010): Impaired fear inhibition is a biomarker of PTSD but not depression. Depress Anxiety 27:244-251.
17. Milad MR, Orr SP, Lasko NB, Chang Y, Rauch SL, Pitman RK (2008): Presence and acquired origin of reduced recall for fear extinction in PTSD: Results of a twin study. J Psychiatr Res 42:515-520.
18. Milad MR, Pitman RK, Ellis CB, Gold AL, Shin LM, Lasko NB, et al. (2009): Neurobiological basis of failure to recall extinction memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66:1075-1082.
19. Felmingham K, Kemp A, Williams L, Das P, Hughes G, Peduto A, Bryant R (2007): Changes in anterior cingulate and amygdala after cognitive behavior therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psych Sci 18:127-129.
20. Alim TN, Graves E, Mellman TA, Aigbogun N, Gray E, Lawson W, Charney DS (2006): Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in an African-American primary Care population. J Natl Med Assoc 98:1630-1636. (Pubitemid 44682958)
21. Breslau N, Peterson EL, Poisson LM, Schultz LR, Lucia VC (2004): Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events. Psychol Med 34:889-898. (Pubitemid 39089527)
22. Gillespie CF, Bradley RG, Mercer K, Smith AK, Conneely K, Gapen M, et al. (2009): Trauma exposure and stress-related disorders in Inner City primary Care patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 31:505-514.
23. Binder EB, Bradley RG, Liu W, Epstein MP, Deveau TC, Mercer KB, et al. (2008, 2008): Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. JAMA 299:1291-1305. (Pubitemid 351439075)
24. Falsetti S, Resnick H, Resick P, Kilpatrick D (1993): The Modified PTSD Symptom Scale: A brief self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Therapist 16:161-162.
25. Foa EB, Tolin DF (2000): Comparison of the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview version with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress 13:181-191. (Pubitemid 30333790)
26. Schwartz AC, Bradley RL, Sexton M, Sherry A, Ressler KJ (2005, 2005): Posttraumatic stress disorder among African Americans in an inner city mental health clinic. Psychiatr Serv 56:212-215. (Pubitemid 40216781)
27. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelsohn M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961): An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4:561-571.
28. Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, et al. (2003): Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abus Negl 27:169-190. (Pubitemid 36293325)
29. Bernstein DP, Fink L (1998): Childhood Trauma Questionnaire A Retrospective Self-Report Manual. San Antonio, Texas: Psychological Corporation.
30. Norrholm SD, Vervliet B, Jovanovic T, Boshoven W, Myers KM, Davis M, et al. (2008): Timing of extinction relative to acquisition: A parametric analysis of fear extinction in humans. Behav Neurosci 122:1016-1030.
31. Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T, Vervliet B, Myers KM, Davis M, Rothbaum BO, Duncan EJ (2006): Conditioned fear extinction and reinstatement in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm. Learn Mem 13:681-685. (Pubitemid 44871667)
32. Jovanovic T, Norrholm SD, Keyes M, Fiallos A, Jovanovic S, Myers KM, et al. (2006): Contingency awareness and fear inhibition in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm. Behav Neurosci 120:995-1004. (Pubitemid 44584011)
33. Lissek S, Powers AS, McClure EB, Phelps EA, Woldehawariat G, Grillon C, Pine DS (2005): Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther 43:1391-1424. (Pubitemid 41282795)
34. Shin LM, Wright CI, Cannistraro PA, Wedig MM, McMullin K, Martis B, et al. (2005): A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:273-281. (Pubitemid 40990972)
35. Rauch SL, Whalen PJ, Shin LM, McInerney SC, Macklin ML, Lasko NB, et al. (2000): Exaggerated amygdala response to masked facial stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional MRI study. Biol Psychiatry 47:769-776. (Pubitemid 30254049)
36. Quirk GJ, Beer JS (2006): Prefrontal involvement in the regulation of emotion: Convergence of rat and human studies. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:723-727. (Pubitemid 44791920)
37. Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, Anderson P, Graap K, Zimand E, et al. (2004): Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: Use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61:1136-1144. (Pubitemid 39463415)
38. Davis M (2002): Role of NMDA receptors and MAP kinase in the amygdala in extinction of fear: Clinical implications for exposure therapy. Eur J Neurosci 16:395-398.
39. Davis M, Ressler K, Rothbaum BO, Richardson R (2006): Effects of d-cycloserine on extinction: Translation from preclinical to clinical work. Biol Psychiatry 60:369-375. (Pubitemid 44215855)
40. Hofmann SG, Meuret AE, Smits JAJ, Simon NM, Pollack MH, Eisenmenger K, et al. (2006): Augmentation of exposure therapy with d-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:298-304. (Pubitemid 43345354)
41. Hasenkamp W, Norrholm SD, Green A, Lewison B, Boshoven W, Keyes M, Duncan E (2008): Differences in startle reflex prepulse in European-American and African-Americans. Psychophysiology 45:876-882.
42. Shin LM, Rauch SL, Pitman RK (2006): Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071:67-79. (Pubitemid 44126721)
43. Milad MR, Quirk GJ, Pitman RK, Orr SP, Fischl B, Rauch SL (2007):Arole for the human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in fear expression. Biol Psychiatry 62:1191-1194. (Pubitemid 350029727)