Vertical velocity statistics in fair-weather cumuli at the ARM TWP nauru climate research facility

Journal of Climate

Volumn 23, Issue 24, 2010, Pages 6590-6604

  Kollias, Pavlos ^a   Albrecht, Bruce ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR MOTION; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT PROGRAMS; BOUNDARY LAYER CLOUDS; CLIMATE RESEARCH; CLOUD DROPLETS; CLOUD DYNAMICS; CLOUD FRACTION; CLOUD RADAR; DATA SETS; DIURNAL CYCLE; DOPPLER VELOCITY; MASS FLUX; NUMERICAL MODELS; PARAMETERIZATIONS; RADAR DATA; RADAR REFLECTIVITIES; SHALLOW CLOUDS; TWO-REGIME; VERTICAL STRUCTURES; VERTICAL VELOCITY; WIND REGIME;

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS; BOUNDARY LAYERS; LANDFORMS; RADAR; RADAR MEASUREMENT; STATISTICAL TESTS; WATER VAPOR; WEATHER SATELLITES;

CLOUDS;

BOUNDARY LAYER; CLOUD COVER; CLOUD DROPLET; CUMULUS; DATA SET; DOPPLER RADAR; NUMERICAL MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; TURBULENCE;

EID: 79251580378     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3449.1     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Abel, S. J., and B. J. Shipway, 2007: A comparison of cloud-resolving model simulations of trade wind cumulus with aircraft observations taken during RICO. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 781-794.
2. Albrecht, B. A., 1981: Parameterization of trade-cumulus cloud amounts. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 97-105.
3. Albrecht, B. A., 1991: Fractional cloudiness and cloud-top entrainment instability. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1519-1525.
4. Albrecht, B. A., A. K. Betts, W. H. Schubert, and S. K. Cox, 1979: Model of the thermodynamic structure of the trade-wind boundary layer: Part I. Theoretical formulation and sensitivity tests. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 73-89.
5. Augstein, A., H. Riehl, F. Ostapoff, and V. Wagner, 1973: Mass and energy transports in an undisturbed Atlantic trade-wind flow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 101-111.
6. Betts, A. K., 1975: Parametric interpretation of trade-wind cumulus budget studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1934-1945.
7. Blyth, A. M., and J. Latham, 1985: An airborne study of vertical structure and microphysical variability within a small cumulus. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 773-792.
8. Bony, S., and J.-L. Dufrense, 2005: Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical feedback uncertainties in climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, doi:10.1029/2005GL023851.
9. Bretherton, C. S., and S. Park, 2008: A new bulk shallow-cumulus model and implications for penetrative entrainment feedback on updraft buoyancy. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2174-2193.
10. Chertock, B., C. W. Fairall, and A. B. White, 1993: Surface-based measurements and satellite retrievals of broken cloud properties in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18 489-18 500.
11. Clothiaux, E. E., M. A. Miller, B. A. Albrecht, T. P. Ackerman, J. Verlinde, D. M. Babb, R. M. Peters, and W. J. Syrett, 1995: An evaluation of a 94-GHz radar for remote sensing of cloud properties. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 201-229.
12. Clothiaux, E. E., T. P. Ackerman, G. G. Mace, K. P. Moran, R. T. Marchand, M. A. Miller, and B. E. Martner, 2000: Objective determination of cloud heights and radar reflectivities using a combination of active remote sensorsat the ARM CART sites. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 645-665.
13. Cuijpers, J. W. M., and P. G. Duynkerke, 1993: Large eddy simulation of trade wind cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3894-3908.
14. Damiani, R., and Coauthors, 2008: The cumulus, photogrammetric, in situ, and Doppler observations experiment of 2006. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 57-73.
15. French, J. R., G. Vali, and R. D. Kelly, 1999: Evolution of small cumulus clouds in Florida: Observations of pulsating growth. Atmos. Res., 52, 143-165.
16. Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995: Measurement of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters in ASTEX with a Kaband Doppler radar and microwave radiometer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2788-2799.
17. Garstang, M., P. D. Tyson, and G. D. Emmitt, 1975: The structure of heat islands. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 139-165.
18. Hogan, R. J., A. L. Grant, A. J. Illingworth, G. N. Pearson, and E. J. O'Connor, 2009: Vertical velocity variance and skewness in clear and cloud-topped boundary layers as revealed by Doppler lidar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 635-643.
19. Holland, J. Z., and E. M. Rasmusson, 1973: Measurements of the atmospheric mass, energy, and momentum budgets over a 500-kilometer square of tropical ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 44-55.
20. Kollias, P., and B. A. Albrecht, 2000: The turbulent structure in a continental stratocumulus cloud from millimeter-wavelength radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2417-2434.
21. Kollias, P., B. A. Albrecht, R. Lhermitte, and A. Savtchenko, 2001: Radar observations of updrafts, downdrafts, and turbulence in fair-weather cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1750-1766.
22. Kollias, P., E. E. Clothiaux, M. A. Miller, B. A. Albrecht, G. L. Stephens, and T. P. Ackerman, 2007: Millimeter-wavelength radars: New frontier in atmospheric cloud and precipitation research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1608-1624.
23. Kropfli, R. A., and Coauthors, 1995: Cloud physics studies with 8 mm wavelength radar. Atmos. Res., 35, 299-313.
24. Lhermitte, R., 1987: Small cumuli observed with a 3-mm wavelength Doppler radar. Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 707-710.
25. Liu, Y., B. Geerts, M. Miller, P. Daum, and R. McGraw, 2008: Threshold radar reflectivity for drizzling clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03807, doi:10.1029/2007GL031201.
26. Mace, G. G., and K. Sassen, 2000: A constrained algorithm for retrieval of stratocumulus cloud properties using solar radiation, microwave radiometer, and millimeter cloud radar data. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29 099-29 108.
27. McFarlane, S. A., C. N. Long, and D. M. Flynn, 2005: Impact of island-induced clouds on surface measurements: Analysis of the ARM Nauru Island effect study data. J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 1045-1065.
28. Moran, K. P., B. E. Martner, M. J. Post, R. A. Kropfli, D. C. Welsh, and K. B. Widener, 1998: An unattended cloud-profiling radar for use in climate research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 443-455.
29. Neggers, R. A. J., B. Stevens, and J. David Neelin, 2006: A simple equilibrium model for shallow cumulus convection. Theor. Comput. Fluid Dyn., 20, 305-322.
30. Neggers, R. A. J., M. Köhler, and A. C. M. Beljaars, 2009: A dual mass flux framework for boundary layer convection. Part I: Transport. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1465-1487.
31. Nicholls, S., and M. A. LeMone, 1980: The fair weather boundary layer in GATE: The relationship of subcloud fluxes and structure to the distribution and enhancement of cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2051-2067.
32. Nordeen, M. L., P. Minnis, D. R. Doelling, D. Pethick, and L. Nguyen, 2001: Satellite observations of cloud plumes generated by Nauru. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 631-634.
33. Norris, J. R., 1998: Low cloud type over the ocean from surface observations. Part II: Geographical and seasonal variations. J. Climate, 11, 383-403.
34. Randall, D. A., Q. Shao, and C.-H. Moeng, 1992: A second-order bulk boundary-layer model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1903-1923.
35. Rauber, R. M., and Coauthors, 2007: Rain in Shallow Cumulus over the Ocean: The RICO campaign. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1912-1928.
36. Sauvageot, H., and J. Omar, 1987: Radar reflectivity of cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 264-272.
37. Savijärvi, H., and S. Matthews, 2004: Flow over small heat islands: A numerical sensitivity study. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 859-868.
38. Shupe, M. D., P. Kollias, P. O. G. Persson, and G. M. McFarquhar, 2008: Vertical motions in arctic mixed-phase stratiform clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1304-1322.
39. Siebesma, A. P., and J. W. M. Cuijpers, 1995: Evaluation of parametric assumptions for shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 650-666.
40. Siebesma, A. P., and Coauthors, 2003: A large eddy simulation inter-comparison study of shallow cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1201-1219.
41. Stevens, B., and Coauthors, 2001: Simulations of trade wind cumuli under a strong inversion. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1870-1891.
42. Stokes, G. M., and S. E. Schwartz, 1994: The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program: Programmatic background and design of the cloud and radiation test bed. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 1202-1221.
43. Stull, R. B., 1985: A fair-weather cumulus cloud classification scheme for mixed-layer studies. J. Appl. Meteor., 24, 49-56.
44. Tiedtke, M., W. A. Heckly, and J. Slingo, 1988: Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: The influence of physical parameterization on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 639-664.
45. Warner, J., 1977: Time variation of updraft and water content in small cumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1306-1312.
46. Wolter, K., and M. S. Timlin, 1993: Monitoring ENSO in COADS with a seasonally adjusted principal component index. Proc. 17th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Norman, OK, NOAA/NMC/CAC and Cosponsors, 52-57.
47. Wolter, K., and M. S. Timlin, 1998: Measuring the strength of ENSO events: How does 1997/98 rank? Weather, 53, 315-324.