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Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 131-157

Sovereignty, governmentality and development in Ayub's Pakistan: The case of Korangi Township

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GOVERNMENT; NATIONAL SECURITY; POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT; POLITICAL HISTORY; POLITICAL POWER; POST-COLONIALISM; SOVEREIGNTY; STATE BUILDING;

EID: 79951751381     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: 14698099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X1000034X     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (132)
  • 1
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    • Pakistan progress under military rule
    • For instance 23 October For celebratory pictures see ibid., 4 November, 1960
    • For instance 'Pakistan Progress under Military Rule' The Times, 23 October, 1959. For celebratory pictures see ibid., 4 November, 1960.
    • (1959) The Times
  • 2
    • 0004174271 scopus 로고
    • Recent and important contributions include 1st edn Lahore, Pakistan: Progressive Publishers
    • Recent and important contributions include Mohammad Waseem, Politics and the State in Pakistan, 1st edn (Lahore, Pakistan: Progressive Publishers, 1989);
    • (1989) Politics and the State in Pakistan
    • Waseem, M.1
  • 7
    • 77957352132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Columbia University Press
    • Farzana Shaikh, Making Sense of Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009).
    • (2009) Making Sense of Pakistan
    • Shaikh, F.1
  • 11
    • 84889320631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an impressively rigorous, albeit somewhat mechanistic, example in the field of city planning see Malden: Blackwell Publishing
    • For an impressively rigorous, albeit somewhat mechanistic, example in the field of city planning see Stephen Legg, Spaces of Colonialism: Delhi's Urban Governmentalities (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007).
    • (2007) Spaces of Colonialism: Delhi's Urban Governmentalities
    • Legg, S.1
  • 18
    • 0038750489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is the result of Foucault's own shifty usage, which becomes clearer only when considering his lecture cycle as a whole. Much of the reception prior to 2007 derives the meaning of 'governmentality' exclusively from Lecture 4 (1 February, 1978) which is the only one to have been widely circulated before the recent publication of the entire lecture cycle. For instance, in New York: New Press Unlike the others, Lecture 4 downplays the juxtaposition of disciplinary and 'security' power
    • This is the result of Foucault's own shifty usage, which becomes clearer only when considering his lecture cycle as a whole. Much of the reception prior to 2007 derives the meaning of 'governmentality' exclusively from Lecture 4 (1 February, 1978) which is the only one to have been widely circulated before the recent publication of the entire lecture cycle. For instance, in Michel Foucault, Power, Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984 (New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 201-222. Unlike the others, Lecture 4 downplays the juxtaposition of disciplinary and 'security' power.
    • (2000) Power, Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984 , pp. 201-222
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 19
    • 0003914886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notable examples include (in addition to those quoted elsewhere in this paper) Princeton, Princeton University Press
    • Notable examples include (in addition to those quoted elsewhere in this paper) Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1999),
    • (1999) Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India
    • Prakash, G.1
  • 25
    • 0003984674 scopus 로고
    • For similar approaches outside South Asia see Berkeley: University of California Press
    • For similar approaches outside South Asia see Timothy Mitchell, Colonising Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988),
    • (1988) Colonising Egypt
    • Mitchell, T.1
  • 27
    • 77954881703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an up-to-date account and bibliography of this debate see
    • For an up-to-date account and bibliography of this debate see Legg, Spaces of Colonialism, pp. 18-25.
    • Spaces of Colonialism , pp. 18-25
    • Legg1
  • 28
    • 0003931980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In a general context see the critique of Foucault in Stanford: Stanford University Press
    • In a general context see the critique of Foucault in Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998).
    • (1998) Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life
    • Agamben, G.1
  • 31
    • 0003632616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Africa, see Berkeley: University of California Press
    • For Africa, see J. A. Mbembé, On the Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
    • (2001) On the Postcolony
    • Mbembé, J.A.1
  • 32
    • 79951754796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "In the name of politics": Sovereignty, democracy and the multitude in India
    • Nathalie Karagiannis and Peter Wagner (eds) Liverpool: Liverpool University Press
    • Dipesh Chakrabarty, '"In the Name of Politics": Sovereignty, Democracy and the Multitude in India', in Nathalie Karagiannis and Peter Wagner (eds), Varieties of World-Making: Beyond Globalization (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008), pp. 115-124;
    • (2008) Varieties of World-making: Beyond Globalization , pp. 115-124
    • Chakrabarty, D.1
  • 37
    • 0042143840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He made this argument before developing the concept of 'governmentality'
    • He made this argument before developing the concept of 'governmentality'. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended, pp. 37-50.
    • Society Must be Defended , pp. 37-50
    • Foucault1
  • 38
    • 79951758725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an application to the present context see
    • For an application to the present context see Chakrabarty, 'In the Name of Politics', pp. 129-131.
    • The Name of Politics , pp. 129-131
    • Chakrabarty1
  • 39
    • 0007387664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On civil and political society in post-colonial democracies
    • See Sudipta Kaviraj and Sunil Khilnani (eds) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • See Partha Chatterjee, 'On Civil and Political Society in Post-Colonial Democracies', in Sudipta Kaviraj and Sunil Khilnani (eds), Civil Society: History and Possibilities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 165-178;
    • (2002) Civil Society: History and Possibilities , pp. 165-178
    • Chatterjee, P.1
  • 43
    • 0037564001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an anthropological account of emergency in India see Berkeley: University of California Press
    • For an anthropological account of emergency in India see Emma Tarlo, Unsettling Memories: Narratives of the Emergency in Delhi (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
    • (2001) Unsettling Memories: Narratives of the Emergency in Delhi
    • Tarlo, E.1
  • 47
    • 79951734572 scopus 로고
    • Foreign aid for Korangi scheme
    • 16 November also 3 December, 1958; 6 January, 1959; 18 January, 1959; 9 March, 1959; 10 April, 1959; Sunday magazine specials, 17 May, 1959 and 31 May 1959
    • 'Foreign Aid for Korangi Scheme' Dawn, 16 November, 1958; also 3 December, 1958; 6 January, 1959; 18 January, 1959; 9 March, 1959; 10 April, 1959; Sunday magazine specials, 17 May, 1959 and 31 May 1959;
    • (1958) Dawn
  • 49
    • 79951731583 scopus 로고
    • 7 December
    • Dawn, 7 December, 1959.
    • (1959) Dawn
  • 51
    • 84902739764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the wider historical context see New Haven, London: Yale University Press
    • For the wider historical context see Yasmin Khan, The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan(New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2007).
    • (2007) The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan
    • Khan, Y.1
  • 52
    • 79951735649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S.A.A.B. Rizvi, 'Findings on the socio economic and housing survey of the central flat areas of Karachi 1960'. Pakistan Institute of Ekistics, Archive File 20191: CADA; Dox PA 17, Development of the Korangi Area 2/6/1959: CADA, PakVol. 14, p. 419-422
    • S.A.A.B. Rizvi, 'Findings on the socio economic and housing survey of the central flat areas of Karachi 1960'. Pakistan Institute of Ekistics, Archive File 20191: CADA; Dox PA 17, Development of the Korangi Area 2/6/1959: CADA, PakVol. 14, p. 419-422.
  • 53
    • 79951727909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 428
    • Ibid., p. 428;
  • 55
    • 79951753744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Pakistan Housing' TOICA 901, 24/12/1958, United States National Archives (USNA), Box 9: RG469, Records of the Foreign Assistance Agencies, Deputy Director's Office, Near East Central Files, Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-58
    • 'Pakistan Housing' TOICA 901, 24/12/1958, United States National Archives (USNA), Box 9: RG469, Records of the Foreign Assistance Agencies, Deputy Director's Office, Near East Central Files, Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-58.
  • 56
    • 79951763444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-PKH 2381 24/1/61, C-PKH 2667 24/3/61, C-PKH 2875 20/4/61: CADA PakVol. 107
    • C-PKH 2381 24/1/61, C-PKH 2667 24/3/61, C-PKH 2875 20/4/61: CADA PakVol. 107;
  • 57
    • 79951751296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-PKH 4688 28/6/62: CADA PakVol. 154
    • C-PKH 4688 28/6/62: CADA PakVol. 154.
  • 58
    • 79951755873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-PKH 2906: CADA PakVol. 108
    • C-PKH 2906: CADA PakVol. 108;
  • 59
    • 79951759322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-PKH 4054: CADA PakVol. 153
    • C-PKH 4054: CADA PakVol. 153;
  • 60
    • 79951756912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter West Pakistan Government Hospital (Korangi) to KDA [date missing] Pakistan Correspondence C-PKH 5663-6095, May-August 1963: CADA PakVol. 187
    • Letter West Pakistan Government Hospital (Korangi) to KDA [date missing] Pakistan Correspondence C-PKH 5663-6095, May-August 1963: CADA PakVol. 187.
  • 61
    • 79951734133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-Pak KH 7079, 19/8/1964: CADA PakVol. 213
    • C-Pak KH 7079, 19/8/1964: CADA PakVol. 213.
  • 62
    • 79951751101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-PKH 2660 24/3/1961 Progress of Activities in Social Planning for February 1961: CADA PakVol. 107. S.A.A.B.
    • C-PKH 2660 24/3/1961 Progress of Activities in Social Planning for February 1961: CADA PakVol. 107. S.A.A.B.;
  • 64
    • 79951729376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Demand and Collection in Korangi (Arif)' C-PKH 5047 13/10/1962: CADA 'Archive File' 17928. C-Pak KH 6800 7/5/1964 'Comments on the Cost Analysis of the Greater Karachi Resettlement Programme': CADA PakVol. 213
    • 'Demand and Collection in Korangi (Arif)' C-PKH 5047 13/10/1962: CADA 'Archive File' 17928. C-Pak KH 6800 7/5/1964 'Comments on the Cost Analysis of the Greater Karachi Resettlement Programme': CADA PakVol. 213.
  • 65
    • 79951766371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dox PAK LH 18, 16/5/64, Rehabilitation of Low Income shelterless families in West Pakistan: CADA PakVol. 199
    • Dox PAK LH 18, 16/5/64, Rehabilitation of Low Income shelterless families in West Pakistan: CADA PakVol. 199.
  • 66
    • 79951730977 scopus 로고
    • 9 April
    • Dawn 9 April, 1959;
    • (1959) Dawn
  • 67
    • 79951765252 scopus 로고
    • Our foreign aid program - A bureaucratic nightmare
    • April
    • George Meader, 'Our Foreign Aid Program - a Bureaucratic Nightmare', Reader's Digest, April 1957.
    • (1957) Reader's Digest
    • Meader, G.1
  • 68
    • 79951759532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Also House of Representatives, Eighty-Fifth Congress, Second Session, Part II USNA RG233
    • Also Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Eighty-Fifth Congress, Second Session, Part II, pp. 1059-1071: USNA RG233.
    • Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations , pp. 1059-1071
  • 69
    • 79951739931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICA advisor Robert Clifford, for instance, wanted more agricultural development but no steel mill, 'Telegram State to Karachi' 30 July, 1957, Box 9; similarly Audit Report to the Congress of the United States: United States Assistance Program for Pakistan, International Cooperation Administration, Department of State, 1955, p. 5, Box 15. The contrary view was powerfully expressed by Rep. Passman, Chairman of Foreign Operations Subcommittee on House Appropriations Committee, 'Confidential Comments on Foreign Aid Programme', 26 October, 1955: USNA RG469 Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-1958, File 'Pakistan programs', Box 12
    • ICA advisor Robert Clifford, for instance, wanted more agricultural development but no steel mill, 'Telegram State to Karachi' 30 July, 1957, Box 9; similarly Audit Report to the Congress of the United States: United States Assistance Program for Pakistan, International Cooperation Administration, Department of State, 1955, p. 5, Box 15. The contrary view was powerfully expressed by Rep. Passman, Chairman of Foreign Operations Subcommittee on House Appropriations Committee, 'Confidential Comments on Foreign Aid Programme', 26 October, 1955: USNA RG469 Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-1958, File 'Pakistan programs', Box 12.
  • 70
    • 79951739333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meeting Notes on German and US Steel Industry in Pakistan 14 September, 1953, Magis, Ed Dahl, SOA, Jo Drake, Larry Nahai; USNA, Box 1
    • Meeting Notes on German and US Steel Industry in Pakistan 14 September, 1953, Magis, Ed Dahl, SOA, Jo Drake, Larry Nahai; USNA, Box 1.
  • 71
    • 79951765041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Karachi Dispatch 468, 26 January, 1955: USNA, File Pakistan - programs 1955-1956, RG469 Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-58, Box 12
    • Karachi Dispatch 468, 26 January, 1955: USNA, File Pakistan - programs 1955-1956, RG469 Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-58, Box 12.
  • 72
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    • Letter 'AKA' 1 January
    • Letter 'AKA', Dawn, 1 January, 1958;
    • (1958) Dawn
  • 73
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    • A trader
    • Letter 1 February
    • Letter 'A Trader', Dawn, 1 February, 1959, p. 7;
    • (1959) Dawn , pp. 7
  • 74
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    • also see
    • also see Noman, Pakistan, pp. 15-21.
    • Pakistan , pp. 15-21
    • Noman1
  • 75
    • 79951730559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ernest F. Fisk's farewell assessment, Lahore Despatch 165, 3 May, 1957: USNA File - Pakistan Programs Evaluation, RG469 Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-58, Box 13
    • Ernest F. Fisk's farewell assessment, Lahore Despatch 165, 3 May, 1957: USNA File - Pakistan Programs Evaluation, RG469 Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-58, Box 13.
  • 76
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    • The state of martial rule: The origins of Pakistan's political economy of defence
    • For a more detailed discussion of the history of this development see Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • For a more detailed discussion of the history of this development see Ayesha Jalal, 'The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence', Cambridge South Asian Studies, No, 46 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
    • (1990) Cambridge South Asian Studies , Issue.46
    • Jalal, A.1
  • 77
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    • 1 January 20 January, 1959; 2 March, 1959; 7 March, 1959; 21 March, 1959
    • Dawn, 1 January, 1959; 20 January, 1959; 2 March, 1959; 7 March, 1959; 21 March, 1959.
    • (1959) Dawn
  • 78
    • 73649122300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards global human settlements: Constantinos doxiadis as entrepreneur, coalition-builder and visionary
    • For the best recent account see Joe Nasr and Mercedes Volait (eds) Chichester, New York: John Wiley & Sons
    • For the best recent account see Ray Bromley, 'Towards Global Human Settlements: Constantinos Doxiadis as Entrepreneur, Coalition-Builder and Visionary', in Joe Nasr and Mercedes Volait (eds) Urbanism: Imported or Exported? (Chichester, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), pp. 316-340.
    • (2003) Urbanism: Imported or Exported? , pp. 316-340
    • Bromley, R.1
  • 80
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    • The Arab metropolis
    • lecture delivered at the Seminar on sponsored by the Congress of Cultural Freedom, Cairo 18-23 December CADA, General Reports R-GA 211
    • C. A. Doxiadis 'The Arab Metropolis', lecture delivered at the Seminar on 'The New Metropolis in the Arab World' sponsored by the Congress of Cultural Freedom, Cairo 18-23 December, 1960. CADA, General Reports R-GA 211.
    • (1960) The New Metropolis in the Arab World
    • Doxiadis, C.A.1
  • 82
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    • For example November CADA, Iraq
    • For example, Reports R-QA 790-821, November 1957: CADA, Iraq Vol. 63.
    • (1957) Reports R-QA 790-821 , vol.63
  • 83
    • 79951737243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One amongst many examples is Doxiadis' reading of Le Corbusier's grand project: Dox PP 78 Report on Chandi Garh, February 1956, CADA: PakVol. 6
    • One amongst many examples is Doxiadis' reading of Le Corbusier's grand project: Dox PP 78 Report on Chandi Garh, February 1956, CADA: PakVol. 6.
  • 84
    • 79951736660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The most direct link existed in the person of Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, one of the most important popularizers of Geddes's ideas. She was also one of Doxiadis' closest collaborators and editor of his 'house journal' Ekistics
    • The most direct link existed in the person of Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, one of the most important popularizers of Geddes's ideas. She was also one of Doxiadis' closest collaborators and editor of his 'house journal' Ekistics.
  • 86
    • 79951754183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De-urbanizing the city: Colonial cognition and the people of Lahore
    • for a case study see Ian Talbot and Shinder Thandi (eds) Karachi: Oxford University Press especially p. 29
    • for a case study see Markus Daechsel, 'De-Urbanizing the City: Colonial Cognition and the People of Lahore', in Ian Talbot and Shinder Thandi (eds) People on the Move: Punjabi Colonial and Post-Colonial Migration (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 21-44, especially p. 29.
    • (2004) People on the Move: Punjabi Colonial and Post-colonial Migration , pp. 21-44
    • Daechsel, M.1
  • 87
    • 79951743341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-PKH 3130 2-6-1961: CADA, PakVol. 108
    • C-PKH 3130 2-6-1961: CADA, PakVol. 108.
  • 90
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    • A city for human development
    • Constantinos A. Doxiadis, 'A City for Human Development', Ekistics, vol. 25, no. 151 (1968),
    • (1968) Ekistics , vol.25 , Issue.151
    • Doxiadis, C.A.1
  • 91
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    • Islamabad: The creation of a new capital
    • C. A. Doxiadis, 'Islamabad: The Creation of a New Capital', The Town Planning Review, vol. 36, no. 1 (1965), pp. 18-24.
    • (1965) The Town Planning Review , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-24
    • Doxiadis, C.A.1
  • 96
    • 79951743573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter to Joint Secretary - Ministry of Rehabilitation, Gov Pak. 3 February, 1959: CADA PakVol. 34
    • Letter to Joint Secretary - Ministry of Rehabilitation, Gov Pak. 3 February, 1959: CADA PakVol. 34;
  • 97
    • 79951748236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revision of Greater Karachi Housing Programmes, Discussion at the Planning Commission, C-PKH 1521, 9 July, 1960: CADA PakVol. 70
    • Revision of Greater Karachi Housing Programmes, Discussion at the Planning Commission, C-PKH 1521, 9 July, 1960: CADA PakVol. 70.
  • 98
    • 79951735211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allotment Policy for shifting of Refugees (Received from KDA Resettlement Branch on 1.5.1961), attached to R-PKH 202, Social Planning in Korangi: CADA PakVol. 175
    • Allotment Policy for shifting of Refugees (Received from KDA Resettlement Branch on 1.5.1961), attached to R-PKH 202, Social Planning in Korangi: CADA PakVol. 175.
  • 101
    • 79951748237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example Dox PA 17 'Development of the Korangi Area' in CADA: PakVol. 14
    • For example Dox PA 17 'Development of the Korangi Area' in CADA: PakVol. 14.
  • 105
    • 79951750883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doxiadis Associates later performed remarkable feats in statistical manipulation proving that Islamabad would not be a civil servant ghetto, despite the fact that most of the projected population was already accounted for by bureaucrats CADA
    • Doxiadis Associates later performed remarkable feats in statistical manipulation proving that Islamabad would not be a civil servant ghetto, despite the fact that most of the projected population was already accounted for by bureaucrats. 'The Federal Capital of Pakistan: Periodical report No. 5, Estimating the cost': CADA PakVol. 16, p. 197.
    • The Federal Capital of Pakistan: Periodical Report No. 5, Estimating the Cost , vol.16 , pp. 197
  • 106
    • 79951743778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Pakistan Housing' TOICA 901, 24 December, 1958, USNA, RG469. Records of the Foreign Assistance Agencies, Deputy Director's Office, Near East Central Files, Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-1958, Box 9
    • 'Pakistan Housing' TOICA 901, 24 December, 1958, USNA, RG469. Records of the Foreign Assistance Agencies, Deputy Director's Office, Near East Central Files, Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-1958, Box 9.
  • 108
    • 42949149065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hamlet or hecuba: Carl Schmitt's decision
    • Summer
    • Victoria Kahn, 'Hamlet or Hecuba: Carl Schmitt's Decision', Representations, vol. 83, no. Summer (2003).
    • (2003) Representations , vol.83
    • Kahn, V.1
  • 109
    • 55949112514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More specifically From Walter Benjamin to Carl Schmitt, via Thomas Hobbes
    • More specifically Horst Bredekamp et al.. 'From Walter Benjamin to Carl Schmitt, via Thomas Hobbes', Critical Inquiry (1999) vol. 25 (2) pp. 251-254.
    • (1999) Critical Inquiry , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 251-254
    • Bredekamp, H.1
  • 110
    • 84931312187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Audio Recording, downloaded from [accessed 1 October, 2010]
    • Maulana Muhammad Rafi Usmani, Kuch Yadein, Kuch Batein, Audio Recording, downloaded from www.aswatalislam.net [accessed 1 October, 2010].
    • Kuch Yadein, Kuch Batein
    • Usmani, M.M.R.1
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    • 79951742967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See map of existing built-up areas in Dox-PA 17 2/6/1959, p. 417
    • See map of existing built-up areas in Dox-PA 17 2/6/1959, p. 417.
  • 113
    • 79951751509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-PKH 2292, 7 January, 1961 CADA: PakVol. 107
    • C-PKH 2292, 7 January, 1961 CADA: PakVol. 107;
  • 114
    • 79951727908 scopus 로고
    • 10 April
    • Dawn, 10 April, 1959, p. 14;
    • (1959) Dawn , pp. 14
  • 115
    • 84954142518 scopus 로고
    • 4 November
    • The Times, 4 November, 1960.
    • (1960) The Times
  • 116
    • 79951759745 scopus 로고
    • 8 December
    • Dawn, 8 December, 1959.
    • (1959) Dawn
  • 117
    • 79951745628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-PKH 4456, 27 April, 1962: CADA, Vol. Dox-Pakistan, p. 154
    • C-PKH 4456, 27 April, 1962: CADA, Vol. Dox-Pakistan, p. 154.
  • 118
    • 79951762443 scopus 로고
    • 2 February
    • Dawn, 2 February, 1961.
    • (1961) Dawn
  • 120
    • 26444496792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not to be confused with commonsense notions of a 'police state'
    • Not to be confused with commonsense notions of a 'police state', Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, pp. 313-328.
    • Security, Territory, Population , pp. 313-328
    • Foucault1
  • 121
    • 79951765990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The panopticon is really the oldest dream of the oldest sovereign
    • Ibid.
    • 'The panopticon is really the oldest dream of the oldest sovereign', Ibid., p. 66.
    • Security, Territory, Population , pp. 66
    • Foucault1
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    • 79951755602 scopus 로고
    • 12 February
    • Dawn, 12 February, 1961;
    • (1961) Dawn
  • 123
    • 79951739537 scopus 로고
    • Communication and Works Department 25 August C-PKH 6109: CADA
    • Communication and Works Department, 'Minutes meeting with Abdul Aziz', 25 August, 1963, C-PKH 6109: CADA, PakVol. 188.
    • (1963) Minutes Meeting with Abdul Aziz , vol.188
  • 125
    • 79951732638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, Letter Mashooq Ali, President, Kurrissian [Qureshian] Mosque to Overseer in Charge Market 36/D, 6 April, 1962, R-PA 150, 12 April, 1962, Building Regulations for Korangi (draft): CADA PakVol. 154
    • For example, Letter Mashooq Ali, President, Kurrissian [Qureshian] Mosque to Overseer in Charge Market 36/D, 6 April, 1962, R-PA 150, 12 April, 1962, Building Regulations for Korangi (draft): CADA PakVol. 154;
  • 126
    • 79951729965 scopus 로고
    • Letter 10 November CADA
    • Letter 'Residents of 2-A Area', 10 November, 1961, CADA: PakVol. 110.
    • (1961) Residents of 2-A Area , vol.110
  • 127
    • 44649121907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [accessed 10 October, 2008]
    • Google Earth [accessed 10 October, 2008].
    • Google Earth
  • 128
    • 79951735650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, Letter Mashooq Ali Siddiq, Aziz Ahmad Bukhari, C-PKH 6271, 30 October, 1963: CADA PakVol. 188
    • For example, Letter Mashooq Ali Siddiq, Aziz Ahmad Bukhari, C-PKH 6271, 30 October, 1963: CADA PakVol. 188;
  • 129
    • 79951764461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter S.Y. Karmani, Chairman Baldia Residence Deputation, 22 November, 1960: CADA PakVol. 108
    • Letter S.Y. Karmani, Chairman Baldia Residence Deputation, 22 November, 1960: CADA PakVol. 108.
  • 130
    • 84945630807 scopus 로고
    • The state in post-colonial societies - Pakistan and Bangladesh
    • It is indicative, for instance, that Hamza Alavi's celebrated Poulantzian theoretization of the Pakistani state pays much attention to the interests of the 'metropolitan neo-colonialist bourgeoisie' July August
    • It is indicative, for instance, that Hamza Alavi's celebrated Poulantzian theoretization of the Pakistani state pays much attention to the interests of the 'metropolitan neo-colonialist bourgeoisie', Hamza Alavi, 'The State in Post-Colonial Societies - Pakistan and Bangladesh', New Left Review, vol. 74, no. July August (1972).
    • (1972) New Left Review , vol.74
    • Alavi, H.1
  • 131
    • 84859310633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democracy and economic transformation in India
    • As argued with regard to India's recent capitalist development in 18 April
    • As argued with regard to India's recent capitalist development in Partha Chatterjee, 'Democracy and Economic Transformation in India', Economic and Political Weekly, 18 April, 2008.
    • (2008) Economic and Political Weekly
    • Chatterjee, P.1
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    • Expressed directly in 'Secret Memo MAAG Submission', ICA, 5 October, 1958 (Killen), Box 4 'Pakistan - Defense - Expenditure'; also in 'Secret Memorandum', Brodie (State Department) to J. H. Canning (ICA) 5/12/1955, Box 12, 'Pakistan programs 1955-1956'. '1958 MDA programs Military Advisory Group to Pakistan (secret)', 23 July, 1957, Appendix A; 'Memo US Embassy Karachi to Department of State', 16 December, 1958, Box 13, 'Pakistan Programs (MDA) 1956-1958'; Secret telegram Karachi to State 27 August, 1954, Box 14, 'Heinz Mission Report (draft) 1954-1955': USNA, RG469 Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-1958
    • Expressed directly in 'Secret Memo MAAG Submission', ICA, 5 October, 1958 (Killen), Box 4 'Pakistan - Defense - Expenditure'; also in 'Secret Memorandum', Brodie (State Department) to J. H. Canning (ICA) 5/12/1955, Box 12, 'Pakistan programs 1955-1956'. '1958 MDA programs Military Advisory Group to Pakistan (secret)', 23 July, 1957, Appendix A; 'Memo US Embassy Karachi to Department of State', 16 December, 1958, Box 13, 'Pakistan Programs (MDA) 1956-1958'; Secret telegram Karachi to State 27 August, 1954, Box 14, 'Heinz Mission Report (draft) 1954-1955': USNA, RG469 Pakistan Subject Files, 1952-1958.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.