Surgical Site Infections

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 135-153

  Anderson, Deverick J ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Health care acquired infection; Outcome; Surgical site infection

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFAZOLIN; CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE; OXYGEN; PLACEBO; POVIDONE IODINE; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; SOAP; TRICLOCARBAN;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTISEPSIS; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; COST OF ILLNESS; DEBRIDEMENT; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DISINFECTION; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RATE; INFECTION RISK; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MULTIPLE DRUG DOSE; OXYGEN THERAPY; PATHOGENESIS; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; RADIOGRAPHY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; SURGICAL INFECTION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CROSS INFECTION; DEBRIDEMENT; EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 79551691860     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2010.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Selwyn S. Hospital infection: the first 2500 years. J Hosp Infect 1991, 18(Suppl A):5-64.
2. Graves E.J. National hospital discharge survey: annual summary 1987. National Center for Health Statistics 1989, 13:11.
3. Cruse P. Wound infection surveillance. Rev Infect Dis 1981, 3(4):734-737.
4. Wenzel R.P. Health care-associated infections: major issues in the early years of the 21st century. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(Suppl 1):S85-S88.
5. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) report, data summary from October 1986-April 1996, issued May 1996. A report from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Am J Infect Control 1998, 24(5):380-388.
6. Anderson D.J., Sexton D.J., Kanafani Z.A., et al. Severe surgical site infection in community hospitals: epidemiology, key procedures, and the changing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28(9):1047-1053.
7. Cruse P.J., Foord R. The epidemiology of wound infection. A 10-year prospective study of 62,939 wounds. Surg Clin North Am 1980, 60(1):27-40.
8. Anderson D.J., Kirkland K.B., Kaye K.S., et al. Underresourced hospital infection control and prevention programs: penny wise, pound foolish?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28(7):767-773.
9. Scott R.D. The direct medical costs of healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitals and the benefits of prevention 2009, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (GA).
10. Kirkland K.B., Briggs J.P., Trivette S.L., et al. The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999, 20(11):725-730.
11. Mangram A.J., Horan T.C., Pearson M.L., et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital infection control practices advisory committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999, 20(4):250-278. [quiz: 279-80].
12. Cosgrove S.E., Qi Y., Kaye K.S., et al. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005, 26(2):166-174.
13. Cosgrove S.E., Sakoulas G., Perencevich E.N., et al. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36(1):53-59.
14. Sands K., Vineyard G., Platt R. Surgical site infections occurring after hospital discharge. J Infect Dis 1996, 173(4):963-970.
15. Horan T.C., Gaynes R.P., Martone W.J., et al. CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992, 13(10):606-608.
16. Wall D.B., Klein S.R., Black S., et al. A simple model to help distinguish necrotizing fasciitis from nonnecrotizing soft tissue infection. J Am Coll Surg 2000, 191(3):227-231.
17. Donlan R.M. New approaches for the characterization of prosthetic joint biofilms. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005, 437:12-19.
18. Trampuz A., Piper K.E., Jacobson M.J., et al. Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection. N Engl J Med 2007, 357(7):654-663.
19. Wong E.S. Surgical site infections 2004, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, Baltimore (MD). 3rd edition.
20. Tuazon C.U. Skin and skin structure infections in the patient at risk: carrier state of Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med 1984, 76(5A):166-171.
21. Altemeier W.A., Culbertson W.R., Hummel R.P. Surgical considerations of endogenous infections-sources, types, and methods of control. Surg Clin North Am 1968, 48(1):227-240.
22. Wiley A.M., Ha'eri G.B. Routes of infection. A study of using " tracer particles" in the orthopedic operating room. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979, 139:150-155.
23. Edwards L.D. The epidemiology of 2056 remote site infections and 1966 surgical wound infections occurring in 1865 patients: a four year study of 40,923 operations at Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Hospital, Chicago. Ann Surg 1976, 184(6):758-766.
24. Berkelman R.L., Martin D., Graham D.R., et al. Streptococcal wound infections caused by a vaginal carrier. JAMA 1982, 247(19):2680-2682.
25. Richet H.M., Craven P.C., Brown J.M., et al. A cluster of Rhodococcus (Gordona) bronchialis sternal-wound infections after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 1991, 324(2):104-109.
26. Lowry P.W., Blankenship R.J., Gridley W., et al. A cluster of Legionella sternal-wound infections due to postoperative topical exposure to contaminated tap water. N Engl J Med 1991, 324(2):109-113.
27. Clegg H.W., Foster M.T., Sanders W.E., et al. Infection due to organisms of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex after augmentation mammaplasty: clinical and epidemiologic features. J Infect Dis 1983, 147(3):427-433.
28. Gartenberg G., Bottone E.J., Keusch G.T., et al. Hospital-acquired mucormycosis (Rhizopus rhizopodiformis) of skin and subcutaneous tissue: epidemiology, mycology and treatment. N Engl J Med 1978, 299(20):1115-1118.
29. Weber S., Herwaldt L.A., McNutt L.A., et al. An outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus in a pediatric cardiothoracic surgery unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002, 23(2):77-81.
30. McIntyre D.M. An epidemic of Streptococcus pyogenes puerperal and postoperative sepsis with an unusual carrier site-the anus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968, 101(3):308-314.
31. Stamm W.E., Feeley J.C., Facklam R.R. Wound infections due to group A streptococcus traced to a vaginal carrier. J Infect Dis 1978, 138(3):287-292.
32. Schaffner W., Lefkowitz L.B., Goodman J.S., et al. Hospital outbreak of infections with group a streptococci traced to an asymptomatic anal carrier. N Engl J Med 1969, 280(22):1224-1225.
33. Gyrska P. Postoperative streptococcal wound infection. The anatomy of an epidemic. JAMA 1970, 213:1189-1191.
34. Tompkins L.S., Roessler B.J., Redd S.C., et al. Legionella prosthetic-valve endocarditis. N Engl J Med 1988, 318(9):530-535.
35. Brabender W., Hinthorn D.R., Asher M., et al. Legionella pneumophila wound infection. JAMA 1983, 250(22):3091-3092.
36. Safranek T.J., Jarvis W.R., Carson L.A., et al. Mycobacterium chelonae wound infections after plastic surgery employing contaminated gentian violet skin-marking solution. N Engl J Med 1987, 317(4):197-201.
37. Pearson R.D., Valenti W.M., Steigbigel R.T. Clostridium perfringens wound infection associated with elastic bandages. JAMA 1980, 244(10):1128-1130.
38. Bassett D.C., Stokes K.J., Thomas W.R. Wound infection with Pseudomonas multivorans. A water-borne contaminant of disinfectant solutions. Lancet 1970, 1(7658):1188-1191.
39. Krizek T.J., Robson M.C. Evolution of quantitative bacteriology in wound management. Am J Surg 1975, 130(5):579-584.
40. Houang E.T., Ahmet Z. Intraoperative wound contamination during abdominal hysterectomy. J Hosp Infect 1991, 19(3):181-189.
41. James R.C., Macleod C.J. Induction of staphylococcal infections in mice with small inocula introduced on sutures. Br J Exp Pathol 1961, 42:266-277.
42. Elek S.D., Conen P.E. The virulence of Staphylococcus pyogenes for man; a study of the problems of wound infection. Br J Exp Pathol 1957, 38(6):573-586.
43. Arbeit R.D., Dunn R.M. Expression of capsular polysaccharide during experimental focal infection with Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 1987, 156(6):947-952.
44. Froman G., Switalski L.M., Speziale P., et al. Isolation and characterization of a fibronectin receptor from Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 1987, 262(14):6564-6571.
45. Rich R.L., Kreikemeyer B., Owens R.T., et al. Ace is a collagen-binding MSCRAMM from Enterococcus faecalis. J Biol Chem 1999, 274(38):26939-26945.
46. Switalski L.M., Patti J.M., Butcher W., et al. A collagen receptor on Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with septic arthritis mediates adhesion to cartilage. Mol Microbiol 1993, 7(1):99-107.
47. Liu Y., Ames B., Gorovits E., et al. SdrX, a serine-aspartate repeat protein expressed by Staphylococcus capitis with collagen VI binding activity. Infect Immun 2004, 72(11):6237-6244.
48. Christensen G.D., Baddour L.M., Simpson W.A. Phenotypic variation of Staphylococcus epidermidis slime production in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun 1987, 55(12):2870-2877.
49. Mayberry-Carson K.J., Tober-Meyer B., Smith J.K., et al. Bacterial adherence and glycocalyx formation in osteomyelitis experimentally induced with Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 1984, 43(3):825-833.
50. Mills J., Pulliam L., Dall L., et al. Exopolysaccharide production by viridans streptococci in experimental endocarditis. Infect Immun 1984, 43(1):359-367.
51. Rogolsky M. Nonenteric toxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Rev 1979, 43(3):320-360.
52. Dossett J.H., Kronvall G., Williams R.C., et al. Antiphagocytic effects of staphylococfcal protein A. J Immunol 1969, 103(6):1405-1410.
53. Dellinger E.P. Surgical infections and choice of antibiotics 1997, W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia. 15th edition.
54. Morrison D.C., Ryan J.L. Endotoxins and disease mechanisms. Annu Rev Med 1987, 38:417-432.
55. Kasper D.L. Bacterial capsule-old dogmas and new tricks. J Infect Dis 1986, 153(3):407-415.
56. Kaye K.S., Schmit K., Pieper C., et al. The effect of increasing age on the risk of surgical site infection. J Infect Dis 2005, 191(7):1056-1062.
57. Zerr K.J., Furnary A.P., Grunkemeier G.L., et al. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1997, 63(2):356-361.
58. Lilienfeld D.E., Vlahov D., Tenney J.H., et al. Obesity and diabetes as risk factors for postoperative wound infections after cardiac surgery. Am J Infect Control 1988, 16(1):3-6.
59. Nagachinta T., Stephens M., Reitz B., et al. Risk factors for surgical-wound infection following cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis 1987, 156(6):967-973.
60. Sorensen L.T., Horby J., Friis E., et al. Smoking as a risk factor for wound healing and infection in breast cancer surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002, 28(8):815-820.
61. Post S., Betzler M., von Ditfurth B., et al. Risks of intestinal anastomoses in Crohn's disease. Ann Surg 1991, 213(1):37-42.
62. Berard F., Gandon J. Postoperative wound infections: the influence of ultraviolet irradiation of the operating room and of various other factors. Ann Surg 1964, 160(Suppl 1):1-192.
63. Pessaux P., Msika S., Atalla D., et al. Risk factors for postoperative infectious complications in noncolorectal abdominal surgery: a multivariate analysis based on a prospective multicenter study of 4718 patients. Arch Surg 2003, 138(3):314-324.
64. Mishriki S.F., Law D.J., Jeffery P.J. Factors affecting the incidence of postoperative wound infection. J Hosp Infect 1990, 16(3):223-230.
65. Seropian R., Reynolds B.M. Wound infections after preoperative depilatory versus razor preparation. Am J Surg 1971, 121(3):251-254.
66. Belda F.J., Aguilera L., Garcia de la Asuncion J., et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen and the risk of surgical wound infection: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005, 294(16):2035-2042.
67. Greif R., Akca O., Horn E.P., et al. Supplemental perioperative oxygen to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection. Outcomes Research Group. N Engl J Med 2000, 342(3):161-167.
68. Melling A.C., Ali B., Scott E.M., et al. Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2001, 358(9285):876-880.
69. El-Maallem H., Fletcher J. Effects of surgery on neutrophil granulocyte function. Infect Immun 1981, 32(1):38-41.
70. Cheadle W.G., Hershman M.J., Wellhausen S.R., et al. HLA-DR antigen expression on peripheral blood monocytes correlates with surgical infection. Am J Surg 1991, 161(6):639-645.
71. Hensler T., Hecker H., Heeg K., et al. Distinct mechanisms of immunosuppression as a consequence of major surgery. Infect Immun 1997, 65(6):2283-2291.
72. Clardy C.W., Edwards K.M., Gay J.C. Increased susceptibility to infection in hypothermic children: possible role of acquired neutrophil dysfunction. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985, 4(4):379-382.
73. Architects AIo Guidelines for design and construction of hospital and health care facilities 1996, American Institute of Architects Press, Washington, DC.
74. Ayliffe G.A. Role of the environment of the operating suite in surgical wound infection. Rev Infect Dis 1991, 13(Suppl 10):S800-S804.
75. Latham R., Lancaster A.D., Covington J.F., et al. The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001, 22(10):607-612.
76. Morain W.D., Colen L.B. Wound healing in diabetes mellitus. Clin Plast Surg 1990, 17(3):493-501.
77. Hill G.E., Frawley W.H., Griffith K.E., et al. Allogeneic blood transfusion increases the risk of postoperative bacterial infection: a meta-analysis. J Trauma 2003, 54(5):908-914.
78. Anderson D.J., Kaye K.S., Classen D., et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29(Suppl 1):S51-S61.
79. Classen D.C., Evans R.S., Pestotnik S.L., et al. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 1992, 326(5):281-286.
80. Kernodle D.S., Kaiser A.B. Surgical and trauma related infections 2000, vol. 2. Churchill Livingstone, New York. 5th edition.
81. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1997, 39(1012):97-101.
82. Ehrenkranz N.J. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery: mechanisms, misconceptions, and mischief. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993, 14(2):99-106.
83. Nichols R.L. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. Med Clin North Am 1995, 79(3):509-522.
84. McDonald M., Grabsch E., Marshall C., et al. Single- versus multiple-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: a systematic review. Aust N Z J Surg 1998, 68(6):388-396.
85. Nichols R.L. Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery. J Chemother 1989, 1(3):170-178.
86. Page C.P., Bohnen J.M., Fletcher J.R., et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgical wounds. Guidelines for clinical care. Arch Surg 1993, 128(1):79-88.
87. Bratzler D.W., Hunt D.R. The surgical infection prevention and surgical care improvement projects: national initiatives to improve outcomes for patients having surgery. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43(3):322-330.
88. Weber W.P., Marti W.R., Zwahlen M., et al. The timing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Ann Surg 2008, 247(6):918-926.
89. Garey K.W., Dao T., Chen H., et al. Timing of vancomycin prophylaxis for cardiac surgery patients and the risk of surgical site infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 58(3):645-650.
90. Zanetti G., Giardina R., Platt R. Intraoperative redosing of cefazolin and risk for surgical site infection in cardiac surgery. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7(5):828-831.
91. DiPiro J.T., Cheung R.P., Bowden T.A., et al. Single dose systemic antibiotic prophylaxis of surgical wound infections. Am J Surg 1986, 152(5):552-559.
92. Dellinger E.P., Hausmann S.M., Bratzler D.W., et al. Hospitals collaborate to decrease surgical site infections. Am J Surg 2005, 190(1):9-15.
93. Haynes A.B., Weiser T.G., Berry W.R., et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 2009, 360(5):491-499.
94. Moro M.L., Carrieri M.P., Tozzi A.E., et al. Risk factors for surgical wound infections in clean surgery: a multicenter study. Italian PRINOS Study Group. Ann Ital Chir 1996, 67(1):13-19.
95. Winston K.R. Hair and neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 1992, 31(2):320-329.
96. Alexander J.W., Fischer J.E., Boyajian M., et al. The influence of hair-removal methods on wound infections. Arch Surg 1983, 118(3):347-352.
97. Masterson T.M., Rodeheaver G.T., Morgan R.F., et al. Bacteriologic evaluation of electric clippers for surgical hair removal. Am J Surg 1984, 148(3):301-302.
98. Wilson S.J., Sexton D.J. Elevated preoperative fasting serum glucose levels increase the risk of postoperative mediastinitis in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003, 24(10):776-778.
99. Gandhi G.Y., Nuttall G.A., Abel M.D., et al. Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007, 146(4):233-243.
100. Haley R.W., Culver D.H., White J.W., et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985, 121(2):182-205.
101. Condon R.E., Schulte W.J., Malangoni M.A., et al. Effectiveness of a surgical wound surveillance program. Arch Surg 1983, 118(3):303-307.
102. Olson M., O'Connor M., Schwartz M.L. Surgical wound infections. A 5-year prospective study of 20,193 wounds at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center. Ann Surg 1984, 199(3):253-259.
103. Kerstein M., Flower M., Harkavy L.M., et al. Surveillance for postoperative wound infections: practical aspects. Am Surg 1978, 44(4):210-214.
104. Mead P.B., Pories S.E., Hall P., et al. Decreasing the incidence of surgical wound infections. Validation of a surveillance-notification program. Arch Surg 1986, 121(4):458-461.
105. Baker C., Luce J., Chenoweth C., et al. Comparison of case-finding methodologies for endometritis after cesarean section. Am J Infect Control 1995, 23(1):27-33.
106. Cardo D.M., Falk P.S., Mayhall C.G. Validation of surgical wound surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1993, 14(4):211-215.
107. Chalfine A., Cauet D., Lin W.C., et al. Highly sensitive and efficient computer-assisted system for routine surveillance for surgical site infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006, 27(8):794-801.
108. Miner A.L., Sands K.E., Yokoe D.S., et al. Enhanced identification of postoperative infections among outpatients. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10(11):1931-1937.
109. Yokoe D.S., Noskin G.A., Cunnigham S.M., et al. Enhanced identification of postoperative infections among inpatients. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10(11):1924-1930.
110. Garibaldi R.A. Prevention of intraoperative wound contamination with chlorhexidine shower and scrub. J Hosp Infect 1988, 11(Suppl B):5-9.
111. Hayek L.J., Emerson J.M., Gardner A.M. A placebo-controlled trial of the effect of two preoperative baths or showers with chlorhexidine detergent on postoperative wound infection rates. J Hosp Infect 1987, 10(2):165-172.
112. Rotter M.L., Larsen S.O., Cooke E.M., et al. A comparison of the effects of preoperative whole-body bathing with detergent alone and with detergent containing chlorhexidine gluconate on the frequency of wound infections after clean surgery. The European Working Party on Control of Hospital Infections. J Hosp Infect 1988, 11(4):310-320.
113. Leigh D.A., Stronge J.L., Marriner J., et al. Total body bathing with 'Hibiscrub' (chlorhexidine) in surgical patients: a controlled trial. J Hosp Infect 1983, 4(3):229-235.
114. Lynch W., Davey P.G., Malek M., et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of chlorhexidine detergent in preoperative whole-body disinfection in wound infection prophylaxis. J Hosp Infect 1992, 21(3):179-191.
115. Kaiser A.B., Kernodle D.S., Barg N.L., et al. Influence of preoperative showers on staphylococcal skin colonization: a comparative trial of antiseptic skin cleansers. Ann Thorac Surg 1988, 45(1):35-38.
116. Segers P., Speekenbrink R.G., Ubbink D.T., et al. Prevention of nosocomial infection in cardiac surgery by decontamination of the nasopharynx and oropharynx with chlorhexidine gluconate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006, 296(20):2460-2466.
117. Cimochowski G.E., Harostock M.D., Brown R., et al. Intranasal mupirocin reduces sternal wound infection after open heart surgery in diabetics and nondiabetics. Ann Thorac Surg 2001, 71(5):1572-1578. [discussion: 1578-79].
118. Kluytmans J.A., Mouton J.W., VandenBergh M.F., et al. Reduction of surgical-site infections in cardiothoracic surgery by elimination of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996, 17(12):780-785.
119. Perl T.M., Cullen J.J., Wenzel R.P., et al. Intranasal mupirocin to prevent postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 2002, 346(24):1871-1877.
120. Perl T.M. Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections among surgical patients: beyond traditional perioperative prophylaxis. Surgery 2003, 134(Suppl 5):S10-S17.
121. Miller M.A., Dascal A., Portnoy J., et al. Development of mupirocin resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after widespread use of nasal mupirocin ointment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996, 17(12):811-813.
122. Mayzler O., Weksler N., Domchik S., et al. Does supplemental perioperative oxygen administration reduce the incidence of wound infection in elective colorectal surgery?. Minerva Anestesiol 2005, 71(1-2):21-25.
123. Meyhoff C.S., Wetterslev J., Jorgensen L.N., et al. Effect of high perioperative oxygen fraction on surgical site infection and pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery: the PROXI randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2009, 302(14):1543-1550.
124. Myles P.S., Leslie K., Chan M.T., et al. Avoidance of nitrous oxide for patients undergoing major surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2007, 107(2):221-231.
125. Pryor K.O., Fahey T.J., Lien C.A., et al. Surgical site infection and the routine use of perioperative hyperoxia in a general surgical population: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004, 291(1):79-87.
126. Qadan M., Akca O., Mahid S.S., et al. Perioperative supplemental oxygen therapy and surgical site infection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 2009, 144(4):359-366. [discussion: 366-7].
127. Stevens D.L., Bisno A.L., Chambers H.F., et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41(10):1373-1406.
128. Karra R., McDermott L., Connelly S., et al. Risk factors for 1-year mortality after postoperative mediastinitis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006, 132(3):537-543.
129. Zimmerli W., Trampuz A., Ochsner P.E. Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med 2004, 351(16):1645-1654.
130. El Oakley R.M., Wright J.E. Postoperative mediastinitis: classification and management. Ann Thorac Surg 1996, 61(3):1030-1036.
131. Brandt C.M., Sistrunk W.W., Duffy M.C., et al. Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infection treated with debridement and prosthesis retention. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24(5):914-919.
132. Raymond D.P., Pelletier S.J., Crabtree T.D., et al. Surgical infection and the aging population. Am Surg 2001, 67(9):827-832. [discussion: 832-3].
133. Mangram A.J., Horan T.C., Pearson M.L., et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control 1999, 27(2):97-132. [quiz 133-4; discussion: 196].
134. Forse R.A., Karam B., MacLean L.D., et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for surgery in morbidly obese patients. Surgery 1989, 106(4):750-756. [discussion: 756-7].
135. Bratzler D.W., Houck P.M. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38(12):1706-1715.
136. Haley R.W., Culver D.H., Morgan W.M., et al. Identifying patients at high risk of surgical wound infection. A simple multivariate index of patient susceptibility and wound contamination. Am J Epidemiol 1985, 121(2):206-215.
137. Kurz A., Sessler D.I., Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med 1996, 334(19):1209-1215.