A 1.8-THz quantum cascade laser operating significantly above the temperature of ℏw /k B

Nature Physics

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 166-171

  Kumar, Sushil ^a   Chan, Chun Wang I ^a   Hu, Qing ^a   Reno, John L ^b  

^a USA   (United States)

^b SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS; RESONANT TUNNELING;

COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES; DESIGN STRATEGIES; INJECTION MECHANISMS; INJECTION SCHEMES; OPERATING TEMPERATURE; TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE; TERAHERTZ SOURCES; THZ QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS;

LASER APPLICATIONS;

EID: 79551637762     PISSN: 17452473     EISSN: 17452481     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nphys1846     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Siegel, P. H. Terahertz technology. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 50, 910-928 (2002).
2. Chan, W. L., Diebel, J. & Mittleman, D. M. Imaging with terahertz radiation. Rep. Prog. Phys. 70, 1325-1379 (2007).
3. Ferguson, B. & Zhang, X-C. Materials for terahertz science and technology. Nature Mater. 1, 26-33 (2006).
4. Tonouchi, M. Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nature Photon. 1, 97-105 (2007).
5. Köhler, R. et al. Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser. Nature 417, 156-159 (2002).
6. Williams, B. S. Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers. Nature Photon. 1, 517-525 (2007).
7. Scalari, G. et al. THz and sub-THz quantum cascade lasers. Laser Photon. Rev. 3, 45-66 (2009).
8. Qin, Q., Williams, B. S., Kumar, S., Hu, Q. & Reno, J. L. Tuning a terahertz wire laser. Nature Photon. 3, 732-737 (2009).
9. Amanti, M. I., Fischer, M., Scalari, G., Beck, M. & Faist, J. Low-divergence single-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser. Nature Photon. 3, 586-590 (2009).
10. Kumar, S., Hu, Q. & Reno, J. L. 186 K operation of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on a diagonal design. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 131105 (2009).
11. Walther, C. et al. Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 131122 (2007).
12. Kazarinov, R. F. & Suris, R. A. Possibility of the amplification of electromagnetic waves in a semiconductor with a superlattice. Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 707-709 (1971).
13. Bonilla, L. L. & Grahn, H. T. Non-linear dynamics of semiconductor superlattices. Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 577-683 (2005).
14. Faist, J. et al. Quantum cascade laser. Science 264, 553-556 (1994).
15. Williams, B. S., Callebaut, H., Kumar, S., Hu, Q. & Reno, J. L. 3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1015-1017 (2003).
16. Scalari, G. et al. Far-infrared (l-D 87 -m) bound-to-continuum quantum-cascade lasers operating up to 90 K. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3165-3167 (2003).
17. Kumar, S., Williams, B. S., Hu, Q. & Reno, J. L. 1.9 THz quantum-cascade lasers with one-well injector. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 121123 (2006).
18. Walther, C., Scalari, G., Faist, J., Beere, H. & Ritchie, D. Low frequency terahertz quantum cascade laser operating from 1.6 to 1.8-THz. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 231121 (2006).
19. Sirtori, C. et al. Resonant tunneling in quantum cascade lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 1722-1729 (1998).
20. Kumar, S. & Hu, Q. Coherence of resonant-tunneling transport in terahertz quantum-cascade lasers. Phys. Rev. B 80, 245316 (2009).
21. Nelander, R. & Wacker, A. Temperature dependence of the gain profile for terahertz quantum cascade lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 081102 (2008).
22. Callebaut, H. & Hu, Q. Importance of coherence for electron transport in terahertz quantum cascade lasers. J. Appl. Phys. 98, 104505 (2005).
23. Kumar, S., Chan, C. W. I., Hu, Q. & Reno, J. L. Two-well terahertz quantum-cascade laser with direct intrawell-phonon depopulation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 141110 (2009).
24. Faist, J. et al. Laser action by tuning the oscillator strength. Nature 387, 777-782 (1997).
25. Gmachl, C. et al. Bidirectional semiconductor laser. Science 286, 749-752 (1999).
26. Scamarcio, G. et al. High peak power (2.2 W) superlattice quantum cascade laser. Electron. Lett. 37, 295-296 (2001).
27. Yamanishi, M., Fujita, K., Edamura, T. & Kan, H. Indirect pump scheme for quantum cascade lasers: Dynamics of electron-transport and very high T0-values. Opt. Express 16, 20748-20758 (2008).
28. Franz, K. J. et al. High k-space lasing in a dual-wavelength quantum cascade laser. Nature Photon. 3, 50-54 (2009).
29. Yasuda, H. et al. Nonequilibrium green's function calculation for four-level scheme terahertz quantum cascade lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 151109 (2009).
30. Kumar, S., Hu, Q. & Reno, J. L. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest, paper CThH4, (2009), http://www. opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI/CLEO-2009-CThH4.
31. Amanti, M. I. et al. Bound-to-continuum terahertz quantum cascade laser with a single-quantum-well phonon extraction/injection stage. New J. Phys. 11, 125022 (2009).
32. Belkin, M. A. et al. Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with copper metal-metal waveguides operating up to 178 K. Opt. Express 16, 3242-3248 (2008).