New strategies in the development of antimicrobial coatings: The example of increasing usage of silver and silver nanoparticles

Polymers

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 340-366

  Knetsch, Menno L W ^a   Koole, Leo H ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Catheter; Coating; Implant; Infection; Medical device; Polymer; Silver nanoparticles

Indexed keywords

ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENT; ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS; BACTERIAL ADHESION; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL STRAINS; BIOFILM FORMATION; BULK MATERIALS; DEVICE SURFACES; IMPLANT; INFECTION; MEDICAL DEVICES; MICROBIAL ADHESION; NEW STRATEGY; NONFOULING; POLYMERIC SURFACES; PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES; PROTEIN ADSORPTION; SILVER NANOPARTICLES; SURFACE COATINGS;

ADHESION; ADSORPTION; ANTIBIOTICS; BACTERIOLOGY; BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; CATHETERS; EQUIPMENT; FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS; MICROORGANISMS; NANOPARTICLES; PLASTIC COATINGS; POLYMERS; SURFACES;

SILVER;

EID: 79851475625     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20734360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/polym3010340     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Gradinger, R.; Graf, R.; Grifka, J.; Löhr, J. Das infizierte implantat. Der. Orthopäde 2008, 3, 257-269.
2. Hellmann, M.; Mehta, S.D.; Bishai, D.M.; Mears, S.C.; Zenilman, J.M. The estimated magnitude and direct hospital costs of prosthetic joint infections in the United States, 1997 to 2004. J. Athroplasty 2010, 25, 766-771.
3. Sampredo, M.F.; Patel, R. Infections associated with long-term prosthetic devices. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 2007, 21, 785-819.
4. Tokarczyk, A.J.; Greenberg, S.B.; Vender, J.S. Death, dollars, and diligence: Prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections must persist. Crit. Care Med. 2009, 37, 2320-2321.
5. Von eiff, C.; jansen, B.; Kohnen, W.; Becker, K. Infections associated with medical devices. Drugs 2005, 65, 179-214.
6. Turnidge, J.D.; Kotsanas, D.; Munckhof, W.; Roberts, S.; Bennett, C.M.; Nimmo, G.R.; Coombs, G.W.; Murray, R.J.; Howden, B.; Johnson, P.D.R.; Dowling, K. Staphylococcus aureus bacterimia: A major cause of mortality in Australia and New Zealand. Med. J. Aust. 2009, 191, 368-373.
7. Olsen, M.A.; Chu-Ongsakul, S.; Brandt, K.E.; Dietz, J.R.; Mayfeld, J.; Fraser, V.J. Horpital-associated costs due to surgical site infection after breast surgery. Arch. Surg. 2008, 143, 53-60.
8. Noimark, S.; Dunnill, C.W.; Wilson, M.; Parkin, I.P. The role of surfaces in catheter-associated infections. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 3435-3448.
9. Trautner, B.W.; Darouiche, R.O. Catheter-associated infections. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164, 842-850.
10. David, A.; Risitano, D.C.; Mazzeo, G.; Sinardi, L.; Venuti, F.S.; Sinardi, A.U. Central venous catheters and infections. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005, 71, 561-564.
11. Halton, K.; Graves, N. Economic evaluation and catheter-related bloodstream infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2007, 13, 815-823.
12. Prencevich, E.N.; Pittet, D. Preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2009, 301, 1285-1287.
13. Moureau, N.L. Reducing the costs of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Nursing 2009, 39, 14-15.
14. Zingg, W.; Imhof, A.; Maggiorini, M.; Stocker, R.; Keller, E.; Ruef, C. Impact of a prevention strategy targeting hand hygiene and catheter care on the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Crit. Care Med. 2009, 37, 2167-2173.
15. Kallen, A.J.; Patel, P.R.; O'Grady, N.P. Preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections outside the intensive care unit: Expanding to new settings. Healthcare Epidem. 2010, 51, 335-341.
16. Walz, J.M.; Memtsoudis, S.G.; Heard, S.O. Prevention of central venous catheter bloodstream infections. J. Intensive Care Med. 1997, 25, 131-138.
17. Rosenthal, V.D.; Maki, D.G.; Graves, N. The international nosocomical infection control consortium (INICC): Goals and objectives, description of surveillance methods, and operational activities. Am. J. Infect. Control 2008, 36, e1-e12.
18. Bearman, G.M.L.; Munro, C.; Sessler, C.N.; Wenzel, R.P. Infection control and the prevention of nosocomical infections in the intensive care unit. Sem. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2006, 27, 310-324.
19. Youg, W.T. How to respond to changes in the regulation of the ethylene-oxide sterilization process. Med. Dev. Technol. 2006, 17, 12-15.
20. Thevenot, P.; Hu, W.; Tang, L. Surface chemistry influences implant biocompatibility. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2008, 8, 270-280.
21. Vroman, L. Methods of investigating protein interactions on artificial and natural surfaces. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1987, 516, 300-305.
22. Stutz, H. Protein attachment onto silica surfaces-A survey of molecular fundamentals, resulting effects and novel preventive strategies in CE. Electrophoresis 2009, 30, 2032-2061.
23. Fang, F.; Szleifer, I. Kinetics and thermodynamics of protein adsorption: A generalized molecular theoretical approach. Biophys. J. 2001, 80, 2568-2589.
24. Ganazzoli, F.; Raffaini, G. Computer simulation of polypeptide adsorption on model biomaterials. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2005, 7, 365-3663.
25. Pavithra, D.; Doble, M. Biofilm formation, bacterial adhesion and host response on polymeric implants-issues and prevention. Biomed. Mater. 2008, 3, 1-13.
26. Hoiby, N.; Bjarnsholt, T.; Givskov, M.; Molin, S.; Ciofy, O. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2010, 35, 322-332.
27. Hall-Stoodley, L.; Stoodley, P. Evolving concepts in biofilm infections. Cell. Microbiol. 2009, 11, 1034-1043.
28. Donlan, R.M. Biofilms: Microbial life on surfaces. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002, 9, 891-890.
29. Sutherland, I.W. The biofilm matrix-an immobilized but dynamic microbial environment. Trends Microbiol. 2001, 9, 222-227.
30. Sousa, C.; Teixeira, P.; Oliveira, R. Influence of surface properties on the adhesion of Staphylococcus epidemidis to acrylic and silicone. Int. J. Biomater. 2009, doi: 10.1155/2009/718017.
31. van Hoogmoed, C.G.; van der Mei, H.C.; Busscher, H.J. The influence of calcium on the initial adhesion of S. thermophilus to stainless steel under flow studied by metallurgical microscopy. Biofouling 1997, 11, 167-176.
32. Katsikogianni, M.; Spiliopoulou, I.; Dowling, D.P.; Missirlis, Y.F. Adhseion of slime producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strains to PVC and diamond-like carbon/silver/fluorinated coatings. J. Mater. Sci. 2006, 17, 679-689.
33. Almaguer-Flores, A.; Ximenez-Fyvie, L.A.; Rodil, S.E. Oral bacterial adhesion on amorphous carbon and titanium films: Effect of surface roughness and culture media. J. Biomed. Mater. Sci. B Appl. Biomater. 2010, 92B, 196-204.
34. Zhao, B.; Brittain, W.J. Polymeric brushes: Surface-immobilized macromolecules. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2000, 25, 677-710.
35. Hoffmann, J.; Groll, J.; Heuts, J.; Rong, H.; Klee, D.; Ziemer, G.; Moeller, M.; Wendel, H.P. Blood cell and plasma protein repellent properties of star-PEG-modified surfaces. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2006, 17, 985-996.
36. Fundeanu, I.; Klee, D.; Schouten, A.J.; Busscher, H.J.; van der Mei, H.C. Solvent-free functionalization of silicone rubber and efficacy of PAAm brushes grafted from an amino-PPX layer against bacterial adhesion. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6, 4271-4276.
37. Cheng, G.; Xue, H.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, S. Jiang, S. A switchable biocompatible polymer surface with self-sterilizing and nonfouling capabilities. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 8831-8834.
38. Senaratne, W.; Andruzzi, L.; Ober, C.K. Self-assembled monolayers and polymer brushes in biotechnology: Current applications and future perspectives. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6, 2427-2448.
39. Schreiber, F. Structure and growth of self-assembling monolayers. Prog. Surf. Sci. 2000, 65, 151-256.
40. Bearinger, J.P.; Terrettaz, S.; Michel, R.; Tirelli, N.; Vogel, H.; Textor, M.; Hubbell, J.A. Chemiadsorbed poly(propylene sulphide)-based copolymers resist biomolecular interactions. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 259-264.
41. Khoo, X.; Hamilton, P.; O'Toole, G.A.; Snyder, B.D.; Kenan, D.J.; Grinstaff, M.W. Directed assembly of PEGylated-peptide coatings for infection-resistant titanium metal. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 10992-10997.
42. Heijkants, R.G.J.C. Nanotechnology delivers microcoatings. Med. Device Technol. 2006, 17, 14-16.
43. Bridges, A.W.; Garcia, A.J. Anti-inflammatory polymeric coatings for implantable biomaterials and devices. J. Diabet. Sci. Technol. 2008, 2, 984-994.
44. Roosjen, A.; van der Mei, H.C.; Busscher, H.J.; Norde, W. Microbial adhesion to poly(ethyle oxide) brushes: Influence of polymer chain length and temperature. Langmuir 2004, 20, 10949-10955.
45. Nohr, R.S.; MacDonald, J.G. New biomaterials through surface segregation phenomenon: New quaternary ammonium compounds as antibacterial agents. J. Bioamter. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1994, 5, 607-619.
46. Thorsteinsson, T.; Loftsson, T.; Masson, M. Soft antibacterial agents. Curr. Med. Chem. 2003, 10, 1129-1136.
47. Murata, H.; Koepsel, R.R.; Matyjaszewski, K.; Russell, A.J. Permanent, non-leaching antibacterial surfaces-2: How high density cationic surfaces kill bacterial cells. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 4870-4879.
48. Cheng, G.; Xue, H.; Li, G.; Jiang, S. Integrated antimicrobial and nonfouling hydrogels to inhibit the growth of planktonic bacterial cells and keep the surface clean. Langmuir 2010, 26, 10425-10428.
49. Rawlinson, L.B.; O'Brien, P.J.; Brayden, D.J. High content analysis of cytotoxic effects of pDMAEMA on human intestinal epithelial and monocytes cultures. J. Contr. Rel. 2010, 146, 84-92.
50. Venkataraman, S.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, L.; Yang, Y. Design, synthesis and evaluation of hemocompatible pegylated-antimcrobial polymers with well-controlled molecular structures. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 1751-1756.
51. Fredell, D.L. Biological properties and applications of cationic surfactants. In Cationic Surfactants, 1st ed.; Cross, J., Singer, E.J., Eds.; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1990; pp. 31-60.
52. Ravikumar, T.; Murata, H.; Koepsel, R.R.; Russell, A.J. Surface-active antifungal polyqyaternary amine. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7, 2762-2769.
53. Hegstad, K.; Langsrud, S.; Lunestad, B.T.; Scheie, A.A.; Sunce, M.; Yazdankhah, S.P. Does the wide use of quaternary ammonium compounds enhance the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance and thus threaten our health? Microb. Drug Resist. 2010, 16, 91-104.
54. Russell, A.D. Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2002, 92, 121S-135S.
55. Fleming, A. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicilium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1929, 10, 226-236.
56. Jaeblon, T. Polymethylmethacrylate: Properties and contemporary uses in orhtopaedics. J. Am. Acad. Otrhop. Surg. 2010, 18, 297-305.
57. Webb, J.C.J.; Spencer, R.F. The role of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement in modern orthopaedic surgery. J. Bone Joint Surg. 2007, 89-B, 851-857.
58. Norowski, P.A.; Bumgardner, J.D. Biomaterial and antibiotic strategies for peri-implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2009, 88B, 530-543.
59. Zhao, L.; Chu, P.K.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, Z. Antibacterial coatings on titanium implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2009, 91B, 470-480.
60. Kälicke, T.; Schierholz, J.; Schlegel, U.; Frangen, T.M.; Köller, M.; Printzen, G.; Seybold, D.; Klöckner, S.; Muhr, G.; Arens, S. Effect on infection resistance of a local antiseptic and antibiotic coating on osteosynthesis implants: An in vitro and in vivo study. J. Orthop. Res. 2006, 24, 1622-1640.
61. Harris, L.G.; Mead, L.; Müller-Oberländer, E.; Richards, R.G. Bacteria and cell cytocompatibility studies on coated medical grade titanium surfaces. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2006, 78A, 50-58.
62. Oosterbos, G.J.; Vogely, H.C.; Nijhof, M.W.; Fleer, A.; Verbout, A.J.; Tonino, A.J.; Dhert, W.J. Osseointegration of hydroxyapatite-coated and noncoated Ti6Al4V implants in the presence of local infection: A comparative histomorphometrical study in rabbits. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2002, 60, 339-347.
63. Stigter, M.; de Groot, K.; Layrolle, P. Incorporation of tobramycin into biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on titanium. Biomaterials 2002, 23, 4143-4153.
64. Stigter, M.; Bezemer, J.; de Groot, K.; Layrolle, P. Incorporation of different antibiotics into carbonated hydrozyapatite coatings on titanium implants, release and antibiotic effect. J. Contr. Rel. 2004, 99, 127-137.
65. Darouiche, R.O.; Mansouri, M.D.; Zakarevicz, D.; Alsharif, A.; Landon, G.C. In vivo efficacy of antimicrobial-coated devices. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2007, 89, 792-797.
66. Darouiche, R.O.; Raad, I.I.; Heard, S.O.; Thornby, J.I.; Wenker, O.C.; Gabrielli, A.; Berg, J.; Khardori, N.; Hanna, H.; Hachem, R.; Harris, R.L.; Mayhall, G. A comparison of two anti-microbial-impregnated central venous catheters. New Eng. J. Med. 1999, 340, 1-8.
67. Falagas, M.E.; Fragoulis, K.; Bliziotis, I.A.; Chatzinikolaou, I. Rifampicin-impregnated central venous catheters: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2007, 59, 359-369.
68. Hernandez-Richter, T.; Schardey, H.M.; Wittmann, F.; Mayr, S.; Schmitt-Sody, M.; Blasenbrue, S.; Heiss, M.M.; Gabka, C.; Angele, M.K. Rifampicin and triclosan but not silver is effective in preventing bacterial infection of vascular Dacron graft material. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2003, 26, 550-557.
69. Halton, K.A.; Cook, D.; Paterson, D.L.; Safdar, N.; Graves, N. Cost-effectiveness of a central venous catheter care bundle. PloS ONE 2010, 5, e12815.
70. Walder, B.; Pittet, D.; Tramer, M.R. Prevention of bloodstream infections with central venous catheters treated with anti-infective agents depends on catheter type and insertion time: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2002, 23, 748-756.
71. Boelens, J.J.; Dankert, J.; Murk, J.L.; Weening, J.J.; van der Poll, T.; Dingemans, K.P.; Koole, L.; Laman, J.D.; Zaat, S.A.J. Biomaterial-associated persistence of Staphylococcus epidermidis in pericatheter macrophages. J. Infect. Dis. 2000, 181, 1337-1349.
72. Broekhuizen, C.A.N.; de Boer, L.; Schipper, K.; Jones, C.D.; Quadir, S.; Feldman, R.G.; Dankert, J.; Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C.M.J.E.; Weening, J.J.; Zaat, S.A.J. Peri-implant tissue is an important niche for Staphylococcus epidermidis in experimental biomaterial-associated infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 2007, 75, 1129-1136.
73. Ceri, H.; Olson, M.E.; Turner, R.J. Needed, new paradigms in antibiotic development. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2010, 11, 1233-1237.
74. Lohda, A.; Furlan, A.D.; Whyte, H.; Moore, A.M. Prophylactic antibiotics in the prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream bacterial infection in preterm neonates: A systematic review. J. Perionatol. 2008, 28, 526-533.
75. Alexander, J.W. History of the medical use of silver. Surg. Infect. 2009, 10, 289-292.
76. Spear, M. Silver: An age-old treatment modality in modern times. Plast. Surg. Nurs. 2010, 30, 90-93.
77. Atiyeh, B.S.; Costagliola, M.; Hayek, S.N.; Dibo, S.A. Effect of silver on burn wound infection and healing: Review of the literature. Burns 2007, 33, 139-148.
78. Silver, S.; Phung, L.T.; Silver, G. Silver as biocides in burn and wound dressings and bacterial resistance to silver compounds. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 33, 627-634.
79. Klasen, H.J. Historical review of the use of silver in the treatment of burns. I. Early uses. Burns 2000, 26, 117-130.
80. Klasen, H.J. A historical review of the use of silver in the treatment o burns. II. Renewed interest for silver. Burns 2000, 26, 131-138.
81. Rai, M.; Yadav, A.; Gade, A. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnology Advances 2009, 27, 76-83.
82. Nakane, T.; Gomyo, H.; Sasaki, I.; Kimoto, Y.; Hanzawa, N.; Teshima, Y.; Namba, T. New antiaxillary odour deodorant made with antimicrobial Ag-eolite (silver-exchanged zeolite). Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2006, 28, 299-309.
83. Meakins, J.L. Silver and new technology: Dressings and devices. Surg. Infect. 2009, 10, 293-296.
84. Furno, F.; Morley, K.S.; Wong, B.; Sharp, B.L.; Arnold, P.L.; Howdle, S.M.; Bayston, R.; Brown, P.D.; Winship, P.D.; Reid, H.J. Silver nanoparticles and polymeric medical devices: A new approach to prevention of infection? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2004, 54, 1019-1024.
85. Johnston, H.J.; Hutchison, G.; Christensen, F.M.; Peters, S.; Hankin, S.; Stone, V. A review of the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of silver and gold particulates: Particle attributes and biological mechanisms responsible for the observed toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2010, 40, 328-346.
86. Dowsett, C. The use of silver-based dressing in wound care. Nurs. Stand. 2004, 19, 56-60.
87. Strom-Versloot, M.N.; Vos, C.G.; Ubbink, D.T.; Vermeulen, H. Topical silver for preventing wound infection. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010, 3, CD006478.
88. Carter, M.J.; Tingley-Kelley, K.; Warriner, R.A., III. Silver treatments and silver-impregnated dressings for the healing of leg wounds and ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2010, 63, 668-679.
89. Lo, S.; Chang, C.; Hu, W.; Hayter, M.; Change, Y. The effectiveness of silver-releasing dressing in the management of non-healing wounds: A meta-analysis. J. Clin. Nurs. 2009, 18, 716-728.
90. Woo, K.Y. Review: Silver-releasing dressings improve healing and quality of life in patients with non-healing chronic wounds. Evid. Based Nurs. 2009, 12, 117.
91. Gravante, G.; Caruso, R.; Sorge, R.; Nicoli, F.; Gentile, P.; Cervelli, V. Nanocrystalline silver. Reconstr. Surg. Burns 2009, 63, 201-205.
92. Verdu-Soriano, J.; Rueda-Lopez, J.; Martinez-Cuervo, F.; Soldevilla-Agreda, J. Effects of an activated charcoal solver dressing on chronic wounds with no clinical signs of infection. J. Wound Care 2004, 13, 419-423.
93. Miller, C.N.; Newall, N.; Kapp, S.E.; Lewin, G.; Karimi, L.; Carville, K.; Gliddon, T.; Santamaria, N.M. A randomized-controlled trial comparing cadexomer iodine and nanocrystalline silver on the healing of leg ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2010, 18, 359-367.
94. Gravante, G.; Montone, A. A retrospective analysis of ambulatory burn patients: Focus on wound dressings and healing times. Ann. Rev. Coll. Surg. Engl. 2010, 92, 118-123.
95. Fichtner, J.; Güresir, E.; Seifert, V.; Raabe, A. Efficacy of silver-bearing external ventricular drainage catheters: A retrospective analysis. J. Neurosurg. 2010, 112, 840-846.
96. Lackner, P.; Beer, R.; Broessner, G.; Helbok, R.; Galiano, K.; Pleifer, C.; Pfausler, B.; Brenneis, C.; Huck, C.; Engelhardt, K.; Obwegeser, A.A.; Schmutzhard, E. Efficacy of silver-nanoparticles-impregnated external ventricular drain catheters in patients with acute occlusive hydrocephalus. Neurocrit. Care. 2008, 8, 360-365.
97. Roe, D.; Karandikar, B.; Bonn-Savage, N.; Gibbins, B.; Roullet, J.B. Antimicrobial surface functionalization of plastic catheters by silver nanoparticles. J. Antimicrob. Chemther. 2008, 61, 869-876.
98. Hsu, S.H.; Tseng, H.J.; Lin, Y.C. The biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of waterborne polyurethane-silver nanocomposites. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 6796-6808.
99. McCann, M.; Moore, Z.E.H. Interventions for preventing infectious complications in haemodialysis patients with central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010, 1, CD006894.
100. Gilbert, R.E.; Harden, M. Effectiveness of impregnated central venous catheters for catheter related blood stream infection: A systematic review. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 21, 325-245.
101. Jaeger, K.; Zenz, S.; Jüttner, B.; Ruschulte, H.; Kuse, E.; Heie, J.; Piepenbrock, S.; Ganser, A.; Karthaus, M. Reduction of catheter-related infections in neutropenic patients: A prospective controlled randomized trial using chlorohexidine and silver sulfadiazine-impregnated central venous catheter. Ann. Hematol. 2005, 84, 258-262.
102. Rupp, M.E.; Lisco, S.J.; Lipsett, P.A.; Perl, T.M.; Keating, K.; Civetta, J.M.; Mermel, L.A.; Lee, D.; Dellinger, P.; Donahoe, M.; Giles, D.; Pfaller, M.A.; Maki, D.G.; Sheretz, R. Effect of a second-generation venous catheter impregnated with chlorohexidine and silver sulfadiazine on central catheter-related infections. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005, 143, 570-580.
103. Khare, M.D.; Bukhari, S.S.; Swann, A.; Spiers, P.; McLaren, I.; Myers, J. Reduction of catheter-related colonisation by the use of a silver zeolite-impregnated central venous catheter in adult critical care. J. Infect. 2007, 54, 146-150.
104. Kaflon, P.; de Vaumas, C.; Samba, D.; Boulet, E.; Lefrant, J.; Eyraud, D.; Lherm, T.; Santoli, F.; Naija, W.; Riou, B. Comparison of silver-impregnated with standard multi-lumen central venous catheters in critically ill patients. Crit. Care Med. 2007, 35, 1032-1039.
105. Johnson, J.R.; Kuskowski, M.A.; de Wilt, T.J. Systematic review: Antimicrobial urinary catheters to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006, 144, 116-126.
106. Trautner, B. Management of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 23, 76-82.
107. Seymour, C. Audit of catheter-associated UTI using silver alloy-coated Foley catheters. Br. J. Nurs. 2006, 15, 598-603.
108. Parker, D.; Callan, L.; Harwood, J.; Thompson, D.L.; Wilde, M.; Gray, M. Nursing interventions to reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection. J. Wound Ostomy Cont. Nurs. 2009, 36, 23-34.
109. Liu, J.; Sonshine, D.A.; Shervani, S.; Hurt, R.H. Controlled release of biologically active silver from nanosilver surfaces. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 6903-6913.
110. Pallavicini, P.; Taglietti, A.; Dacarro, G.; Diaz-Fernandez, Y.A.; Galli, M.; Grisoli, P.; Patrini, M.; De Magistris, G.S.; Zanoni, R. Self-assembled monolayers of silver nanoparticles firmly grafted on glass surfaces: Low Ag+ release for an efficient antibacterial activity. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 350, 110-116.
111. Safdar, N.; Kluger, D.M.; Maki, D.G. A review of risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection caused by percutaenously inserted, noncuffed central venous catheters. Medicine 2002, 81, 466-479.
112. Gordon, O.; Slenters, T.V.; Brunetto, P.S.; Villaruz, A.E.; Sturdevant, D.E.; Otto, M.; Landmann, R.; Fromm, K.M. Silver coordination polymers for the prevention of implant infection: Thiol interaction, impact on respiratory chain enzymes and hydroxyl radical induction. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010, 54, 4208-4218.
113. Pal, S.; Tak, Y.K.; Song, J.M. Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticles? A study of the gram-negative bacterium Eschericia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73, 1712-1720.
114. Panacek, A.; Kvitek, L.; Prucek, R.; Kolar, M.; Vecerova, R.; Pizurove, N.; Sharma, V.K.; Nevecna, T.; Zboril, R. Silver colloid nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and their antibacterial activity. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 16248-16253.
115. Sotiriou, G.A.; Pratsinis, S.E. Antibacterial activity of nanosilver ions and particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 5649-5654.
116. Lok, C.; Ho, C.; Chen, R.; He, Q.; Yu, W.; Sun, H.; Tam, P.K.; Chiu, J.; Che, C. Silver nanoparticles: Partical oxidation and antibacterial activities. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2007, 12, 527-534.
117. Danscher, G.; Jansons-Locht, L. In vivo liberation of silver ions from metallic silver surfaces. Histochem. Cell. Biol. 2010, 133, 359-366.
118. Ho, C.; Yau, S.K.; Lok, C.; So, M.; Che, C. Oxidative dissolution of silver nanoparticles by biologically relevant oxidants: A kinetic and mechanistic study. Chem. Asian J. 2010, 5, 285-293.
119. Sondi, I.; Salopek-Sondi, B. Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: A case on E. coli as a model for gram-negative bacteria. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2004, 275, 177-182.
120. Mayr, M.; Kim, M.J.; Warner, D.; Hopfer, H.; Schroeder, J.; Mihatsch, M.J. Argyria and decreased kidney function: Are silver compounds toxic to the kidney? Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2009, 53, 890-894.
121. Asharani, P.V.; Mun, G.L.K.; Hande, M.P.; Valiyaveettil, S. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 279-290.
122. Danilczuk, M.; Lund, A.; Saldo, J.; Yamada, H.; Michalik, J. Conduction electron spin resonance of small silver particles. Spectrochim. Acta A 2006, 63, 189-191.
123. Kim, J.S.; Kuk, E.; Yu, K.N.; Kim, J.; Park, S.J.; Lee, H.J.; Kim, S.H.; Park, Y.K.; Park, Y.H.; Hwang, C.; Kim, Y.; Lee, Y.; Jeong, D.H.; Cho, M. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 2007, 3, 95-101.
124. Silver, S. Bacterial silver resistance: Molecular biology and uses and misuses of silver compounds. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 27, 341-353.
125. Percival, S.L.; Bowler, P.G.; Russell, D. Bacterial resistance to silver in wound care. J. Hosp. Infect. 2005, 60, 1-7.
126. Cuin, A.; Massabni, A.C.; Leite, C.Q.F.; Sato, D.N.; Neves, A.; Szpoganicz, B.; Silve, M.S.; Bortoluzzi, A.J. Synthesis, X-ray structure and antimycobacterial activity of silver complexes with (-hydroxycarboxylic acids. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2007, 101, 291-296.
127. Drake, P.L.; Hazelwood, K.J. Exposure-related health effects of silver and silver compounds: A review. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2005, 49, 575-585.
128. Ah, E.; Lee, W.S.; Kim, K.M.; Kim, S.Y. Occupational generalized argyria after exposure to aerosolized silver. J. Dermatol. 2008, 35, 759-760.
129. Kwon, H.B.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, S.H.; Lee, A.Y.; Choi, J.S.; Ahn, Y.S. A case of argyria following colloidal silver ingestion. Ann. Dermatol. 2009, 21, 308-310.
130. Tomi, N.S.; Kränke, B.; Aberer, W. A silver man. Lancet 2004, 363, 532.
131. Hau, S.C.; Tuft, S.J. Presumed corneal argyrosis from occlusive soft contact lenses: A case report. Cornea 2009, 28, 703-705.
132. Wang, X.; Chang, H.; Francis, R.; Olszowy, H.; Liu, P.; Kempf, M.; Cuttle, L.; Kravchuk, O.; Phillips, G.E.; Kimble, R.M. Silver deposits in cutaenous burn scar tissue is a common phenomenon following application of a silver dressing. J. Cutan. Pathol. 2009, 36, 788-792.
133. Suska, F.; Svensson, S.; Johansson, A.; Emanuelsson, L.; Karholm, H.; Ohrlander, M.; Thomsen, P. In vivo evaluation of noble metal coatings. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2010, 92B, 86-94.
134. Asharani, P.V.; Hande, M.P.; Valiyaveettil, S. Anti-proliferative activity of silver nanoparticles. BMC Cell Biol. 2009, 10, 65-79.
135. Harter, C.; Salwender, H.J.; Bach, A.; Egerer, G.; Goldschmidt, H.; Ho, A.H. Catheter-related infection and thrombosis of the internal jugular vein in hematologic-oncologic patients undergoing chemotherapy. Cancer 2002, 94, 245-251.
136. Kakkos, S.K.; Haddad, G.K.; Haddad, R.K.; Scully, M.M. Effectiveness of a new tunneled catheter in preventing catheter malfunction: A comparative study. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2008, 19, 1018-1026.
137. Jansen, B.; Rinck, M.; Wolbring, P.; Strohmeier, A.; Jahns, T. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy and biocomaptibility of a silver-coated central venous catheter. J. Biomater. Appl. 1994, 9, 55-70.
138. Kuter, D.J. Thrombotic complications of central venous catheters in cancer patients. Oncologist 2004, 9, 207-216.
139. Tenke, P.; Riedl, C.R.; Jones, G.L.; Williams, G.J.; Stickler, D.; Nagy, E. Bacterial biofilm formation on urological devices and heparin coating as preventive strategy. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2004, 23, S67-S74.
140. Cauda, F.; Cauda, V.; Fiori, C.; Onida, B.; Garrone, E. Heparin coating on uretral double J stents prevents encrustations: An in vivo case study. J. Endourol. 2008, 22, 465-472.
141. Zdanowski, Z.; Koul, B.; Hallberg, E.; Schalen, C. Influence of heparin coating on in vitro bacterial adherence to poly(vinyl chloride) segments. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 1997, 8, 825-832.
142. Tang, H.; Cao, T.; Wang, A.; Liang, X.; Salley, S.O.; McAllister, J.P., II.; Ng, K.Y.S. Effect of surface modification of silicone on Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion and colonization. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2007, 80A, 885-894.
143. Andersson, E.; Rydengard, V.; Sonesson, A.; Mörgelin, M.; Björck, L.; Schmidtchen, A. Antimicrobial activities of heparin-binding peptides. Eur. J. Biochem. 2004, 271, 1219-1226.
144. Malmsten, M.; Davoudi, M.; Schmidtchen, A. Bacterial killing by heparin-binding peptides from PRELP and thrombospondin. Matrix Biol. 2006, 25, 294-300.
145. Stevens, K.N.J.; Crespo-Biel, O.; van den Bosch, E.E.M.; Dias, A.A.; Knetsch, M.L.W.; Aldenhoff, Y.B.J.; van der Veen, F.H.; maessen, J.G.; Stobberingh, E.E.; Koole, L.H. The relationship between the antimicrobial effect of catheter coatings containing silver nanoparticles and the coagulation of contacting blood. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 3682-3690.
146. Stevens, K.N.; Knetsch, M.L.; Sen, A.; Sambhy, V.; Koole, L.H. Disruption and activation of blood platelets in contact with an antimicrobial composite coating consisting of a pyridinium polymer and AgBr nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2009, 1, 2049-2054.