Life-cycle assessment of NAND flash memory

IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 117-124

  Boyd, Sarah ^a   Horvath, Arpad ^b   Dornfeld, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b 109 McLaughlin Hall   (United States)

Author keywords

Energy conservation; environmental factors; erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM); production management

Indexed keywords

ELECTRICITY GENERATION; ENERGY USE; ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS; ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY (EPROM); FUNCTIONAL UNITS; GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL; HARD DISK DRIVE; INFLUENTIAL FACTORS; INPUT-OUTPUT; LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENTS; LOWER-POWER CONSUMPTION; MAGNETIC DATA STORAGE; NAND FLASH; NAND FLASH MEMORY; PERFLUORINATED COMPOUNDS; PROCESS DATA; PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT; SOLID STATE DRIVES; USE PHASE;

DRIVES; ELECTRIC GENERATORS; ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; FLASH MEMORY; GLOBAL WARMING; HARD DISK STORAGE; INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT; LAPTOP COMPUTERS; MAGNETIC STORAGE; MANUFACTURE; RATING; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

LIFE CYCLE;

EID: 79951571159     PISSN: 08946507     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TSM.2010.2087395     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Annual Forecast of Global Semiconductor Sales, Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA), Washington D.C., Nov. 2007.
2. Annual Forecast of Global Semiconductor Sales. Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA), Washington D.C., Nov. 2008.
3. K. Schischke, M. Stutz, J. Ruelle, H. Griese, and H. Reichl, "Life cycle inventory analysis and identification of environmentally significant aspects in semiconductor manufacturing," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Electron. Environ., 2001, pp. 145-150. (Pubitemid 32882666)
4. F. Taiariol, P. Fea, C. Papuzza, R. Casalino, E. Galbiati, and S. Zappa, "Life cycle assessment of an integrated circuit product," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Electron. Environ., 2001, pp. 128-133. (Pubitemid 32882663)
5. E. D. Williams, R. U. Ayres, and M. Heller, "The 1.7 kilogram microchip: Energy and material use in the production of semiconductor devices," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 36, no. 24, pp. 5504-5510, 2002. (Pubitemid 35462599)
6. N. Krishnan, S. Boyd, A. Somani, S. Raoux, D. Clark, and D. Dornfeld, "A hybrid life cycle inventory of nano-scale semiconductor manufacturing," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 3069-3075, Apr. 2008. (Pubitemid 351536956)
7. '[7] Consortium on Green Design and Manufacturing. (2010). Supporting Information for NAND Flash LCA [Online]. Available: http://cgdm. berkeley.edu
8. M. O'Halloran, "Fab utility cost values for cost of ownership (CoO) calculations," Int. Sematech, Austin, TX, Tech. Rep. 02034260A-TR, 2002 [Online]. Available: www.sematech.org/docubase/abstracts/4260atr.htm
9. S. Boyd, A. Horvath, and D. Dornfeld, "Life-cycle energy and global warming potential of computational logic," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 43, no. 19, pp. 7303-7309, 2009.
10. LBNL. (2000). Energy Efficient Cleanroom Information Site: Case Studies [Online]. Available: http://ateam.lbl.gov/cleanroom/Cases.html
11. Carnegie Mellon University Green Design Institute. (2009, May 15). Economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA). U.S. 1997 Industry Benchmark Model [Online]. Available: http://www.eiolca.net
12. S. Kim and M. Overcash, "Energy in chemical manufacturing processes: Gate-to-gate information for life cycle assessment," J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 78, no. 8, pp. 995-1005, 2003. (Pubitemid 37059237)
13. S. Lipp, G. Pitts, and F. Cassidy, Eds., Environmental Consciousness: A Strategic Competitiveness Issue for the Electronics and Computer Industry. New York: Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, 1993.
14. J. Stokes and A. Horvath, "Life cycle energy assessment of alternative water supply systems," Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 335-343, 2006. (Pubitemid 44535061)
15. C. Facanha and A. Horvath, "Evaluation of life-cycle air emission factors of freight transportation," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 41, no. 20, pp. 7138-7144, 2007. (Pubitemid 47585551)
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2008, Sep.). The Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database for 2007 (eGrid2007) [Online]. Available: www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energyresources/ egrid/index.html
17. C. Reich-Weiser, T. Fletcher, D. Dornfeld, and S. Horne, "Development of the supply chain optimization and planning for the environment (SCOPE) tool: Applied to solar energy," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Electron. Environ., 2008, pp. 1-6.
18. C. W. King and M. E. Webber, "The water intensity of the plugged-in automotive economy," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 4305-4311, Jun. 2008. (Pubitemid 351842368)
19. Samsung 4G x 8 Bit NAND Flash Memory Datasheet, Samsung, San Jose, CA, 2002.
20. 2Gb NAND Flash Replacement for Toshiba Devices, Micron, Boise, ID, 2004.
21. Micron. (2007). DDR2 power calc 16.XLS. Micron Semiconductor Products [Online]. Available: download.micron.com
22. P. Schmid and A. Roos. (2010). Spring 2010 solid state drive roundup. Tom's Hardware. BestofMedia Group [Online]. Available: http://www.tomshardware. com/reviews/6gb-s-ssd-hdd2603.html
23. Tom's Hardware. (2008). 2.5' Mobile Hard Drive Charts. BestofMedia Group [Online]. Available: http://www.tomshardware.com/charts/2.5- hard-drive-charts-2008/benchmarks25.html
24. IPCC, "Climate change 2007: The physical science basis," Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H. L. Miller, Eds. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007.
25. G. A. Norris, "Impact characterization in the tool for the reduction and assessment of chemical and other environmental impacts," J. Ind. Ecol., vol. 6, nos. 3-4, pp. 79-99, 2003.
26. S. C. Bartos, N. Kshetry, and C. S. Burton, "Modeling China's semiconductor industry fluorinated compound emissions and drafting a roadmap for climate protection," Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Contr., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 665-676, Oct. 2008.
27. Western Digital. (2009). Annual Report and Form 10-K [Online]. Available: www.westerndigital.com
28. Western Digital. (2010). Environmental Report, Fiscal Year 2009 [Online]. Available: www.westerndigital.com
29. Y. Chen and R. Liu, "Future trend of flash memories," in Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop MTDT, 2007, pp. 17-18.
30. E. Pinheiro, W.-D. Weber, and L. A. Barroso, "Failure trends in a large disk drive population," in Proc. 5th USENIX Conf. File Storage Technol., 2007, p. 2.