Fronto-temporal disconnectivity and clinical short-term outcome in first episode psychosis: A DTI-tractography study

Journal of Psychiatric Research

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 369-377

  Luck, David ^a,b   Buchy, Lisa ^a,b   Czechowska, Yvonne ^a   Bodnar, Michael ^a,b   Pike, G Bruce ^c   Campbell, Jennifer S W ^c   Achim, Amélie ^a,b   Malla, Ashok ^a,b   Joober, Ridha ^a,b   Lepage, Martin ^a,b  

^a DOUGLAS MENTAL HEALTH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cingulum; Clinical outcome; DTI; First episode psychosis; Superior longitudinal fasciculus; Tractography; Uncinate fasciculus

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; FRACTIONAL ANISOTROPY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL BUNDLE; NORMAL HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; TEMPORAL LOBE; UNCINATE FASCICULUS;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANISOTROPY; BRAIN MAPPING; DIFFUSION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; MALE; NERVE NET; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; TEMPORAL LOBE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79951556730     PISSN: 00223956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.07.007     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Aberg K., Saetre P., Jareborg N., Jazin E. Human QKI, a potential regulator of mRNA expression of human oligodendrocyte-related genes involved in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:7482-7487.
2. Addington J., Saeedi H., Addington D. The course of cognitive functioning in first episode psychosis: changes over time and impact on outcome. Schizophrenia Research 2005, 78:35-43.
3. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV 1994, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
4. Andreasen N.C., Carpenter W.T., Kane J.M., Lasser R.A., Marder S.R., Weinberger D.R. Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:441-449.
5. Ashtari M., Cottone J., Ardekani B.A., Cervellione K., Szeszko P.R., Wu J., et al. Disruption of white matter integrity in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus in adolescents with schizophrenia as revealed by fiber tractography. Archives of General Psychiatry 2007, 64:1270-1280.
6. Bai Y.M., Chou K.H., Lin C.P., Chen I.Y., Li C.T., Yang K.C., et al. White matter abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia: a diffusion tensor image study. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 109:167-181.
7. Basser P.J. Inferring microstructural features and the physiological state of tissues from diffusion-weighted images. NMR in Biomedicine 1995, 8:333-344.
8. Basser P.J., Jones D.K. Diffusion-tensor MRI: theory, experimental design and data analysis - a technical review. NMR in Biomedicine 2002, 15:456-467.
9. Beaulieu C. The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system - a technical review. NMR in Biomedicine 2002, 15:435-455.
10. Bodnar M, Harvey P-O, Malla AK, Joober R, Lepage M. Structural neural markers of short-term clinical outcome in first episode psychosis: a voxel-based morphometry study. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, in press.
11. Bodnar M., Malla A., Joober R., Lepage M. Cognitive markers of short-term clinical outcome in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 193:297-304.
12. Burns J., Job D., Bastin M.E., Whalley H., Macgillivray T., Johnstone E.C., et al. Structural disconnectivity in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 182:439-443.
13. Carpenter D.M., Tang C.Y., Friedman J.I., Hof P.R., Stewart D.G., Buchsbaum M.S., et al. Temporal characteristics of tract-specific anisotropy abnormalities in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 2008, 19:1369-1372.
14. Catani M., Howard R.J., Pajevic S., Jones D.K. Virtual in vivo interactive dissection of white matter fasciculi in the human brain. Neuroimage 2002, 17:77-94.
15. Charlton R.A., Barrick T.R., Lawes I.N., Markus H.S., Morris R.G. White matter pathways associated with working memory in normal aging. Cortex 2009, 46(4):474-489.
16. Davis K.L., Stewart D.G., Friedman J.I., Buchsbaum M., Harvey P.D., Hof P.R., et al. White matter changes in schizophrenia: evidence for myelin-related dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003, 60:443-456.
17. Ebeling U., von Cramon D. Topography of the uncinate fascicle and adjacent temporal fiber tracts. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 1992, 115:143-148.
18. Eichenbaum H. Remembering: functional organization of the declarative memory system. Current Biology 2006, 16:R643-R645.
19. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., Gibbon M., Williams J.B.W. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders, patient edition. SCID-I/P & SCID-I/NP, version 2 1998, New York Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, New York.
20. Flynn S.W., Lang D.J., Mackay A.L., Goghari V., Vavasour I.M., Whittall K.P., et al. Abnormalities of myelination in schizophrenia detected in vivo with MRI, and post-mortem with analysis of oligodendrocyte proteins. Molecular Psychiatry 2003, 8:811-820.
21. Fujie S., Namiki C., Nishi H., Yamada M., Miyata J., Sakata D., et al. The role of the uncinate fasciculus in memory and emotional recognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2008, 26:432-439.
22. Friedman J.I., Tang C., Carpenter D., Buchsbaum M., Schmeidler J., Flanagan L., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging findings in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:1024-1032.
23. Friston K.J. The disconnection hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research 1998, 30:115-125.
24. Friston K.J., Frith C.D. Schizophrenia: a disconnection syndrome?. Clinical Neuroscience 1995, 3:89-97.
25. Garver D.L., Holcomb J.A., Christensen J.D. Compromised myelin integrity during psychosis with repair during remission in drug-responding schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 11:49-61.
26. Glahn D.C., Ragland J.D., Abramoff A., Barrett J., Laird A.R., Bearden C.E., et al. Beyond hypofrontality: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping 2005, 25:60-69.
27. Govindan R.M., Makki M.I., Sundaram S.K., Juhasz C., Chugani H.T. Diffusion tensor analysis of temporal and extra-temporal lobe tracts in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Research 2008, 80:30-41.
28. Hao Y., Yan Q., Liu H., Xu L., Xue Z., Song X., et al. Schizophrenia patients and their healthy siblings share disruption of white matter integrity in the left prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus but not the anterior cingulate cortex. Schizophrenia Research 2009, 114(1-3):128-135.
29. Hakak Y., Walker J.R., Li C., Wong W.H., Davis K.L., Buxbaum J.D., et al. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98:4746-4751.
30. Hazlett E.A., Buchsbaum M.S., Haznedar M.M., Newmark R., Goldstein K.E., Zelmanova Y., et al. Cortical gray and white matter volume in unmedicated schizotypal and schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 101:111-123.
31. Harrison P.J. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 1999, 122:593-624.
32. Harrison P.J. The hippocampus in schizophrenia: a review of the neuropathological evidence and its pathophysiological implications. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2004, 174:151-162.
33. Hasan K.M., Eluvathingal T.J., Kramer L.A., Ewing-Cobbs L., Dennis M., Fletcher J.M. White matter microstructural abnormalities in children with spina bifida myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus: a diffusion tensor tractography study of the association pathways. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2008, 27:700-709.
34. Hasan K.M., Kamali A., Iftikhar A., Kramer L.A., Papanicolaou A.C., Fletcher J.M., et al. Diffusion tensor tractography quantification of the human corpus callosum fiber pathways across the lifespan. Brain Research 2009, 1249:91-100.
35. Heckers S. Neuroimaging studies of the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Hippocampus 2001, 11:520-528.
36. Hill K., Mann L., Laws K.R., Stephenson C.M., Nimmo-Smith I., McKenna P.J. Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004, 110:243-256.
37. Ho B.C., Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., Arndt S., Magnotta V., Flaum M. Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003, 60:585-594.
38. Honea R., Crow T.J., Passingham D., Mackay C.E. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:2233-2245.
39. Hoptman M.J., Nierenberg J., Bertisch H.C., Catalano D., Ardekani B.A., Branch C.A., et al. A DTI study of white matter microstructure in individuals at high genetic risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 106(2-3):115-124.
40. Jellison B.J., Field A.S., Medow J., Lazar M., Salamat M.S., Alexander A.L. Diffusion tensor imaging of cerebral white matter: a pictorial review of physics, fiber tract anatomy, and tumor imaging patterns. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2004, 25:356-369.
41. Jonides J., Lewis R.L., Nee D.E., Lustig C.A., Berman M.G., Moore K.S. The mind and brain of short-term memory. Annual Review of Psychology 2008, 59:193-224.
42. Katsel P., Davis K.L., Haroutunian V. Variations in myelin and oligodendrocyte-related gene expression across multiple brain regions in schizophrenia: a gene ontology study. Schizophrenia Research 2005, 79:157-173.
43. Kamali A., Kramer L.A., Butler I.J., Hasan K.M. Diffusion tensor tractography of the somatosensory system in the human brainstem: initial findings using high isotropic spatial resolution at 3.0T. European Radiology 2009, 19:1480-1488.
44. Kanaan R.A., Kim J.S., Kaufmann W.E., Pearlson G.D., Barker G.J., McGuire P.K. Diffusion tensor imaging in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 58:921-929.
45. Karlsgodt K.H., Niendam T.A., Bearden C.E., Cannon T.D. White matter integrity and prediction of social and role functioning in subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 66:562-569.
46. Kay S.R., Fiszbein A., Opler L.A. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1987, 13:261-276.
47. Keshavan M.S., Haas G., Miewald J., Montrose D.M., Reddy R., Schooler N.R., et al. Prolonged untreated illness duration from prodromal onset predicts outcome in first episode psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2003, 29:757-769.
48. Kier E.L., Staib L.H., Davis L.M., Bronen R.A. MR imaging of the temporal stem: anatomic dissection tractography of the uncinate fasciculus, inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, and Meyer's loop of the optic radiation. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2004, 25:677-691.
49. Klingberg T. Development of a superior frontal-intraparietal network for visuo-spatial working memory. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:2171-2177.
50. Konrad A., Winterer G. Disturbed structural connectivity in schizophrenia primary factor in pathology or epiphenomenon?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008, 34:72-92.
51. Kubicki M., Park H., Westin C.F., Nestor P.G., Mulkern R.V., Maier S.E., et al. DTI and MTR abnormalities in schizophrenia: analysis of white matter integrity. Neuroimage 2005, 26:1109-1118.
52. Kubicki M., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Hirayasu Y., Kasai K., Kikinis R., et al. Voxel-based morphometric analysis of gray matter in first episode schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2002, 17:1711-1719.
53. Kubicki M., Westin C.F., Nestor P.G., Wible C.G., Frumin M., Maier S.E., et al. Cingulate fasciculus integrity disruption in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 54:1171-1180.
54. Kyriakopoulos M., Perez-Iglesias R., Woolley J.B., Kanaan R.A., Vyas N.S., Barker G.J., et al. Effect of age at onset of schizophrenia on white matter abnormalities. British Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 195:346-353.
55. Lebel C., Walker L., Leemans A., Phillips L., Beaulieu C. Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood. Neuroimage 2008, 40(3):1044-1055.
56. Lim K.O. Connections in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:995-998.
57. Lifshits S., Tamir A., Assaf Y. Combinatorial fiber-tracking of the human brain. Neuroimage 2009, 48(3):532-540.
58. Maes F., Collignon A., Vandermeulen D., Marchal G., Suetens P. Multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual information. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 1997, 16:187-188.
59. Makris N., Kennedy D.N., McInerney S., Sorensen A.G., Wang R., Caviness V.S., et al. Segmentation of subcomponents within the superior longitudinal fascicle in humans: a quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study. Cerebral Cortex 2005, 15:854-869.
60. Malla A.K., Norman R.M., Takhar J., Manchanda R., Townsend L., Scholten D., et al. Can patients at risk for persistent negative symptoms be identified during their first episode of psychosis?. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2004, 192:455-463.
61. McIntosh A.M., Moorhead T.W., Job D., Lymer G.K., Munoz M.S., McKirdy J., et al. The effects of a neuregulin 1 variant on white matter density and integrity. Molecular Psychiatry 2008, 13(11):1054-1059.
62. Miller D.C. Handbook for research design and social measurement 1991, Sage Publications, Newbury Park. 5th ed.
63. Minami T., Nobuhara K., Okugawa G., Takase K., Yoshida T., Sawada S., et al. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging of disruption of regional white matter in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2003, 47:141-145.
64. Mitelman S.A., Brickman A.M., Shihabuddin L., Newmark R.E., Hazlett E.A., Haznedar M.M., et al. A comprehensive assessment of gray and white matter volumes and their relationship to outcome and severity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2007, 37:449-462.
65. Mitelman S.A., Canfield E.L., Newmark R.E., Brickman A.M., Torosjan Y., Chu K.W., et al. Longitudinal assessment of gray and white matter in chronic schizophrenia: a combined diffusion-tensor and structural magnetic resonance imaging study. Open Neuroimaging Journal 2009, 3:31-47.
66. Mitelman S.A., Newmark R.E., Torosjan Y., Chu K.W., Brickman A.M., Haznedar M.M., et al. White matter fractional anisotropy and outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2006, 87:138-159.
67. Mori S., Wakana S., Nagae-Poetscher L.M., van Zijl P.C. MRI atlas of human white matter 2005, Amsterdam.
68. Mori S., Crain B.J., Chacko V.P., van Zijl P.C. Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Annals of Neurology 1999, 45:265-269.
69. Mori T., Ohnishi T., Hashimoto R., Nemoto K., Moriguchi Y., Noguchi H., et al. Progressive changes of white matter integrity in schizophrenia revealed by diffusion tensor imaging. Psychiatry Research 2007, 154:133-145.
70. Munoz M.S., Lymer G.K., Bastin M.E., Marjoram D., Job D.E., Moorhead T.W., et al. A diffusion tensor MRI study of white matter integrity in subjects at high genetic risk of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 106(2-3):132-139.
71. Nakamura M., McCarley R.W., Kubicki M., Dickey C.C., Niznikiewicz M.A., Voglmaier M.M., et al. Fronto-temporal disconnectivity in schizotypal personality disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 58:468-478.
72. Neckelmann G., Specht K., Lund A., Ersland L., Smievoll A.I., Neckelmann D., et al. Mr morphometry analysis of grey matter volume reduction in schizophrenia: association with hallucinations. International Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 116:9-23.
73. Norman R.M.G., Malla A.K. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychological Medicine 2001, 31:381-400.
74. Okugawa G., Nobuhara K., Minami T., Tamagaki C., Takase K., Sugimoto T., et al. Subtle disruption of the middle cerebellar peduncles in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2004, 50:119-123.
75. Peters B.D., de H.L., Dekker N., Blaas J., Becker H.E., Dingemans P.M., et al. White matter fibertracking in first-episode schizophrenia, schizoaffective patients and subjects at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Neuropsychobiology 2008, 58:19-28.
76. Price G., Bagary M.S., Cercignani M., Altmann D.R., Ron M.A. The corpus callosum in first episode schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2005, 76:585-587.
77. Price G., Cercignani M., Parker G.J., Altmann D.R., Barnes T.R., Barker G.J., et al. White matter tracts in first-episode psychosis: a DTI tractography study of the uncinate fasciculus. Neuroimage 2008, 39:949-955.
78. Rosenberger G., Kubicki M., Nestor P.G., Connor E., Bushell G.B., Markant D., et al. Age-related deficits in fronto-temporal connections in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 102:181-188.
79. Sanfilipo M., Lafargue T., Rusinek H., Arena L., Loneragan C., Lautin A., et al. Volumetric measure of the frontal and temporal lobe regions in schizophrenia: relationship to negative symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000, 57:471-480.
80. Schlosser R.G., Nenadic I., Wagner G., Gullmar D., von Consbruch K., Kohler S., et al. White matter abnormalities and brain activation in schizophrenia: a combined DTI and fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research 2007, 89:1-11.
81. Seal M.L., Yucel M., Fornito A., Wood S.J., Harrison B.J., Walterfang M., et al. Abnormal white matter microstructure in schizophrenia: a voxelwise analysis of axial and radial diffusivity. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 101:106-110.
82. Seok J.H., Park H.J., Chun J.W., Lee S.K., Cho H.S., Kwon J.S., et al. White matter abnormalities associated with auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a combined study of voxel-based analyses of diffusion tensor imaging and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Research 2007, 156:93-104.
83. Sepulcre J., Masdeu J.C., Pastor M.A., Goni J., Barbosa C., Bejarano B., et al. Brain pathways of verbal working memory: a lesion-function correlation study. Neuroimage 2009, 47:773-778.
84. Sepulcre J., Masdeu J.C., Sastre-Garriga J., Goni J., Velez-de-Mendizabal N., Duque B., et al. Mapping the brain pathways of declarative verbal memory: evidence from white matter lesions in the living human brain. Neuroimage 2008, 42:1237-1243.
85. Shergill S.S., Kanaan R.A., Chitnis X.A., O'Daly O., Jones D.K., Frangou S., et al. A diffusion tensor imaging study of fasciculi in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:467-473.
86. Skelly L.R., Calhoun V., Meda S.A., Kim J., Mathalon D.H., Pearlson G.D. Diffusion tensor imaging in schizophrenia: relationship to symptoms. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 98:157-162.
87. Sigmundsson T., Suckling J., Maier M., Williams S., Bullmore E., Greenwood K., et al. Structural abnormalities in frontal, temporal, and limbic regions and interconnecting white matter tracts in schizophrenic patients with prominent negative symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 158:234-243.
88. Spaniol J., Davidson P.S., Kim A.S., Han H., Moscovitch M., Grady C.L. Event-related fMRI studies of episodic encoding and retrieval: meta-analyses using activation likelihood estimation. Neuropsychologia 2000, 47:1765-1779.
89. Sun Z., Wang F., Cui L., Breeze J., Du X., Wang X., et al. Abnormal anterior cingulum in patients with schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroreport 2003, 14:1833-1836.
90. Sundaram S.K., Sivaswamy L., Makki M.I., Behen M.E., Chugani H.T. Absence of arcuate fasciculus in children with global developmental delay of unknown etiology: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Journal of Pediatrics 2008, 152:250-255.
91. Szeszko P.R., Ardekani B.A., Ashtari M., Kumra S., Robinson D.G., Sevy S., et al. White matter abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:602-605.
92. Szeszko P.R., Robinson D.G., Ashtari M., Vogel J., Betensky J., Sevy S., et al. Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of white matter abnormalities in recent onset schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:976-984.
93. Takase K., Tamagaki C., Okugawa G., Nobuhara K., Minami T., Sugimoto T., et al. Reduced white matter volume of the caudate nucleus in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2004, 50:296-300.
94. Takei K., Yamasue H., Abe O., Yamada H., Inoue H., Suga M., et al. Disrupted integrity of the fornix is associated with impaired memory organization in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2008, 114(1-3):119-127.
95. Tomelleri L., Jogia J., Perlini C., Bellani M., Ferro A., Rambaldelli G., et al. Brain structural changes associated with chronicity and antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 19(12):835-840.
96. Verdoux H., Liraud F., Assens F., Abalan F., van O.J. Social and clinical consequences of cognitive deficits in early psychosis: a two-year follow-up study of first-admitted patients. Schizophrenia Research 2002, 56:149-159.
97. Volpe U., Federspiel A., Mucci A., Dierks T., Frank A., Wahlund L.O., et al. Cerebral connectivity and psychotic personality traits: a diffusion tensor imaging study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2008, 258(5):292-299.
98. Wakana S., Caprihan A., Panzenboeck M.M., Fallon J.H., Perry M., Gollub R.L., et al. Reproducibility of quantitative tractography methods applied to cerebral white matter. Neuroimage 2007, 36:630-644.
99. White T., Nelson M., Lim K.O. Diffusion tensor imaging in psychiatric disorders. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2008, 19:97-109.
100. Wible C.G., Anderson J., Shenton M.E., Kricun A., Hirayasu Y., Tanaka S., et al. Prefrontal cortex, negative symptoms, and schizophrenia: an MRI study. Psychiatry Research 2001, 108:65-78.
101. Williams L.M. Voxel-based morphometry in schizophrenia: implications for neurodevelopmental connectivity models, cognition and affect. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2008, 8:1049-1065.
102. Winterer G., Konrad A., Vucurevic G., Musso F., Stoeter P., Dahmen N. Association of 5' end neuregulin-1 (NRG1) gene variation with subcortical medial frontal microstructure in humans. Neuroimage 2008, 40:712-718.
103. Wolkin A., Choi S.J., Szilagyi S., Sanfilipo M., Rotrosen J.P., Lim K.O. Inferior frontal white matter anisotropy and negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 160:572-574.
104. Woods S.W. Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2003, 64:663-667.
105. Xiao L., Xu H., Zhang Y., Wei Z., He J., Jiang W., et al. Quetiapine facilitates oligodendrocyte development and prevents mice from myelin breakdown and behavioral changes. Molecular Psychiatry 2008, 13:697-708.